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EnergyInside: Cooling and Comfort; rethinking what we need and how to get it with less energy | Photovoltaics; why solar PV is embraced in some countries, ignored by others | David Orr; scholar, teacher, writer extraordinaire With projects from Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Norway, Singapore, Vietnam and USA.
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Sep-Oct 2015 | volume 44
AsiA's LeAding green design ideAs CompetitionCompetition starts on15th septemBer 2015www.futurarcprize.com
reCognising innovAtion And environmentAL stewArdshipCompetition starts on15th septemBer 2015www.futurarcgreenleadershipaward.com
publisher Robert Krups editor-in-chief Dr Nirmal Kishnani managing editor Candice Lim senior editor Clara Chiang assistant editors Carissa Kwok Karen Baja Dungalen graphic designer Nie O One Design correspondents US Jalel Sager (j.sager@futurarc.com) Vietnam Thien Duong (thienduong@futurarc.com) Europe Y-Jean Mun-Delsalle (y.mun-delsalle@futurarc.com) Philippines Harry Serrano (harry.serrano@futurarc.com)contributors Grace Chua Ina Maia Joseph Solomon Lee Eng Lock Louis White Martin Engelhardt Namrita Chowdhry Nina Mascarenhas Prapti Widinugraheni Vaibhav Srivastava Wolfgang Kesslingcontributing Indonesia Erwin Maulanaresearchers Malaysia Wong Kar Fai Philippines Sarah Ortiz Singapore Kenneth Tan Thailand Jirapan Kunthawangso Vietnam Thai Vuong Vietnam Nguyen Minh Quanadvertising manager Louis Lee subscriptions & Hong Kong hongkong@futurarc.comback issues Indonesia jakarta@futurarc.com Malaysia malaysia@futurarc.com Philippines manila@futurarc.com Singapore singapore@futurarc.com Thailand bangkok@futurarc.com Vietnam hcmc@futurarc.com Australia sydney@futurarc.com published by BCI Asia Construction Information Pte Ltdprinted by KHL Printing Co Pte Ltdcontact us FuturArc Southeast Asia BCI Asia Construction Information Pte Ltd 371 Beach Road #02-25 Keypoint Singapore 199597 t +65 6536 7197 f +65 6538 6896 e (editorial) c.lim@futurarc.com e (advertising) sales@futurarc.com
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Cover image: Urban Mountain, Oslo, Norway by schmidt hammer lassen architects
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Singapore Environment Council (www.sec.org.sg)
Green Building Council Australia (http://www.gbca.org.au)
Thai Green Building Institute (www.tgbi.or.th/intro.php)
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Letter from the editor
Dear FuturArc Readers,
Someone commented wryly that the most energy-efficient building is the one without occupants. In our
editorial take on energy, we don’t recommend anything so drastic. We offer instead examples of how low-
energy design is achieved by answering four questions.
First, how much energy do you choose to not consume? Here, the spotlight falls on passive design, indoor
comfort without reliance on mechanical-electrical (M&E) systems. A mosque in Malaysia (Cyberjaya Mosque,
page 40); an airport in Jordan (Queen Alia International Airport, page 52); and a home in Vietnam (Termitary
House, page 78)—each is exemplary in the way it uses shade and light, ventilation and thermal mass. But
this is not an either-or choice. Passive design is a calibration on how much of the day or year a building can
function before M&E systems need to be switched on. Systems are installed but they are used less frequently
or to cool less space.
Second, how efficiently do you consume what you consume? Our experts offer two views. The first
examines the metrics of cooling (Be Cool: Dealing with Heat and Humidity in the Tropics, page 96). What does
an air-conditioner do? How far can one push available technology for cooling? The answer, it seems, is ‘very
far’: savings for a large building can amount to millions of dollars a year. The second examines new ways of
thinking about comfort that leads to new modes of cooling (Rethinking Comfort: A Pathway to Low-Energy
Buildings, page 90). Hybrid systems are here, and they offer new possibilities. To the numerically challenged,
we ask that you don’t give up on these two commentaries. This is important stuff.
Third, how much demand is met with on-site production? Our writers look at renewables in Asia (Changing
Asia’s Solar Game, page 100) and Australia (Solar in Australia, page 34). The case for solar PV is gaining
ground in these places, both as a means of achieving national targets for carbon abatement and reducing the
impact of dirty energy on human health.
