Post on 02-Apr-2015
Environmental Control of Wood and Tracheid Properties in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)
Tuula Jyske
Harri Mäkinen
Pekka Saranpää
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
•Within annual rings: earlywood, Within annual rings: earlywood, latewoodlatewood
VARIATION OF WOOD PROPERTIESVARIATION OF WOOD PROPERTIES
•Between sites: fertilityBetween sites: fertility
•Between stems: genetic Between stems: genetic variation, effect of environmentvariation, effect of environment
•Within stems: juvenile Within stems: juvenile (core)wood, sapwood, heartwood(core)wood, sapwood, heartwood
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Juvenile wood Earlywood
LatewoodCompression wood
_________
0,1 mm
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
1 m
4 m
8 m
R2 = 0,93
R2 = 0,95
R2 = 0,96
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Distance from the pith, mm
mm
Tracheid length of Norway sprucefrom the pith to the bark
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
The variation of wood properties from the pith to the bark and from the base to the tree top
The effect of long-term fertilisation and thinning on:
»diameter growth,
»wood density
»tracheid dimensions?
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Finland Finland –– Europe's most Europe's most densely forested countrydensely forested country
Suonenjoki
Parikkala
62°45'N, 27°00'E SuonenjokiSuonenjoki
ParikkalaParikkala
62°45'N, 62°45'N, 27°00'E27°00'E Suonenjoki
Parikkala
61°36'N, 29°22'E61°36'N, 29°22'E
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Thinning experiments
1970 1980 1990 2000
Sta
nd b
asal
are
a (m
2 ha
-1)
10
20
30
40
50
Low thinning intensityHigh thinning intensityNormal thinning intensity
1970 1980 1990 200010
20
30
40
50
A Heinola B Punkaharju
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Growth ring width
Ring width in Punkaharju thinning experiment
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1942 1952 1962 1972 1982 1992 2002
Year
Rin
g w
idth
(m
m)
Low thinning intensity High thinning intensity
Normal thinning intensity Onset of treatment
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Thinning and fertilisationParikkala & Suonenjoki
• delayed first
thinning
• normal first thinning
• intensive first
thinning
• control
• 150 kg N ha-1 / 5 v.
• 300 kg N ha-1 / 5 v.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
No.
ste
ms
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Bas
al a
rea
of
stu
dy
tre
es (
cm2)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
F0 F1 F2
Fertilised
control fertilised 1 fertilised 2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
T0 T1 T2
delayed normal high
thinning intensity
Thinned
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Thinning experiments Heinola & Punkaharju
over 50 % increase of growth rate in normally thinned stands compared to low thinning intensity (based on basal area of study trees)
ca. 70 % increase of growth rate in normally thinned stands compared to low thinning intensity
latewood proportion decreased by 8 % – 20 % in normal and intensively thinned trees compared to low thinning intensity
weight density decreased only 1 % – 4 % in normal and intensively thinned trees compared to low thinning intensity
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
intensively thinned trees showed 4 – 9 % shorter tracheids compared to low thinning intensity
intensive thinning resulted 3 – 12 % thinner cell walls compared to low thinning intensity
only slight change in tracheid diameter (1 – 3%)
Thinning experiments Heinola & Punkaharju
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Thinning - fertilisation experimentsParikkala & Suonenjoki
normal fertilisation level increased ca. 40 % growth rate compared to unfertilised stand
intensive fertilisation level increased growth rate ca. 40 % compared to an unfertilised stand
normal thinning resulted an 8 % increase of growth compared to delayed thinning
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
intensive first thinning resulted an 30 % increase of growth compared to delayed thinning
differences in latewood proportion only 2 % – 9 %
weight density decreased only 2 % – 7 % by increasing thinning intensivity
Thinning - fertilisation experimentsParikkala & Suonenjoki
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
only slight differences in tracheid length ( 1 % – 2 %)
cell wall thickness decreased 1 % – 7 %
minor effect on lumen diameter (0 % – 2 %)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1945 1965 1985 2005T
rach
eid
leng
th,
mm
Control
Fertilised
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Models to predict wood properties
Models to predict the effect of growth rate on wood properties- from stem base to the tree top- from the pith to the bark
Fibre properties- latewood proportion- wood density- fibre length- fibre diameter- cell wall thickness
Multivariate multilevel models, GLMM
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Material Thinning intensity from below in Central and Eastern Finland
(Heinola ja Punkaharju, PURO)
Timing of first thinning, intensity of nitrogen fertilisation in Eastern Finland (Parikkala ja Suonenjoki, PURO)
Effect of nitrogen fertilisation in Southern and Northern Finland (Heinola ja Kemijärvi, IMWO)
Nutrient optimisation experiments in Southern and Northern Sweden (Asa and Flakaliden (ENWO)
Fast growing Norway spruce clones in Southern Finland (Nurmijärvi and Ruotsinkylä)
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Models to predict wood properties Multivariate multilevel models, GLMM
Mäkinen et al. 2007 For Ecol Manag 241
Latewood proportion Weight density gm-3 Fibre length, mm
Fibre diameter, um Cell wall proportion
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Weight density Tracheid length
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Conclusions
Prevailing thinning intensities increase significantly growth rate of Norway spruce
However, thinning and fertilisation had a minor effect on wood properties like density and fibre dimensions
Within-tree and between-tree variation is the major source of variation
Limited material (altogether 109 stems from various experiments) and fibre measurements only at breast height
Pekka Saranpää 28/10/07
Thank you!
Foundation for Research of Natural Resources in Finland
Tuula Jyske Harri Mäkinen