Post on 29-Jun-2020
Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle EastOxycom Fresh Air BV∗
April 14th, 2015
AbstractOxycom developed various evaporative cooling solutions,either as standalone configurations or as combinations oftechnologies, to cover the entire climate of the MiddleEast. Standalone Oxyvap direct evaporative cooling ispreferred in areas having low absolute humidity, two-stage Oxyvap or standalone Oxycell indirect evaporativecooling in areas having low to moderate absolute humid-ity and Oxyvap-based condenser pre-cooling or Oxycell-based hybrid cooling in areas having low to high absolutehumidity.
1 Introduction1.1 Company overviewOxycom is a Dutch company specialized in the devel-opment and production of products and components foradiabatic cooling, indirect evaporative cooling, dew pointcooling, air humidification and heat recovery.Oxycom developed, engineered and manufactures the
Oxycell Indirect Evaporative Heat Exchanger and theOxyvap Direct Evaporative Cooling pad.
The Oxycell is the base of highly efficient all seasonfresh air systems that provide dew point cooling, indir-ect evaporative cooling, heat recovery and ventilation.The Oxyvap is the base of highly efficient cooling-onlysystems that provide direct evaporative cooling, humid-ification and ventilation.
∗Oxycom Fresh Air BV - P.O. Box 212, NL-8100 AE Raalte -Phone: +31(0)572 349 400 - E-mail: info@oxy-com.com
1.2 Scope of the paperThe Middle East consumes large amounts of electrical en-ergy to power conventional vapor compression air condi-tioning systems for residential, commercial and industrialpurposes, mainly originating from fossil fuels [1]. Oxy-com uses water instead, one of nature’s most powerfulrefrigerants (R718) [2], to cool air in an environmentallyfriendly matter.
Evaporating water at a rate of 1 L/h generates 695 Wof cooling power [3], whereas conventional air condition-ing systems typically require as much as 250−300 W ofelectrical power to achieve the same [4]. Desalination ofwater at at rate of 1 L/h typically requires only 4 W ofelectrical power [5].
This paper shows the applicability of Oxycom’s evap-orative cooling technologies and technology combina-tions, based on outdoor air conditions in a range of majorcities throughout the Middle East.
2 Technology overview2.1 IntroductionOxycom developed several evaporative cooling techno-logies and technology combinations, each with its ownapplicability region.
• Standalone Oxyvap: suitable for any outdoor tem-perature and outdoor absolute humidity up to 12g/kg.
• Two-stage Oxyvap: suitable for any outdoor tem-perature and outdoor absolute humidity up to 16g/kg.
• Standalone Oxycell: suitable for any outdoor tem-perature and outdoor absolute humidity up to 16g/kg.
1
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
• Oxycell-based hybrid cooling: suitable for any out-door temperature and humidity.
• Oxyvap-driven condenser pre-cooling: suitable forany outdoor temperature and humidity.
2.2 Standalone Oxyvap
The Oxyvap is a direct evaporative cooling pad,that adiabatically cools air towards its wet bulb temper-ature, typically achieving a 90% saturation efficiency.Its modular design enables it to be used for any airflow,while the frontal air velocity is typically 1−3 m/s.
2.3 Two-stage Oxyvap
The two-stage Oxyvap is an Oxyvap-based coolingconfiguration, that uses an additional air-to-water heatexchanger to enhance its performance. Chilled waterfrom the Oxyvap is fed to the heat exchanger to pre-cooloutdoor air before it enters the Oxyvap pad, that is thenfed with water returning from the heat exchanger.Since it is a closed system, the cooling process as a
whole will be adiabatic, but the combination of the pre-cooling process and the recirculation of water betweenthe components will lead to a vertical temperature gradi-ent in the air leaving the Oxyvap pad.
The upper half of the supply air will have a higherenthalpy than the intake air, whereas the lower half willhave a lower enthalpy. When the upper half of the airis discarded, the lower half can be used as supply air,reaching an average temperature below the initial wetbulb temperature, while less moisture is added comparedto traditional adiabatic cooling.
2.4 Standalone Oxycell
The Oxycell is a counter-flow indirect evaporativeheat exchanger in which air in the secondary channel(work air) is adiabatically cooled and humidified, herebyextracting heat from air in the primary channel (processair). This principle is referred to as Indirect EvaporativeCooling (IEC).
