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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 282 706 RC 016 278
AUTHOR Bennett, Ruth, Ed.; Shaw, Carolyn RislingTITLE Basketmaking among the Karuk.INSTITUTION California State Univ.-Humboldt, Arcata. Center for
Community Development.SPONS AGENCY Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages
Affairs (ED), Washin, )n, DC.PUB DATE 84NOTE 52p.; For related documents, see RC 016 276-282.PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner)
(051)
EMS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; *American Indian Culture; American
Indian Education; *American Indian Languages;American Indians; American Indian Studies; CulturalAwareness; *Cultural Background; *Design Crafts;Elementary Secondary Education; Handicrafts; *NativeLanguage Instruction; Plant Identification
IDENTIFIERS *Basketweaving; California; Cultural Literacy;*Karuk; Karuk (Tribe); UNIFON Alphabet
ABSTRACTA description of basket weaving techniques and
materials used by the Karuk Indians of northwestern Californiaincludes illustrations and Karuk language terms so that the bookletmay be used to enrich Karuk bilingual classes as well as to interestknowledgeable basketweavers. A section on materials discussesidentifying, gathering, and preparing willow and hazel sticks; sugarpine, pine, and willow roots; bear grass; woodwardia and maidenhairferns; porcupine quills; and alder hark and moss for dyes.Illustrations of and Karuk words for materials and preparationprocesses supplement the text. A section on basket types describesbaby baskets, burden baskets, sifting baskets, eel basket traps,acorn pounding baskets, storage baskets, acorn sifting baskets,cooking baskets, acorn soup bowls, decorated baskets, tobaccopouches, and basket hats. Illustrations of each basket type, Karukterms, particular characteristics of each basket, and its use inKaruk society accompany each description. A final section providesstep-by-step instructions for starting a basket including soaking,body positioning, frame of mind, start a basket with open and closedweave twining, adding sticks, and color overlay designs. Each step isclearly illustrated. A Karuk Unifon alphabet and an Indian Unifonalphabet are provided. (LEL)
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BasketrnakingAmong the Karuk
1819.?0
JUN 1987
RECLIVE-RIC/CRESS
I NI [(161\1"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."
11
Bilingual Emphasis ProgramCenter for Community Development
Humboldt State UniversityArcata, CA 95521
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Reserch and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERICA
This document has been reproduced asIteceived from the Person or organizationriginating
viinor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality
Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocu-ment do riot necessarily represent officialOERI position or policy
Acknowledgements
Text and Illustrations
Resource People
General Editor
Lettering, Layout, and Typing
Carolyn Risling Shaw, Karuk
Shan Davis, Jr., KarukGladys Guy, KarukLeaf Hillman, KarukGrace Davis, KarukFrank Cook, Karuk
Dr. Ruth Bennett, Shawnee
Patricia Grantham
The Bilingual Emphasis Program, Humboldt State University, is an OBEMLA Title VIIProgram.
1984
NATIVE LANGUAGE GOALS
COMMUNICATION
Communicate in a second language:
-Comprehend the spoken language-Speak the language comprehensibly- Comprehend the written language- Write the language comprehensibly
CULTURAL FUNCTIONING
Function in the culture in which the languageis used:
-Be aware of the attitudes, values, customs,traditions, and taboos of the culture
- Interpret.: and use body language and othertypes of nonverbal communication
- Use language signals appropriately in avariety of social contexts
APPRECIATION OF LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND VALUES
Appreciate the similarities and diversitiesamong languages, cultures, and value systemswithin the United States and throughoutthe world:
-Compare cultural patterns from native andforeign cultures
- Become familiar with the environments inwhich cultural groups have developed
This Basket Book can be used by the teacher to meetthe above goals through class discussion.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction 1
II. Karuk Alphabet 4
Basket Materials 7
IV. Basket Types 24
V. Starting a Basket 37
VI. Bibliography 45
tin
Introduction
Basket weaving techniques and mRterials are discussed in
this volume, which is intended to 1,0erest knowledgeable
basketweavers and Karuk teachers and students, as well as to
acquaint other students within the Karuk community with one
of the finest arts of the Northwest California American Indian.
