Environmental Studies

Mr. SkirbstScienceTopic 28

SurveyingGoal of the surveying team is todetermine the stream gradient

SurveyingGoal of the surveying team is todetermine the stream gradient

Stream gradient: stream slope

SurveyingStream slope = rise / run

SurveyingStream slope = rise / run

In the field: rise = (determined by surveying)

SurveyingStream slope = rise / run

In the field: rise = (determined by surveying)run = (calculated using the

Pythagorean Theory)

SurveyingSurveying: Using instruments to make

measurements of the land

Surveying Terms

SurveyingData Table:

Bench Mark (BM)

Transit

Stream Slope

Line of site

Cross hairs

Rod

Bench Mark (BM)

Transit

Cross hairs

BB

D

Bench Mark (BM)

Transit

Cross hairs

BB

D

Cross hairs

BB

D

Rise

Run

Stream

BB

D

Rise

Run

Stream

Rise

Run

StreamRise

Run

Rise

Run

Stream

(Stream)2 = (Rise)2 + (Run)2

Pythagorean Theory

Stream Team

Stream TeamGoal of the stream team is todetermine the stream discharge

Stream TeamGoal of the stream team is todetermine the stream discharge

Stream discharge- water volume released in a period of time

Q (disc

harge)

Stream Team

Volume =

Stream Team

Volume = width x height x length( 3 dimensions)

Stream Team

Volume = (width x height) x length

Discharge (Q) = area x velocity(cubic feet per second)

Stream Team

Stream width –

Stream Team

Stream width –Distance from bank to bank at

the cross-section

Stream Width

Stream Team

Stream depth–

Stream Team

Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section

Stream Team

Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section

(must be average since depth is not uniform)

Stream Team

Average depth determined by taking depths at regular intervals and dividing by number of intervals

Stream Depth

Stream Team

Stream area = width x depth(2 dimensions)

(feet2)

Stream Team

Stream length –

Stream Team

Stream length = stream speed

Stream Speed

Stream Team

Stream length = stream speed

Speed (velocity) = distance/time

Distance

Distance

Time

Distance

Time

Stream Team

Stream length = stream speed

Speed (velocity) = distance/time(feet/second)

Stream Team

Discharge (Q) = area x velocity

Stream Team

Discharge (Q) = area x velocity

units = cubic feet per second(ft3/sec)

Tree Team

The goal of the tree team is to calculate the % canopy cover, measure the tree density, and identify species of trees.

Tree Team

Tree Team

Tree Team

http://www.arborday.org/trees/whatTree/whatTree.cfm?ItemID=E6A

Soil Team

The goal of the soil team is to analyze the texture, chemistry, and biology of the soil.

Soil Team

Soil texture -

Soil Team

Soil texture – how the soil feels

Soil Team

Soil texture – the composition of soil in terms of the relative amounts of clay, silt, sand, and gravel.

Soil Team

1. Clay – < 0.002 mm2. Silt –3. Sand –4. Gravel –

Soil Team

1. Clay –2. Silt – 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm3. Sand –4. Gravel –

Soil Team

1. Clay –2. Silt –3. Sand – 0.05 mm to 2.0 mm4. Gravel –

Soil Team

1. Clay –2. Silt –3. Sand –4. Gravel – > 2.0 mm

Soil Team

Method for determining texture

Soil Team

Method for determining textureSettling Rate:

Soil Team

Method for determining textureSettling Rate:Larger particles settle first,

followed by smaller particles

Soil Team

Soil Team

Method for determining textureSoil Sieve:

Soil Team

Method for determining textureSoil Sieve:Passing soil sample through a

series of sieves to separate particle sizes

Soil Team

Soil Team

Soil Team

Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the

soil for observation

Soil Team

Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the

soil for observationMacroinvertebrates – “big bugs”

Soil Team

Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the

soil for observationMacroinvertebrates – “big bugs”Microinvertebrates –“small bugs”

Soil Team

Extraction of organisms:Berleese funnel

Soil Team

Soil Team

Soil Chemistry:Analyzing the soil nutrients that

support plant life

Soil Team

Soil Chemistry:Analyzing the soil nutrients that

support plant lifeNPK

Soil Team

The goal of the water team is to determine the biological health of the stream.

Water Team

Sample locations:

Water Team

Sample locations:A, B, C, D (work FROM

downstream TO upstream!)

Water Team

Sample technique:

Water Team

Sample technique:Kick net – “kick up” sediment in

2ft2 area downstream of net

Water Team

Sample technique:Kick net – “kick up” sediment in

2ft2 area downstream of net

Catch net – hand net

Water Team

Benthic macroinvertebrates:

“bottom” “big bugs”

Water Team

Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):

Water Team

Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):A measure of how tolerant the

benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution.

Water Team

Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):A measure of how tolerant the

benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution.

Value 1 -4 (1 = very health4 = not healthy)

Water Team

Water Team

Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone

Support Team

Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone

Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job

Support Team

Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone

Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job

Videographer – video everyone doing & explaining their job

Support Team

Job Application