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Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005
International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects
Christine Werner Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
ecological sanitation program, Division 44 environment and infrastructure
(Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11-13.12.2005)
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Contents
WHO Guidelines1989 version: Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture2005 version (upcoming): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
EcoSanRes GuidelinesGuidelines on the safe use of urine and faeces inecological sanitation systemsGuidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop
productionFAO Guidelines
FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: wastewater treatment and use in agriculture (1992)
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WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater andexcreta in agriculture and aquaculture (1989)
Category Use Person /Group
exposed
Nematodes[Eggs / kg]
Feacalcoliforms[number /
100 g]
A Application to field crop(used for raw food)
worker,consumer,
public
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Upcoming WHO guidelines, update of theguidelines from 1989, publication planned in 20063 Volumes:
safe use of wastewater in agriculturesafe use of wastewater in aquaculturesafe use of excreta and greywater
New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
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New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
Reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta in agriculture andaquaculture is practiced worldwideon a large scale, however oftenwithout sufficient health proctction
measuresWHO recognise the importance of reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta for sustainable foodproduction and improved livelihood
WHO provides guidance on healthprotection measures for safe reuseWHO recognise source-separationas a special and valid approach
source:GTZ
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New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
The new WHO-guidelinesare:based on:
scientific consensusand best available
evidence,health based targetsgood practices and amultiple-barrier approach
to be adapted to localsocial, economic, andenvironmental factorsstriving to maximizeoverall public healthbenefits and the beneficial
use of scarce resources
source:GTZ
source:GTZ
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new WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
key issue: better methodologies for evaluating risk
previous guidelines were based onactual risks using epidemiologicalevidenceupdated guidelines make use of all
available evidence includingQuantitative Microbial RiskAssessment (QMRA-models)data on different pathogens are usedto develop
health based targets,
required pathogen reduction andmiocrobial performance targets of wastewater and excretatreatment systems
source:GTZ
source:GTZ
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New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
Definition: Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)DALYs are a measure of population health in terms of the burdendue to a specific disease or risk factor.DALYs attempt to measure healthy years of life lost because of disability or death from a diseaseDALYs account for not only acute health effects but also for delayedand chronic effectsdifferent health outcomes (e.g., cancer vs diarrhea) can becompared and risk management decisions can be prioritized.
adopted protection level for wastewater/excreta use inagriculture in the new WHO guideline:
tolerable additional disease burden
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New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
Pathogen reductions achievable by various health
protection measures for wastewater use in agricultureControl measure Pathogen reduction (log units)
Wastewater treatment 16
Localized (drip) irrigation (low-growing crops) 2
Localized (drip) irrigation (high-growing crops) 4
Spray drift control (spray irrigation) 1
Spray buffer zone (spray irrigation) 1
Pathogen die-off 0.52 per day
Produce washing with water 1
Produce disinfection 2
Produce peeling 2
Produce cooking 67
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New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
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Verification monitoring of wastewater treatment for thevarious levels of wastewater treatment in Options AG:E.coli
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Health-based targets for treated wastewater use in agriculture: helminth eggs
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Example: agricultural use of wastewater,Peru
Coastal region of Peru: extremely aridWastewater treatment in stabilisation pondsIrrigation with treated effluent for restricted crops
source:Saniplan
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Example: greywater recycling through sub-surface application, India
Use of greywater inmulch trenches
Mulch filledtrench orpit
source:GTZ
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Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)
public health issuesof agricultural reuseof urine and faeces
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guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)
focuses on the treatment and handling of faecesand urine, provides current information on riskmanagement and assessment of sourceseparation strategies
technical and behavioural barriers against diseasetransmission, sanitation treatment methods, reusein agriculturethe scope of guideline is limited to products from
urine diversion devices and dry collection systemsfor faeces.
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Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)
Recommendations for urine treatment and use :The main risks in the use of excreta are related to the faecalfraction and not the urine fraction.Technical constructions should be done in ways to minimizefaecal crosscontamination.At household level the urine can be used directly.Urine should, in large-scale systems, be stored for one monthat 20C before use.
A withholding period of one
month between fertilization andharvest should be applied.Urine should be applied close toground and preferably mixed
with or watered into the soil.UrinestrogaeinSweden(Gebers)
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Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)
Recommendations for faeces treatment and use :Faeces should be treated before use as fertilizer.Primary treatment (in the toilet) includes storage andalkaline treatment by addition of ash, lime or urea.