Dew Point Cooling (DPC) is a special applicationof the Oxycell IEC principle, in which part of the cooledprimary outlet air (typically 35−40%) is branched offand used as secondary inlet air, where it is cooledadiabatically, hereby extracting heat from the primaryair stream. Ideally, primary air can be cooled down toits dew point temperature, while maintaining a constantabsolute humidity.
Whether DPC or IEC is the preferred cooling methoddepends on various parameters, such as the outdoor airconditions, heat load and fan configuration.
2
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
2.5 Oxycell-based hybrid cooling
The hybrid configuration is based on the OxycellIEC principle. In practice, the Oxycell IEC coolsoutdoor air (flowing through the primary channel) downto about a degree above the physical limit, i.e. thewet bulb temperature of the secondary inlet air, whilemaintaining a constant absolute humidity.When humid outdoor air conditions do not allow for
sufficient cooling from the Oxycell itself, the evaporatorcoil from a conventional vapor compression air condi-tioning system may be used to cool and dehumidify pre-cooled air from the Oxycell to the desired supply air con-ditions. The condenser coil is placed downstream of thesecondary (wet) channel of the Oxycell. Generally, thisair is cooler than the outdoor air, leading to an increasein compressor efficiency.
Annual savings are typically 50% compared to existingstandalone conventional air conditioning systems.
2.6 Oxyvap-based condenser pre-cooling
In conventional air conditioning technology, a com-pressor is used to compress the gaseous coolant beforeit loses its heat by condensation in the condenser coil.When using the Oxyvap to pre-cool the outdoor air thatis supplied to the condenser coil, the coolant is ableto condense at a lower temperature, hereby decreasingthe work that has to be done by the compressor and
consequently increasing its efficiency.
3 Climate data3.1 IntroductionTypically, throughout the Middle East, the outdoor tem-perature can exceed 40 °C or even 50 °C for a substan-tial amount of hours per year. The absolute humidity,on the other hand, depends strongly on the geograph-ical position. Rather than the temperature, evaporativecooling performance is mainly determined by the abso-lute humidity. To illustrate the applicability of Oxycom’sevaporative cooling technologies and technology combin-ations in the Middle East, 35 major cities in 15 countrieshave been selected, of which hourly climate data between2007 and 2014 has been analysed [6].
The graphs below show per city which absolutehumidity values occur during a year, divided in 2 g/kgintervals. A distinction into absolute humidity categorieshas been made based on the highest absolute humiditythat occurs, with the exception of the 175 most humidhours, such that it covers 98% of the year, in accordancewith ASHRAE climatic design guidelines [7].
Absolute humidity categories:
• Low: up to 12 g/kg.
• Low to moderate: up to 16 g/kg.
• Low to high: to above 16 g/kg.
3.2 Low absolute humidity
535
3932
3439
809
45 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Shiraz (Iran)
3
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
305
3759
3292
1084
304
16 0 0 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Tabuk (Saudi Arabia)
164
2438
2949
2056
1073
791 0 0 0 0 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Ankara (Turkey)
745
35453424
825
205
14 3 0 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Tehran (Iran)
567
3625
3037
1100
425
4 1 1 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Mashhad (Iran)
748
2724
2925
1620
710
30 2 1 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Tabriz (Iran)
442
4011
2042
1334
910
17 1 3 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Sana'a (Yemen)
4
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
58
2560
3976
1482
572
90 22 0 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
139
1623
3895
2118
825
14120 0 0 0 0 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Baghdad (Iraq)
36
1676
3426
2816
699
76 24 6 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Aswan (Egypt)
713
4102
2281
1016
470
108 67 2 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Medina (Saudi Arabia)
107
1350
3845
1928
1085
355
910 0 0 0 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Amman (Jordan)
206
1389
25252423
1710
371
1306 0 0 0 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Gaziantep (Turkey)
5
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
3.3 Low to moderate absolute humidity
21
935
2130
2700
2135
607
225
8 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Izmir (Turkey)
0155
1429
2642 2607
1427
468
31 0 0 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Luxor (Egypt)
13
857
2235
1906
1700
1088
720
20134 6 0 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Istanbul (Turkey)
28
1186
2727
2531