Karuk language terms are included so that the book may be used
to enrich Karuk bilingual classes.
What are Karuk bilingual classes?
The Bilingual Education Program of the Center for Community
Development at Humboldt State University, through Title VII of
the ESEA Act (administered by the U. S. Office of Bilingual
Education), is the only university program in the state of
California which offers an elementary teaching credential with
an emphasis on Hupa, Yurok, Karuk, or Tolowa language and culture.
The project carries on several coordinated activities, including
teacher training, curriculum development, continuing education in
Indian communities, and innovation in higher educat-on.
The project is now in its sixth year of funding as a
bilingual teacher training program. Twelve university students
are currently training to receive teaching credentials, and
there are eight fluent bilingual teachers offering classes
ranging from first grade through university levels.
-.2- 7
The primary objective of the Bilingual Education Program
is to promote bilingual/bicultural literacy among Northern
California native peoples. The bilingual community teachers
work with university staff in analyzing key concepts in their
languages; the Program staff then prepares instructional
materials that develop bilingual literacy in a way compatible
wita ideas of tribal elders from the four tribes.
This book is authentic information gathered from and
compiled by Karuk people, and represents the high quality
of production that can be accomplished by cooperation between
the Indian community and the University.
Karuk Alphabet
Li
SINGLE SOUND ALPHABET
NOTE: The Karuk "R" is pronounced
by tapping the tip of the
tongue to the roof of the
mouth,
The "0" may be nasalized:
The sound "A" (as in apple)
occurs rarely in Karui.
YL-RI-PUX-W0 MOC-MOC D+-511 KUC-DIIP F+B-OI XOC-KOM-HUR ,Ff-ROP N,-COR-ROK
(girl) (cow) (dog) (porcupine) (foot)
g-RO UP-MON
(eel) (mouth)
T-IIV Pile
)+N-WIM COP VI-RO-COR
(skunk) (steelhead) (bear)
(bow) (five) (otter)
POF-F+) OR-RI-PI +5-K6S
(deer) (dip net) (river)
YIO-U +P-FO-NI TUC.VON UX-WO
1.0 (earl (four) (one) (hair) (cooking paddle) (head) (eye) (two)
OBE FCCA
YOP U-XUK
ate
14
fast pat
23 a 4
lot3r
thirst there
12
5
all
hatso
24
old31.
bow
16
bit
Z6
SINGLE-SOUND ALPHABET
6
lielqay chair
ir I a
bite slaw
27 2/1
dip
19
ki$5
Z9
10
hen
lo
low
30
look out ba tyl36 37 38 3 9
due you, vest tig
T 1.
he
zr
music
her
tz
no
32.
sure labli
it 2
azure les zebri
13 I lit ettATHE CENTER FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
WHO. IN %LEA 14.°Hurn:::It State UrtiversitY
111 A SW, 1.1041455P 1111. SI ill II III. Ith P
Basket Materials
III. Materials
When gathering materials, the gatherer should always
give thanks for these materials and not take more
than is needed.
A. Sticks (u-HOP)
The sticks are the foundation or warp of the basket.
Willow
PCSR- RUK(fig. 1)
-8--
15
1. Willow (P6R.-RuK)
Willow shoots are gathered in April or August.
New shoots of the grey willow are cut before the buds
are open. They grow along the rivers and streams.
The bark is stripped off before it dries out. Sticks
are then sorted according to width and length, and
stored in bundles.
Willow shoots
(fig. 2)1 6
-9-
2. Hazel
Hazel sticks are cut in April or May. The
patch is burned after it is cut so the next year's
growth will be strong, uniform, and straight. The
sticks are peeled after they are cut, then sorted
and stored.
,g. 3)
B. Roots
Roots are used for the wef
1, Sugar Pine (6C-C+P)
t of the weaving.
The root may be dug up any time of the year,
in a moist soft area, where there are no rocks.
Care should be taken to not overdig an area and to
not take more than can be used in a year.
Sugar pine roots are first soaked or boiled
to soften the bark for scraping, They are then
split into smaller sections for storage. Later
roots are soaked again and then scraped, with a
mussel shell or knife (fig. 5), to break them down
for splitting.