1-2 cups (200-500 ml; enough to cover the freshfaeces) of alkaline material should be added after each defecation.
Faeces should additionally be mixed
into the soil in such a way that theyare well covered.Faeces should not be used for fertilization of vegetables, fruits or root crops that are to be consumed
raw, excluding fruit trees.
Driedfaeces(GTZ))
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Treatment Criteria Comment
Storage (only treatment)at ambient
temperature 2-20C
1,5-2 years Will eliminate most bacterial pathogens,substantially reduce viruses, protozoa
and parasites, some ova may persist
Storage (only treatment)at 20-35C
>1 year As above
Storage and alkalinetreatment
pH >9during > 6
months
Temperature 25 or lower pH will prolong the timefor absolute elimination
Recommended storage time and treatment for faeces
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Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces incrop production (EcoSanRes)
Agronomic issues of agricultural reuse of urine and faeces
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Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces incrop production (EcoSanRes)
Requirements regarding re-using of excreta for agricultural purposes,including plant growth, nutirents inexcreta, hygiene treatment of urineand faeces, etc. are discussed.
Recommendations on usingexcreta in cultivation are given.It emphasizes that urine and faecesare complete fertilizers. Urine is richin nitrogen and faeces are rich inphosphorous, potassium andorganic matter.guideline is limited to products fromurine diversion devices and drycollection systems for faeces.
source:GTZ
source:GTZ
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Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces incrop production (EcoSanRes)
Recommendations for use of urine incultivation:
Urine is a quick-acting nitrogen-richcomplete fertilizer. Best effects from prior to sowing, up until two-thirds of the periodbetween sowing and harvest.Recommended application rate and timeshould be based on the desired nitrogenapplication rate (based on localrecommendations for chemical nitrogenfertilizers)Rule of thumb: apply the urine from oneperson during one day (24 hours) to onesquare metre of crop. (= 300-400 m 2per person and year)
F
otos:UrinereuseinHavanna,Cuba(GTZ)
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Recommendations for use of faeces incultivation:
Faeces should be applied and mixed intothe soil before cultivation starts. Localapplication in holes or furrows close tothe planned plants allows for economicuseThe application rate can be based on thecurrent recommendation for the use of phosphorous-based fertilizers (low
application rate with little improvementdue to the added organic matter)Faeces can also be applied at muchhigher rates for improving structure andwater-holding capacity of the soil
Fotos:Compostfrom faecesinHavanna,Cuba(GTZ)
source:GTZ
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Beneficial effects of agricultural use of urineand faeces
restored soil fertilitythrough nutrient reuse
source:
Vinners,2003
improved soil qualitythrough reuse of organics
urinefaeces &
urinenone
compostimproved soil untreated soil
after one week without water source:PetterJenssen
source:GTZ
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Covers health aspects andagronomic aspects of reuseof wastewater in agriculture
Draws on the WHOGuidelines (1989) for healthprotection measures
FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture
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FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture
FAO guidelines define userestrictions with respect tosalinity, trace elements,nitrogen, etc. in order to notproduce negative effects onproductivity and yields.Blending conventional water with treated effluent, or usingthe two sources in rotation ispossible.This means that nutrients
elimination in wastewater treatment is not necessary if reclaimed water can be blendedwith normal irrigation water.
source:GTZ
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FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:wastewater treatment and use in agriculture
units Degree of restriction on use
none Slight to
moderatesevere
Potential irrigationproblem
Salinity (Ec w1 ) dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0
Na, surface irrigation me/I < 4 4 - 10 > 10
Na, sprinkler irrigation m 3 /l < 3 > 3
Nitrogen (NO 3-N)3 mg/l < 5 5 - 30 > 30
pH Normal range 6.5-8
Water quality guidelines for maximum crop production (example)
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Element Recommended maximum
concentration(mg/l)
Remarks
Cd 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips atconcentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrientsolutions. Conservative limits recommendeddue to its potential for accumulation in plantsand soils to concentrations that may beharmful to humans.
Cu 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in
nutrient solutions.Zn 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying
concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0and in fine textured or organic soils.
Pd 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very highconcentrations.
Threshold levels of trace elements for crop production
(example)