1398
462
26490 58 14 1 2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Mosul (Iraq)
72
1033
2880
2491
1422
407297
63 53 21 19 30
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Basrah (Iraq)
286
28532934
1072
890
331214
87 50 20 16 60
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Kuwait City (Kuwait)
6
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
3.4 Low to high absolute humidity
3
195
1238
2456
2133
956 1013
535
219
11 0 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Nicosia (Cyprus)
28
514
1934
1513
1332
949
1300
774
380
31 6 00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Cairo (Egypt)
1
185
776
1691
1874
1054
1287
1005
716
15515 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Beirut (Lebanon)
18
1192
1653
1118
1370
865
1429
671
320
10419 0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Baku (Azerbaijan)
0 5
211
1164
2775
1144 11251255
894
16122 3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Alexandria (Egypt)
18
1058
2791
1935
1221
670582
190 15076 39 29
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Dammam (Saudi Arabia)
7
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
88
411
1263
2022
1765
855 916
573 517
197 1502
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Antalya (Turkey)
195339 300
375
764
980
1245
941
2071
1238
306
50
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Salalah (Oman)
3
256
1166
2052 2011
10981004
586
287114 151
31
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Al Ain (United Arab Emirates)
0 0 38
345
1125
1403
2315
1878
1051
318231
55
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
0 28170
374
10611193
2030
1546
1212
617
432
98
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
0 19
223
1139
1983
1460
1264
852 851
334418
216
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Manama (Bahrein)
8
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
0165
521
849
1847
14801357
691559 507 472
312
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
397
401
694
16271547
1469
792
585475
615456
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Dubai (United Arab Emirates)
3162
743
1158
1607
1094 1164
654770
456378
572
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Doha (Qatar)
0 28
230
504
1079
14321310
769
580411
851
1566
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 ─
2
2 ─
4
4 ─
6
6 ─
8
8 ─
10
10 ─
12
12 ─
14
14 ─
16
16 ─
18
18 ─
20
20 ─
22
22+
Dura
tion [
hours
/year]
Outdoor absolute humidity [g/kg]
Muscat (Oman)
4 Applicability4.1 IntroductionThe outdoor absolute humidity classification determinesthe preferred technology or combination of technologies.
• Low: standalone Oxyvap.
• Low to moderate: two-stage Oxyvap or standaloneOxycell.
• Low to high: Oxyvap-based condenser pre-coolingor Oxycell-based hybrid cooling.
9
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
4.2 Low absolute humidity
Tehran
ShirazTabuk
Mashhad
Ankara
Tabriz
Sana'a
RiyadhAswan
Baghdad
Gaziantep
Amman
Medina
10
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
4.3 Low to moderate absolute humidity
Izmir
Luxor
Istanbul
Mosul
Basrah
Kuwait City
11
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
4.4 Low to high absolute humidity
Cairo
Baku
Alexandria
Dammam
Antalya
Salalah
Al Ain
Jeddah
Manama
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Doha
Muscat
Mecca
Nicosia
Beirut
5 SummaryCategory of outdoor Number of Geographical Preferred Alternativeabsolute humidity cities* location technology technologyLow 13 Desert or arid Standalone Oxyvap Condenser pre-cooling
desertlike inland or two-stage Oxyvapor standalone Oxycell
Low to moderate 6 Mainly between Two-stage Oxyvap Condenser pre-coolingcoast and inland or standalone Oxycell
Low to high 16 Mainly coastal Condenser pre-coolingor hybrid cooling
*Out of a total of 35 analysed cities in the Middle East.
12
(XRD-Q-007-2) Evaporative Cooling Applicability in the Middle East
References[1] Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston,
Chatham House, the Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs, Saving Oil and Gas in the Gulf (2013).
[2] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engineers, 2009 ASHRAE Hand-book−Fundamentals (SI), Chapter 29−Refrigerants(2009).
[3] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engineers, 2009 ASHRAE Hand-book−Fundamentals (SI), Chapter 1−Psychromet-rics (2009).
[4] SKM Air Conditioning Equipment, PACX SeriesPackaged Air Conditioners (Range 6 TR to 50 TR),Refrigerant - R134a, Bulletin # 051/2007 (2007).
[5] DESWARE, Encyclopedia of Desalination and Wa-ter Resources, Energy Requirements of DesalinationProcesses, http://www.desware.net/desa4.aspx.
[6] The Weather Channel, LLC, Weather Underground,http://www.wunderground.com.
[7] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engineers, 2009 ASHRAE Hand-book−Fundamentals (SI), Chapter 14−ClimaticDesign Information (2009).
13