Eritis sicut deus

The Serpent’s Promise

“Eritis sicut Deus: scientes bonum et malum”

‘In the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil’

John Calvin: ““By the decree of God, for the manifestation of his glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting

life, and others foreordained to everlasting death.” *

• * “It’s in the genes”.

Pelagius: Free will - “Obedience results from a decision of the mind, not the substance of the body.”*

• *It’s in the environment

St Augustine: “Original sin … whereby they are made captive under the devil's power, until they are redeemed therefrom by

… the blood of Christ”*

• *“It’s in the genes, but choose the right environment and you’ll be OK”

Life expectancy in Britain

• Of every million born, how many made it to 21 years old?

• 1601 347 827• 1701 498 791• 1801 582 317 • 1901 738 245• 2001 989 926

“Ignorance more frequently breeds confidence than does knowledge”.

Charles Darwin.

                 

Genetics outweighs teaching, Gove adviser tells his boss

GOOGLE: sample from 38 000 hits on "scientists find gene for".

Scientists find gene for emotional memoryScientists find gene for short sleepers Scientists find gene for fearScientists find gene for depressionScientists find gene for religiosityScientists find gene for sweet toothScientists find gene for cocaine addictionScientists find gene for weight-gainScientists find gene for human languageScientists find gene for premature ejaculation

Siamese Cat

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1986

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1987

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1988

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1989

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1992

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1993

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1994

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1995

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1996

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2005

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2006

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2007

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2008

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2009

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2010

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Relative risk of adult onset diabetes in relation to waist size (1” = 2.54cm)

Obese mouse

Leptin deficiency before and after treatment

FTO gene in mice - Fused toes, too?

Genotype and fat risk at FTO locus

Body mass index vs number of risk alleles – rare extremes weigh 10kg more or less than average

FTO gene expressed in brain

Nature 15 Feb 2015 – 97 loci associated with obesity: most of them active in the brain

The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. Ecclesiastes 9:11

… but time and chance happeneth to them all.”

Heritability – the proportion of total variation due to genetic variation

• Heritability depends on both nature and nurture and can be altered by changing either of them

Heritability of speed in thoroughbreds

Dry Tracks – 0.4Wet Tracks – 0.2

Ie influence of genes depends on environment

Nearctic – propagator of Myostatin T-> C mutation

Average best race distance (furlongs); C:C horses are best suited to short distance races, C:T horses are best suited to middle-distance races and T:T horses are best

suited to middle- to long-distance

Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE

Angiotensin levels and the ACE polymorphism

Annual Reviews

Ace Gene – climbers and controls; and improvement in endurance after training

Spot the athlete: Mo Farah and his car-mechanic identical twin

In each question below, find the two words that are different from the others.

Compliment, mock, unwrap, ridicule, taunt

  In each question below, find the two words that are different from the others.

Compliment, mock, unwrap, ridicule, taunt

(taunt, compliment, ridicule, mock, unwrap)

Model fitting results for additive genetic (A), shared environment (C), and nonshared environment (E) components of variance for GCSE and nine predictors.

Krapohl E et al. PNAS 2014;111:15273-15278

©2014 by National Academy of Sciences

Genetics, not upbringing, main influencer in a child’s IQ, study saysPublished October 30, 2014FoxNews.com

Heritability of IQ relation to age in USA from adoption and twin studies

Age 8–10 – 0.1Age 18-21 – 0.4Age 65-70 – 0.7

Ie influence of genes depends on environment again; shared environment very important for young children, less so for

elderly (so much for the Eleven Plus exam!)

Heritability of IQ relation to family income in USA

Bottom Decile – 0.1Top Decile – 0.7

Ie influence of genes depends on environment; extreme poverty drags everyone down, whatever

their genes

Francis Galton: “It is easy to show that the criminal nature tends to be inherited.”

Monoamine oxidase role

The “alarm gene”: amygdala response to fearful face

Maoa pmism and amygdala activity in response to a fearful face

NZ study – violence, social deprivation (“risk percentile”) and MAOA activity

Steve Jones: 2007 Pan-Pacific BodyBuilding Champion

l l l l l l l l l0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

30

25

20

15

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5

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ENGLAND AND WALES; Murder rate by age. Men – red, women - green

Age (years)

Mur

ders

per

mill

ion

per

year

l l l l l l l l l0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1200

1000

800-

600-

400-

200-

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DETROIT; Murder rate by age. Men – red, women - blue

Age (years)

Mur

ders

per

mill

ion

per

year

Genetics and Justice: Home Office Report on male/female sentencing

• Men Women• Average sentence matched offences (months) 17.0 11.0• Average sentence for robbery 34.1 25.5

• Proportion given custody for shoplifting 18% 11%• Proportion given custody for actual bodily harm 31% 12%

Maoa pmism and amygdala activity in response to a fearful face

l l l l l l l l l0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

ENGLAND AND WALES; Murder rate by age. Men – red, women - blue

Age (years)

Mur

ders

per

mill

ion

per

year

l l l l l l l l l0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1200

1000

800-

600-

400-

200-

0-

DETROIT; Murder rate by age. Men – red, women - blue

Age (years)

Mur

ders

per

mill

ion

per

year

Genetics and Justice: Home Office Report on male/female sentencing

• Men Women• Average sentence matched offences (months) 17.0 11.0• Average sentence for robbery 34.1 25.5

• Proportion given custody for shoplifting 18% 11%• Proportion given custody for actual bodily harm 31% 12%

Galton’s regression of parent-child height

Heritability of body mass index; Blue dots – adopted children; red – biological children

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1986

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1987

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1988

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1989

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1992

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1993

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1994

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1995

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1996

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2005

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2006

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2007

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2008

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2009

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2010

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Relative risk of adult onset diabetes in relation to waist size (1” = 2.54cm)

Obese mouse

Leptin deficiency before and after treatment

FTO gene in mice - Fused toes, too?

Genotype and fat risk at FTO locus

FTO gene expressed in brain