Post on 29-Dec-2015
English 306A; Harris 1
Syntax
Word patterns
English 306A; Harris 2
Syntactic arguments
Syntactic form• Linear Sentence
patterns• Grammatical roles• Phrase structure rules• Hierarchical structure
Syntactic functions• Event schemata• Semantic roles • “Energy” flow
N V
NP VP
S
Homer preens
Homer preensDOINGAgent: Homer
English 306A; Harris 3
Linear Sequence
English basic sentence patterns (p.89)
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
Intransitive TransitiveDitransitive CopulativeComplementTransitive-complement
1 argument (Subj)
2 arguments (Subj, DObj)
3 arguments (Subj, DObj, IObj)
2 arguments (Subj, Comp)
2 argument (Subj, Comp)
3 arguments(Subj, DObj, Comp)
English 306A; Harris 4
S NP VP
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer throws the dog a bone.
Homer is incredibly sexy.
Homer goes to the bar.
Homer throws a bone to the
dog.
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
NPs VPs
English 306A; Harris 5
S NP VP
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer throws the dog a bone.
Homer is incredibly sexy.
Homer goes to the bar.
Homer throws a bone to the
dog.
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
NPs VPs
NPs
AP
PPs
English 306A; Harris 6
Basic English phrase structureS
NP
AP
PP
VP
NP VP
(Det) (AP)* N (PP)
(Deg) A
P NP
(Aux) V (NP) (NP) (PP)*VPCOP (Aux) VCOP
APNPPP
English 306A; Harris 7
Phrase Structure Rules
X YX “is a” YX Y X precedes Y(X) X is optionalX*X iterates: 1 - ∞ XsX X or YY
English 306A; Harris 8
S NP VP
Phrase Structure Rules
Hierarchy
Linear Sequence
English 306A; Harris 9
Structural analysis
Adjective
blackboard
Noun
Noun
black boardN
NP
A
Lexical Syntactic
AP
English 306A; Harris 10
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
N
NP
Det A
the black board
AP
English 306A; Harris 11
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
N
NP
Deg A
the black boardvery
Det
AP
English 306A; Harris 12
Homer is sexy
Sexy Homer
English 306A; Harris 13
Linear Sequence
Sexy Homer
N VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris 14
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
N VCOP Adj
NP
AP
VPCOP
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris 15
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
N VCOP Adj
NP
AP
VPCOP
S
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris 16
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
N VCOP Adj
NP
AP
VPCOP
S Copular verb phrase
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris 17
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
N VCOP N
NP
NP
VPCOP
S Copular verb phrase
Homer is a sexpotDet
English 306A; Harris 18
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
N VCOP N
NPPP
VPCOP
S
Homer is in troubleP
NP
Copular verb phrase
English 306A; Harris 19
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris 20
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
N V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris 21
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
N V
NP VP
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris 22
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
N V
NP VP
S
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris 23
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
N V
NP VP
S
Homer preens
Intransitive verb phrase
English 306A; Harris 24
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris 25
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
N V Det N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris 26
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
N V Det N
NP NP
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris 27
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
N V Det N
NP
VP
NP
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris 28
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
N V Det N
NP
VP
S
NP
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris 29
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
N V Det N
NP
VP
S
NP
Homer loves his blanket
Transitive verb phrase
English 306A; Harris 30
Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris 31
Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
N VDet NAdjAdj
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris 32
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
N VDet NAdjAdj
NPAP AP
NP
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris 33
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
N VDet NAdjAdj
VP
NPAP AP
NP
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris 34
Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
N VDet NAdjAdj
NPAP AP
NP VP
S
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris 35
Structural ambiguity
I saw the man from the store.
1. I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man: “from the store” modifies ‘saw’.
2. The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the store” modifies ‘the man’.
English 306A; Harris 36
Structural ambiguitySame linear sequence, different hierarchy
I saw the man from the store.
Pro
NP
V
VP
N
PP
S
P Det NDet
I saw the man from the store.
Pro V N P Det NDet
NP NP
NP
NPNP
VP
PP
S
English 306A; Harris 37
Pro
NP
V
VP
S
Pro V
NP
NP
NP
VP
PP
S
I saw the man from the store.
I saw the man from the store.
Structural ambiguitySame linear sequence, different hierarchy
English 306A; Harris 38
I saw the man from the store.
I saw the man from the store.
Subject Object Comp. Subject Object
Structural ambiguitySame linear sequence, different hierarchy
Patient PatientLocation
English 306A; Harris 39
Sentences
Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.Homer eats.Homer eats crap.The fat bald guy eats crap.The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
English 306A; Harris 40
Verbs
Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.Homer eats.Homer eats crap.The fat bald guy eats crap.The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .
English 306A; Harris 41
Arguments
Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.Homer eats.Homer eats crap.The fat bald guy eats crap.The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
V1
V2
V1
V2
V2
V2
V3
English 306A; Harris 42
Sentences
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog
English 306A; Harris 43
Verbs
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris 44
Arguments
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
VCOP
VCOP
VCOP
VCOMP
V2
VT-COMP
VT-C0MP
English 306A; Harris 45
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
PatientEssive
English 306A; Harris 46
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
Patient Essive
English 306A; Harris 47
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
Patient Essive
English 306A; Harris 48
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
Agent Goal
English 306A; Harris 49
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
Semantic roles
Patient Possessor
English 306A; Harris 50
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
PatientAgent Receiver
English 306A; Harris 51
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations
guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little
Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.