Fourth—and this is often overlooked in these discussions—how are questions on demand, efficiency, and
production brought together? The ‘how’ of integration is illustrated with three projects in Hawaii, (Energy
Positive Relocatable Classroom, page 46), Japan (Zero-Energy Demonstration Building, Taisei Technology
Center, page 66) and Norway (Urban Mountain, page 72). The latter in particular illustrates how form can
become a means to achieving performance.
Lastly, to keep us from losing perspective, our correspondent Jalel Sager turns the tables by saying that
nothing happens until we understand why (Earth, not Energy, page 20). Why, if all that know-how is out there,
are we not doing something yet? The answer, he argues, is that our actions are driven by something deeper
than techno-fixes. Our world view matters; the way we think about the planet matters. And until there are
new mindsets, we will pat ourselves on the back for doing too little too late. There is no need to evacuate a
building of its occupants, we just need to evacuate our minds of old habits.
As always, we welcome your views. Drop us an email, a comment on Facebook or Twitter.
Dr Nirmal Kishnani
Editor-in-Chief
n.kishnani@futurarc.com
Corrigendum: The following error was published in The Biophilic Space by Miriel Ko, in the Jul-Aug 2015 (Workplace) issue.
The caption for the second photo reads “Organic materials, natural lighting and views of nature inside Zig Design’s office in
Kuala Lumpur.” It should have been “Organic materials, natural lighting and views of nature inside Tujuan Gemilang’s office in
Selangor, designed by WHBC Architects.” The author apologises for the error.
main feature 20 Earth, Not Energy
the futurarc interview 28 David Orr Paul Sears Distinguished Professor of Environmental Studies and Politics, Oberlin College
projects 34 Solar in Australia40 Cyberjaya Mosque46 Energy Positive Relocatable Classroom52 Queen Alia International Airport60 New Media Tower66 Zero-Energy Demonstration Building, Taisei Technology Center70 The Star Vista 72 Urban Mountain 78 Termitary House
commentary 84 Indonesia’s Coal Addiction90 Rethinking Comfort: A Pathway to Low-Energy Buildings96 Be Cool: Dealing with Heat and Humidity in the Tropics100 Changing Asia’s Solar Game
happenings104 BCI Asia Awards 2015112 Milestones & Events
116 product advertorials
contents
20 FUTURARC
project news main feature futurarc interview futurarc showcase projects people commentary happenings books product advertorials
1
1 Biosphere and space station; US astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson surveys Earth from the International Space Station
earth, not energy
FUTURARC 21
By Jalel Sager
Photo courtesy of NASA
28 FUTURARC
The FuturArc InterviewDavid Orr Paul Sears Distinguished Professor of Environmental Studies and Politics, Oberlin College
By Jalel Sager
FUTURARC 29
40 FUTURARC
project news main feature futurarc interview futurarc showcase projects people commentary happenings books product advertorials
MALAYSIA
Situated on a 100-acre site, and with a capacity to accommodate 8,300 people, the Cyberjaya Mosque is designed to be more than a place of worship—it is also a local centre for Islamic activities. It will eventually be part of the new Islamic University of Malaysia campus and forms an integral part of the overall development complex. This project was inspired by the bespoke design of the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur that was completed in 1965.
THE GREEN MOSQUE1
The architects approached this project with strategies to maximise Green initiatives and an aim for it to become a model for future designs, in line with the vision of Cyberjaya being a Green city of the future. Besides adhering to the highest rating level according to the country’s Green Building Index, the design also incorporates vernacular Islamic architectural elements and modern technologies to bring about energy efficiency, thereby reducing energy usage and running costs.
The Cyberjaya mosque is one of the first mosques in Malaysia to have a covered rooftop prayer area. By incorporating a building integrated photovoltaics system2, solar panels covering 15,000 square feet are installed on the rooftop, generating renewable energy and providing shade. It is one of the first mosques in the world to use solar panels to generate electricity and subscribe to a feed-in tariff scheme3. As such, the energy generated by the mosque’s solar panels will help sustain its running cost by contributing to the country’s supply of renewable energy. The solar panels will reach a peak electricity generation of 425 kW.