1 9
-12-
They are split evenly to the desired width,
then coiled, sorted, and tied for storage.
The roots are very durable and expand when
wet, and are therefore good for baskets used for
holding water.
(fig. 6)
-13.-
20
2, River roots (Willow roots, +S-30-D+P )
Willow roots are pulled up in the spring,
when the river has risen and then receded rapidly
so that the banks are cut away to expose the roots.
While still damp, the roots are easily stripped of
bark and can be used as is, or split at once. The
roots are sorted and coiled according to width, and
used once they are dry.
(fig. 7)
River roots1.,:11,-......, ..,-4-...
C. Bear Grass (PUN-Y6.-ROR)
Bear grass is used for the white color overlay in
the weft. Bear grass is picked in the spring and summer
in high meadows, in areas that have been burnt off the
previous year. The burning causes the new shoots in the
center of the clump of grass to stick together at the
tips. This makes gathering easy.
The grass must be laid out in the sun for several
days and turned often to bleach the grass to a white color.
The grass is then sorted into bundles and tied (fig. 10).
Bear grass
D. Ferns
1. Woodwardia (TI1P-TIP)
Woodwardia fern is used for red overlay designs.
This large fern is found in moist, shady, wooded
areas. The best time to pick the fern is in the fall
or winter. The fern is picked at the base and
stripped of leaves. The stem is pounded flat with a
rock (fig. 12), then twisted in order to take out
the two inner strands (fig. 13). These strands are
then dyed with alder bark to give them a reddish
color. The strands are then dried and coiled for
storage.
Woodwardia fern
(fig. 11)
ss.
23 TIiP-T1P-16-
-17 - 24
2. Maidenhair (q1C-RitiT-T6P-KIR)
Maidenhair fern is used for the black overlay
designs. This fern grows in areas near water or in
foggy, damp areas under conifer trees.
Maidenhair
(fig. 14)
All the leaves are stripped from the dark stem
of the fern. The stems may be stored in this manner
or split when fresh. The stems are very brittle and
should be well soaked before preparation. A split
stick is used to draw the stem through to flatten
and split it. When splitting, the dark and lighter
side of the stem are separated. Your fingernail is
used to finish splitting the two sides and to scrape
out the inside. Only the dark side of the stem is
saved for use, and only the main stem.
2 6-19-
E. Porcupine Quills
Porcupine quills are dyed yellow with moss (tree
lichen) and used for overlay design. Because they are
hard to work with, they are used less often than the
other design materi. The entire, whole quills are
woven with the weft into the basket design.
Porcupine quills
Moss (tree lichen)
2 7
-20-
F. ayt.s_
1. Alder Bark (A-PDX)
Alder bark is used to dye the Woodwardia fern
a reddish brown color. Some of the bark is cut and
peeled off the tree, but never enough to harm the
tree. The outer bark is discarded, and the inner
bark is smashed and put in warm or cool water. The
Woodwardia fern is soaked in the bark-water mixture
and let cool, or soaked for a day until the right
color is reached. The fern is removed from the dye
and let dry (fig. 17),
28-21-
Alder
29-22-
2. Tree lichen (0-00X-x64)
The lichen (moss) is used to dye porcupine
quills. It is added to water which is then heated
to boiling. The quills are then put in and left in
the dye until a nice bright yellow color is reached.
Moss (tree lichen)
(fig. 19)
-23-
o-cox-x6-1
3 0
Basket Types
6. 1--
IV. Basket Types
A. Baby Basket (OLIX-TUY)
This type of basket is still used today by many
Karuk mothers. Its shape and comfort make the baby feel
secure, as in the cradle of its mother's arms. The girls'
basket has a wider bottom, while the boys' has a narrower
one. A new and larger basket is made as the child outgrows
the old one.
The baby basket is usually made with strong, thick
hazel sticks for the warp, and smaller or split hazel
sticks for the weft. Roots are not strong enough for use
in this type of basket.
B. Burden Basket (LIT-T+m-Nuv)
This is an open-weaved, conical shaped basket about
three feet high. It is carried on the back, with a
leather strap around the forehead.