PatientAgent Goal
English 306A; Harris 52
Semantic RolesRole Definition
Agent The entity that performs the action
Patient The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experience
Experiencer The entity that experiences the state
Receiver The entity that receives something from the action
Essive Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be”
Possessor The entity who possesses something.
Source The starting point for a movement
Goal The end point for a movement
Path The route over which movement happens
Time The time an event occurs
Location The place an event happens
English 306A; Harris 53
Event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHavingMovingTransferring Com
plex
Sim
plex
English 306A; Harris 54
Semantic RolesRole Event Schemata
Agent DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Patient BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Experiencer EXPERIENCING
Receiver TRANSFERRING
Essive BEING
Possessor HAVING, TRANSFERRING
Source
MOVING, TRANSFERRINGGoal
Path
TimeALL
Location
English 306A; Harris 55
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
E.g.s Homer is large.Homer is a safety inspector.Homer is in the shower.
Complemen
tsSubjects
Subject NP ≈ PatientComplement ≈ Essive
Essives
Patients
VCOP
English 306A; Harris 56
Subject NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s Homer fell.Homer ages.Homer stumbled.
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subjects
Patients
V1
English 306A; Harris 57
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subject NP ≈ Agent
E.g.s Homer eats.Homer yells.
Subjects
Agents
V1
English 306A; Harris 58
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subject NP ≈ Agent(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s Homer eats.Homer yells. Homer catches Bart.Homer kissed Marge.
Subjects
Agents Objects
Patients
V1
V2
Subjects
Agents
English 306A; Harris 59
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s Homer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
V1
V2
English 306A; Harris 60
(Contrast: Homer watched Chief Wiggum.)
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s Homer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
Subjects
Experiencer
Objects
Patients
V1
V2
English 306A; Harris 61
Subject NP ≈ PossessorObject NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s Homer has three kids.Homer has a keen sense of
smell.Homer has chicken pox.Homer owns a dog.Homer possesses a hatbox.
Simplex event schemata
BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving
Subjects
Possesso
rsObjects
Patients
V2
English 306A; Harris 62
Complex event schemata
Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion.
Start = SourceEnd = GoalRoute = Path
MovingHappening/Doing
Transferring
English 306A; Harris 63
Complex event schemata
Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion.
Happening + Source/Path/GoalDoing + Source/Path/Goal
MovingHappening/Doing
Transferring
English 306A; Harris 64
Complex event schemata
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Subj NP ≈ PatientComplements ≈ Source, Path, Goal
MovingHappening
Transferring
English 306A; Harris 65
Complex event schemata
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s Homer staggered home.Homer staggered home from
Apu’s.Homer staggered home, down
the sidewalk from Apu’s.
MovingHappening
Transferring
English 306A; Harris 66
Complex event schemata
Happening + Source/Path/GoalMovingHappening
Transferring
Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s.Patient SourcePathGoal
English 306A; Harris 67
Complex event schemata
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s Homer climbed out of the
window.Homer climbed up Mount
Splashmore from base camp to the summit.
Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.
MovingDoing
Transferring
English 306A; Harris 68
Complex event schemata
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
MovingDoing
Transferring
Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.
Agent Path Goal
English 306A; Harris 69
Complex event schemata
HavingMoving+MovingTransferring
A complex schema already
Happening or Doing
+ Source/Path/Goal
MovingDoing
MovingHappening
English 306A; Harris 70
Complex event schemata
E.g.Bart found a wallet.Homer won $1.76 from the
Springfield Lottery Corporation.
Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring
VT-COMP
V2
English 306A; Harris 71
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer won $1.76 from the SLC.
Possessor
GoalReceiver
Having:
Moving:Happening:
Possessor
SourcePatient
Patient
PatientPatient
Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring
VT-COMP
English 306A; Harris 72
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer sold the dog.Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring
VT-COMP
V2
English 306A; Harris 73
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer sold the dog.
Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring
Possessor Patient
Source Patient
Having:
Moving:
Agent PatientDoing:
English 306A; Harris 74
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring
Possessor Patient
Source Patient
Having:
Moving:
Agent PatientDoing:
Possessor
Goal
Receiver
English 306A; Harris 75
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer sold Moe the dog.
Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring
Possessor Patient
Source Patient
Having:
Moving:
Agent PatientDoing:
Possessor
Goal
Receiver
English 306A; Harris 76
Complex event schemata
E.g.Homer told his wife a story.
Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring
Possessor Patient
Source Patient
Having:
Moving:
Agent PatientDoing:
Possessor
Goal
Receiver
English 306A; Harris 77
Homer sold Moe the dog. Homer sold the dog to Moe.
VT-COMPV3
N V Det N
NP
VP
S
Homer sold Moe the dog Homer sold the dog to Moe
N
NP NP
N V Det N
NP
VP
S
N
NPNP
P
PP
Transferring
Subject D-ObjectI-Object Subject CompD-ObjectPossessor Patient
Source PatientAgent Patient
PossessorGoal
Receiver
Possessor PatientSource PatientAgent Patient
PossessorGoal
Receiver
English 306A; Harris 78
Syntax
The sentencethe verb and its argumentsthe subject and the predicate phrase
Event schematasimplexcomplex (simplex + relocation)semantic roles