Energy and Electrons

Electrons

What are electrons?

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body.

The electrons occupy specific probability regions (known as orbitals), whose shapes and electron capacity vary.

Electron States

The lowest energy level that an electron can exist in is the ground state (n=1,2,…7).

Higher energy levels are called excited states (n>1).

In a given orbital, an electron that never radiates or absorbs energy is said to be in a stationary state.

Energy as Light

If an atom absorbs exactly the right amount of energy, the electron will rise to the next orbital or energy level.

If an atom released an exact amount of energy, it would fall to a lower orbital or energy level.

The energy released appeared as a photon of light.

Where are the electrons?

According to the Bohr model, electrons are found in energy levels around the nucleus. There are 7 different energy levels The farther the energy level is from the

nucleus, the greater the amount of energy it holds.

To Summarize ...

Principal Energy Level

Type(s) of Sublevel

Number of Orbitals

Maximum # of Electrons

1 s 1 1 total

2 2 total

2 s p

1 3

4 total

2 6

8 total 3 s

p d

1 3 5

9 total

2 6

10 18 total

4 s p d f

1 3 5 7

16 total

2 6

10 14

32 total Level n n types n2 orbitals 2n2 electrons

For example ...

Calculate the number and types of sublevels, the total number of orbitals, and the maximum number of electrons with an energy level of 6 n = 6 types of orbitals = n = 6 there are n2 orbitals on level 6 = 36 there are 2n2 electrons = maximum 72

electrons

Which state do you live in?

For each element, the atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons

The electron configuration must equal the number of protons in the atom and advance by 2n2

Advance by 2 electrons, 4, 9, 16, etc.

Electron Behavior

An electron can orbit in specified energy levels (orbitals). The further the orbital from the nucleus, the greater the energy level. Orbital: a region in an atom where there

is a high probability of finding electrons

How many can fit?

Each level can hold a specific number of electrons n = the energy level 2n2 = the maximum number of electrons

that energy level can hold So, the first energy level can hold

2 x 12 = 2 electrons

Draw a Bohr Atom: Ground State Configuration Put all of the protons in the nucleus

p+

Determine the number of electrons in the atom e- = p+

Add your electrons to each energy level completely filling one level before moving to the next highest level. Remember the max is 2n2 electrons in

each level

Bohr-ing Electrons!

Atomic Number = 13

13p+ 2e- 8e- 3e-

For a total of 13 electrons

You practice a few

Draw the ground-state electron configuration for Oxygen Potassium

Oxygen

Atomic Number (# electrons) = 8 Maximum # electrons = 8 = 2n2

Level & Types of orbitals = n = 2 Number of orbitals = n2 = 4 Fill the electron orbitals like this:

2 + 6

Potassium

Atomic Number (# electrons) = 19 n = 3.08 = 3 Fill the orbitals 2 + 8 + 9

Classwork

Draw the Bohr electron diagrams for the 1st 20 elements

Quantum Numbers

To define the region in which electrons can be found, there are 4 quantum numbers assigned

Quantum number: a number that specifies the properties of electrons

The principal of it all

The principal quantum number, n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron

The values for n are in positive whole integers (1, 2, 3, 4)

As n increases, the distance from the nucleus increases

Next comes the l

The angular momentum quantum number, l, indicates the shape of the orbital

If l = 0, then there is an s orbital If l = 1, p orbital If l = 2, d orbital If l = 3, f orbital

Okay, now with the m

Next comes the magnetic quantum number, m, which is a subset of the l quantum number

This number indicates the numbers and orientations of the orbitals

The number of orbitals include 1s, 3p, 5d and 7f orbitals.

Last, but not least,

The spin quantum number, +1/2 or -1/2 (), indicates the orientation of the electron’s magnetic field relative to an outside magnetic field

Orbitals Each orbital is associated with a different

letter: s, p, d, f, g, . . . As chemists, we will only look at the s, p, d

and f orbitals Each orbital can accommodate only 2

electrons with opposite spins Empty, half-filled and filled orbitals contain 0,

1 and 2 electrons, respectively

Pauli Exclusion Principle

The principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in the exact same energy state.

In other words, only 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital

Heisenburg Uncertainty Principle

You cannot know simultaneously Where an electron is, and How fast it is moving

S Orbitals

There is only one type of s orbital and it is present on every principal energy level.

The s orbital is spherical

The p Orbital

There are three types of p orbitals (px, py and pz)

p orbitals are on every energy level except level 1

All p orbitals have a dumbell shape

The d Orbitals

There are 5 types of d orbitals and they are located on every energy level except for level 1 and level 2

The f Orbitals

There are 7 types of f orbitals and they are located on every energy level except for levels 1, 2 and 3

The shapes of the f orbitals are extremely complex

Aufbau Principle

The principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest energy orbital.

In other words, the electrons must fill the lowest energy level available

The Diagonal Rule

The basic rule for assigning electrons to atoms is that electrons should occupy the lowest energy state possible.

To determine the relative energies or sublevels, use the diagonal rule.

Work from left and follow each arrow from tail to head and work from left to right.

Start-up: October 7

What is an electron configuration?

The Chart

7s 7p

6s 6p 6d

5s 5p 5d 5f

4s 4p 4d 4f

3s 3p 3d

2s 2p

1s

The Arrows

7s 7p

6s 6p 6d

5s 5p 5d 5f

4s 4p 4d 4f

3s 3p 3d

2s 2p

1sStart Here

Write the electron filling pattern for the first 5sublevels.

Element Atomic # Electron Config.

H 1 1s1

He 2 1s2

Li 3 1s22s1

Be 4 1s22s2

B 5 1s22s22p1

Shortcut

In order to conserve space, we use shorthand

When you reach a noble gas, the next element will begin a new principal energy level (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Place the symbol in brackets in place of the configuration scheme before it

Sodium, for example

Neon Atomic Number = 10 Electron Configuration:

1s2 2s2 2p6

Sodium Atomic Number = 11 Electron Configuration:

[Ne] 3s1

Classwork

Write the electron configuration of Bromine using the diagonal rule and the “shorthand” notation 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5 or [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

Fun Facts

The orbital names s, p, d, and f stand for names given to groups of lines in the spectra of the alkali metals. These line groups are called sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.

Homework

P. 99 numbers 1 - 11