1
CYBERJAYA MOSQUE
1 Sketch
FUTURARC 41
High efficient building skin/
Thermal mass /
Green lungs/
Maximum daylight facade/
Natural ventilation/
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Shading/ Air cleaning building surface/
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72 FUTURARC
project news main feature futurarc interview futurarc showcase projects people commentary happenings books product advertorials
Norway
Urban Mountain is a proposal for a refurbishment and extension of a 50,000-square-metre, high-rise office building in central Oslo. The project introduces new ways of reducing energy consumption and the building’s carbon footprint, employing cradle-to-cradle (C2C) principles and targeting at a BREEAM Outstanding certification.
The project is designed to respond to the climate of Oslo, which has a moderately cool climate with cold winters and warm summers. Outdoor air temperatures are highest in July, with an average of 16 degrees Celsius; and lowest in January, with an average of -3.2 degrees Celsius. However, temperatures can also rise to 26.3 degrees Celsius in July, and dip to -17.2 degrees Celsius in January. Direct solar radiation in Oslo reaches an average of 997 kWh/year. Therefore, the use of photovoltaic or solar thermal collectors is highly recommended.
Once the refurbishment is complete, the building will reach a total size of 79,000 square metres and will be a Green landmark for Oslo. It will also be the first high-rise building in Norway to enjoy natural ventilation. Based on C2C principles, as much as 90 percent of the existing materials that are demolished will be recycled into upgraded building materials; 80 percent of which will be used directly in the refurbished building. For example, all the façade elements from the existing building are being reused in the new façade design.
Furthermore, the design concept operates with measurable C2C goals in areas of flexibility, biodiversity and recycling of water, heat and organic waste. An important part of this project is to allow Green measures to be visible to all, thereby raising awareness of how the building works.
For instance, the façade will be characterised by a series of ‘green lungs’, which draws air into the building. With the use of native plants, they help enhance biodiversity locally and create a healthier indoor climate. The green plants clean, humidify and reduce the carbon dioxide concentration of the incoming air for the comfort of the occupants. Solar chimneys will run from the bottom to the top of the building. A greenhouse on the rooftop will capture and reuse the excess heat generated from the building and the solar heat gain from the solar chimneys.
1
URBAN MOUNTAIN
1 Sustainable strategies
by Vaibhav Srivastava
Reduce/145 kWh/m2 year -> 80 kWh/m2 year
Highly efficient building skin/Standard façades have highly efficient double shell windows with clear exterior glazing, wind protected shading system and an inner insulating façade with triple low-e glazing for optimal thermal insulation, efficient shading and optimal daylight utilisation at high-rise environmental conditions.
Protected exterior shading/External louvres prevent interior spaces from massive heat loads during warm periods. Special dual-function louvres reflect and transmit daylight deep into the rooms and save electrical energy for lighting. Perforated louvres in the lower part secure transparency to the outside even in closed conditions.
Thermal mass/The existing thermal mass of the building can be actively and very efficiently used for heating andcooling by opening the suspended ceilings. The exposed concrete ceiling are combined with a capillary radiant cooling system attached to thebottom side of the existing concrete slabs to get a thermo active slab system.Thermo active slabs are integrated in the new part of the building as well.
High efficient building skin/
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Maximum daylight facade/
Natural ventilation/
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Shading/ Air cleaning building surface/
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FUTURARC 73
Optimise/80 kWh/m2 year -> 70 kWh/m2 year
Green lungs/Green lungs function as air-purifying volumes in the building concept and as inner recreation areas for the users. As the atria receive only passive conditioning, they function as buffer spaces showing a wider range of temperatures in between the internal office and ambient temperatures. Viacontrolled façade openings summer atria temperatures are not significantly exceeding ambient temperatures while winter temperatures are kept at a minimum of 5°C in closed mode.
Produce/70 kWh/m2 year -> 60 kWh/m2 year
Energy harvesting/The heating and cooling are mainly supplied by a dual-function cooling compressor/heat pump. We will use a combination of air chillers, river cooling, discharge air from the ventilation system and recovered heat from waste water as sources for the heating and cooling. In addition, we will use an ice storage in the basement and boreholes placed under the building as storages. Heating is also supplied by the biodigester, with district heating as backup. Furthermore PV/solar panels on the roof and wind turbines add renewable energy sources to the energy concept.
Maximum daylight façade/A new floor-to-floor glass-façade achieves the best possible inner daylight conditions also in the deep floor areas. Highly reflective venetian blind louvre system for optimal shading effect combined with the capability of daylight redirection tilting the louvres in a more horizontal position allowing the daylight to penetrate deeper into the room while protecting the occupants from glare and heat next to the façade.
Air cleaning skin/The façade is covered with air cleaning, TiO
2
covered glass and aluminium elements. These elements do not only provide self-cleaningsurfaces, but also NO
X and VOCs destructing
properties for enhancing air quality. 21.100m2 façade surface equals approximately 1.688 trees.
Optimized ventilation and mechanical installation/Achieving optimal thermal comfort for the occupants, the hybrid ventilation concept maximises the potential of the mechanical and natural ventilation. Central air handling units are upgraded to maximum efficiency, flow rates are reduced to the fresh air needs and pressure drops are minimized to significantly reduce electricity consumed for fans. Natural ventilation is mainly used during summer, but also for periods in autumn and spring depending on the outdoor conditions.
Heat recovery/Return heat from grey water is used in an efficient heat recovery process before leaving the building. Surplus heat is reused in the green house.
90 FUTURARC
project news main feature futurarc interview futurarc showcase projects people commentary happenings books product advertorials
by Wolfgang Kessling, Martin Engelhardt and Ina Maia
RETHINKING COMFORT: A PATHWAY TO LOW-ENERGY BUILDINGS
1Image courtesy of WOHA Architects
Time of operating hours
Operating Hours [h]
FUTURARC 91
Buildings today require massive energy inputs. The way we define comfort plays a significant role in this, specifically the design of systems needed to cool indoor spaces. But is this necessary? Is the narrow bandwidth of conditions that air-conditioners deliver the only way to achieve thermal comfort?
Adaptive comfort models, developed in field studies on tropical and subtropical climates, suggest that extended temperature and humidity ranges are acceptable, especially if combined with elevated air speed. Adaptive comfort delivers the same comfort but with lower reliance on mechanical systems.
This article is about a hybrid system as an alternative to conventional air-conditioning. This is not, however, a new concept. It is really about rethinking how to do more with less.
ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT MODELS FOR THE TROPICSThe trend in many tropical countries is to design air-conditioned buildings that operate at 22.5 (+/-1) degrees Celsius all year, to meet the stringent specifications outlined in the Thermal Comfort Standards e.g., of ASHRAEi, ISOii or locally derived standards of the same. These buildings are designed as sealed and do not take advantage of favourable outdoor conditions available.
What is the reason for this? Thermal comfort standards are underpinned by the heat balance model of O. Fanger using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) as comfort index. The ‘static’ comfort standards tend to prefer lower temperatures and low air speeds as achieved with conventional air-conditioning. But developed in mid-latitude climates, systematic discrepancies were found when applied to warmer zones. Fanger’s PMV does not fully explain observed thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings combined with elevated air speediii. Adaptive comfort models, developed on field studies in the tropics, do1,iv.
DESIGNING WITH ELEVATED AIR SPEED Elevated air speed has long been used in practice as a means to offset higher temperatures. Updated in 2013, the ASHRAE Standard 55 includes a procedure for evaluating the cooling effect of elevated air speed using the PMV for elevated air speed (PMV
eas). PMV
eas estimates the impact
of six environmental and personal parameters: air temperature (T
air); mean radiant temperature
(MRT); relative humidity (RH); clothing factor (clo); metabolic rate (met); and average elevated air speed (v). Compliance occurs when -0.5 < PMV
eas
< 0.5—equivalent to 90 percent satisfaction of occupants. This update permits the evaluation of design strategies in tropical climates where elevated air speed is combined with supply of tempered air.
Two projects illustrate this approach. The first is a classroom in the BRAC University in Dhaka, Bangladesh by WOHA Architects, Singaporevi. The second is an affordable housing project in Chennai, India by Ashok Lall Architects, New Delhivii.
All environmental parameters (room geometry; internal and external loads; occupancy; building physics; ventilation; cooling power; etc.) are modelled with the dynamical thermal simulation programme, TRNSYS 3D, on an hourly basis. Thermal modelling of PMVeas is based on the ASHRAE Standard 55-2013. The systems are then compared with each other in terms of comfort and energy demand.
1 Classroom, Dhaka, Bangladesh, sectional rendering 2 This graph shows two bands—grey and green—that represent acceptable operative temperatures in relation to mean outdoor air temperatures. According to IMAC 2014v, occupants of Indian offices are more adaptive to and tolerant of warmer temperatures compared to the more stringent temperature ranges as defined by ASHRAEi. For monthly mean outdoor temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius, 90 percent of all occupants tolerate indoor operative temperatures of about 29.5 degrees Celsius (grey band). In the Indian context, 90 percent of the occupants would tolerate about 32.5 degrees Celsius.
Martin EngelhardtWolfgang Kessling Ina Maia
Wolfgang Kessling is a physicist and climate engineer based in Munich, Germany. He is the principal of Transsolar and frequently lectures on sustainable design. Wolfgang’s research and development work focuses on high comfort–low energy buildings and design for outdoor comfort in urban settings. In Singapore, he was involved in the climate and energy concepts for the cooled conservatories at the Gardens by the Bay. In 2012, he was invited to give a TED talk on outdoor comfort at the opening ceremony of the first TEDx Summit in Doha, Qatar.
Martin Engelhardt is a climate engineer and expert for integral design of innovative buildings at Transsolar Munich. He has been involved in sustainable projects throughout the world, including the solar cooling concept for the stadia and fan zones of the FIFA WC 2022 in Qatar, the MASDAR Central Plaza in Abu Dhabi, the Quinlan School of Business at Loyola University Chicago, as well as the Austrian EXPO Pavilion in Milan 2015.
Ina Maia is an engineering student at the Technical University of Munich and working on her master’s thesis at Transsolar on “Evaluation of adaptive HVAC comfort concepts for hot and humid climates”.
2
Adaptive comfort models, developed in field studies on tropical and subtropical climates, suggest that extended temperature and humidity ranges are acceptable, especially if combined with elevated air speed.
Indoor operativetemperature [ºC]
Prevailing monthly mean outdoor air temperature [ºC]
100 FUTURARC
project news main feature futurarc interview futurarc showcase projects people commentary happenings books product advertorials
by Grace Chua
Changing asia’s solar gamehow government policies in southeast asia are helping spur growth in their solar PV markets.
1 Photo courtesy of SM City North EDSA, Philippines
FUTURARC 101
Grace Chua is an award-winning independent journalist who covers science and the environment, from national climate change policy to urban biodiversity. Her work has been published in FuturArc, The Straits Times, Chemical & Engineering News, and Monocle, among others.
1 1.5-MW solar rooftop of SM CIty North EDSA shopping mall, Philippines 2 1-MWP BIPV project in Malacca uses solar panels as the roof of a fish farm and plant nursery, effectively doubling up on land uses
Singapore is not often thought of as a competitive market for solar panels. Its thicket of high-rise office and apartment buildings means only a small patch of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels can be set atop each one to generate electricity—that may be a financially inefficient proposition for an individual building owner.
But its comprehensive government policy around solar could change all that. Earlier this year (June 2015), the Singapore government called its largest-ever solar-PV leasing tender to date. It intends to put panels on some 900 public housing blocks, as well as public-sector premises like water treatment plants and other government buildings. In the leasing model, the panels are leased from a private firm, paying nothing upfront and buying electricity at an agreed-on rate.
The 40 megawatt-peak (MWp) of planned capacity from that tender is as large as all the capacity installed on Singapore’s public housing blocks so far. The tender is part of Singapore’s SolarNova programme to boost demand for solar energy, have solar contribute 350 MWp to electricity generation by 2020 (about 5 percent of peak electricity demand), and build industry capability.
The island-state is not the only Southeast Asian nation with a bold renewable energy target. Other countries are also aiming high. For instance, Thailand aims to get 25 percent of its energy consumption from renewables by 2022, while the Philippines wants half its electricity from renewables by 2030. And there is room to grow, said policy researchers from Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School
of International Studies in a November 2014 report: “The huge solar potential in the region remains underdeveloped.”
Meanwhile, the overall Asian market for solar is burgeoning: Industry research firm Solarbuzz said in reports last year1 that China, India, Japan, Australia and Thailand would make up some 60 percent of global solar PV demand in the second half of 2014. In June, India ramped up its solar target from 20 gigawatts (GW) to a whopping 100 GW by 2022.
Why solar? There are many good reasons for governments
to go after such targets. Some developing countries like China hope to slash their air pollution from fossil fuels, while others like Thailand and the Philippines view solar energy as a way to help meet burgeoning electricity demand. In some cases, solar PVs make up part of a renewable energy portfolio that often includes wind and hydro power. Some countries, like India and China, are looking to give manufacturing a boost and support domestic production. Meanwhile, Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia are looking to diversify their energy sources away from natural gas and oil, for greater energy security.
What’s more, many Southeast Asian countries at tropical latitudes enjoy fairly constant sunshine and have regions suitable for harvesting solar energy, like the provinces of Suphanburi and Kanchanaburi in central Thailand. Even in dense urban Singapore, solar energy could provide nearly a third of electricity demand if complemented by aggressive steps to increase energy efficiency, reckoned researchers from the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore in a report last year (2014).
Grace Chua
Photo courtesy of Sunseap2
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BCI MEDIA GROUP OFFICES
Next Issue: FuturArc November-December 2015
Year-end IssueThe next issue wraps up for the year, where we showcase architecture that takes the lead on Green initiatives and look at Green building developments in Asia.
If you have projects to nominate, please send an email with a brief profile and photos to c.lim@futurarc.com by end September 2015.
We will notify you if your project is shortlisted for publication. Please note that the selection of projects is subject to editorial discretion
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AUSTRALIA BCI Australia Pty Ltd 86 Chandos Street, St Leonards NSW 2065, Australia • t +61 2 9432 4100 f +61 2 9432 4111 e sydney@futurarc.
com INDONESIA PT BCI Asia Manggala Wanabakti Building 8th Floor Wing A, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia • t +62 21 5790 2930
f +62 21 5790 2933, +62 21 5790 2934 e jakarta@futurarc.com PHILIPPINES BCI Asia Philippines, Inc. 3rd Floor HRC Building 104 Rada St., Legaspi
Village, Makati City, Philippines 1200 • t +632 884 1122 f +632 884 1121 e manila@futurarc.com THAILAND BCI Asia Construction Information Co Ltd Suite 64, 6th Floor, Lumpini 1 Building, 239/2 Sarasin Road, Lumpini, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand • t +662 651 8600 f +662 651 8606
e bangkok@futurarc.com HONG KONG BCI Asia Construction Information Ltd Unit 707-709, 7/F, Tins Enterprises Centre, 777 Lai Chi Kok Road, Cheung
Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong • t +852 2538 0011 f +852 2875 0511 e hongkong@futurarc.com MALAYSIA BCI Asia Construction Information Sdn Bhd Unit 1106, Block B, Phileo Damansara II, Jln 16/11, Section 16, 46350 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia • t +603 7661 1380 f +603 7661 1381
e malaysia@futurarc.com SINGAPORE BCI Asia Construction Information Pte Ltd 371 Beach Road, #02-25 Keypoint, Singapore 199597 t +65 6538 6836
f +65 6538 6896 e singapore@futurarc.com • VIETNAM BCI Asia Vietnam Co Ltd 5th Floor, Tuoi Tre Tower, 60A Hoang Van Thu Street, Ward 9, Phu Nhuan
District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam • t +84 8 3997 4220 f +84 8 3997 4150 e hcmc@futurarc.com
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This year, architecture@15 features projects located in modern cities in various parts of Asia—Bangladesh; China; East Timor; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; UAE and Vietnam. Set to start construction in 2015, they will help define the modern city of Asia in the near future.
Each profile includes project description, images and summary information. These projects are selected each year from more than 100,000 future projects reported by BCI Asia and BCI Australia researchers. In compiling information on these projects, BCI researchers interview half a million architects, developers, engineers and contractors.
Besides projects, architecture@15 also reviews building technologies in a dedicated section called technologies@15 that enable architecture to evolve rapidly, providing a reference guide of innovative and intelligent solutions for architects, engineers and developers. Each review is presented in an easy-to-read format describing the products and/or services of a single leading manufacturer in each field.
Download a free e-copy of technologies@15 at www.bciasia.com/technologies15/.
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