This open twined burden basket was used for carrying
acorns or seeds.
Burden basket
(flg.21)
33-26-
C. Sifting/Serving Basket (OR-ROR-RA-IM-V6R-RUM)
This type of flat, open-weave basket (1 to 2 feet
in diameter) is used for sifting and sorting berries.
A flat, open twined basket tray is also used for serving
fish or other food.
Sifting basket
If
t\\ loot'*4411iIlitotrit,
.14 .4444\; oliply-\\,\ 0,\\,\Iiiik,,/,, #.7
A
(fig.22)
3 4-27--
OR- ROR- RI 11- VCFR:- RU
D. Eel Basket Trap
This type of basket is used for a trap in the river
to catch eels. It was made by men from unpeeled sticks.
Once the eel gets in through the small, conical opening,
it can't escape until the lid is undone.
Eel basket trap
(fig. 23)
E. Acorn Pounding Basket (+K-ROM-NUV)
This closed weave basket is made of closely twined
roots on e sturdy stick base. The bottom is cut out to
fit over a grinding rock. It keeps the meal from scattering
when pounding the acorns with a pestle, Bear grass is
used for simple designs around the outside.
Acorn pounding basket
F. Storage gasket (C4-N0K-MUIYON-NUR)
These large baskets with small openings are decorated
withh, simple bear grass designs. The designs are created
by leaving the weft, or root, exposed.
Storage basket
(fig. 25)
C4-4P-NOK-M6-YON-NUR
3 7-30-
G. Acorn Sifting Basket (eUN-16P-RUV)
A large tray is often used for sifting acorns. It
is faced with grass and exposed roots to create the designs.
A smaller, more closely woven tray was used to catch the
fine acorn meal.
A finely woven, more elaborate tray was used for
gambling.
Acorn sifting basket
(fig. 26)
Vii) IIW, .111ha vitx_aNfaViiipillgii%;''
4 \\ --1r. WI
'.. ,Z.-/--"St Zli
H. Cooking Basket (00R-R6M-POK-ROV)
This type of basket is shaped like a large bowl with
fairly straight sides. Simple designs in grass were used
on the upper portion. The basket is water tight.
Cooking basket
(1.7).27)
eoK-RUri-PoRoy
1. Acou -) Bowl (PuT-TU-Rov)
This basket is made like a cocl-,ing basket but much
smaller in size.
Soup bowl
lUll
4# 4'4' e ,e 1/ .41 // /147 1/1141t1,111
11:111::11CI11119111.
(fig. 28)
4 0-33-
P6T-TU-KCN
J. Decorated Basket
This basket can be any size. It is entirely decorated
with red, white, black, or yellow designs. It is bowl-
shaped with the rim turning slightly in. This basket can
be used around the house or given as a gift.
Decorated basket
-
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41
-34-
K. Tobacco Pouch (I-HAR-U-Hu-c4P-NOK)
This is a mmall basket with a lid that is attached to
a small opening. The designs are simple and often created
with grass and exposed root,
'Tobacco basket
I-H6Fk-U-HU-C+P-NO
42-35-
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Starting a Basket
V. Starting a Basket
A, Soaking (P0-e0R)
All materials must be soaked in water before weaving.
This makes them flexible for weaving. The maidenhair
should be soaked at least a day ahead of use. Most other
materials should be soaked for an hour or so before they
are used; if soaked too long, their colors change. The
Woodwardia fern should be dampened and kept damp, not
soaked.
B. Getting Started
Most weaving is done while sitting on a low stool or
on the knees, with materials and water nearby for soaking.
C. Frame of Mind
Frame of mind is important to the work of the weaver.
Good feelings and thoughts help create good baskets.
Creating a basket takes patience, knowledge, and skill.
4 5
-38-
D. Open Weave Twining: Basket Start
Select sticks according to desired width. Start
around the outside with two-strand weaving to make the
"button." Continue around in two-strand weaving, adding
sticks as you go, into the warp and the weft, as needed.
Keep adding sticks until you have almost reached the
desi:-TI diameter. Keep weaving and thd edges will turn
up autzmatically.
4 6
-39-
E. Closed Weave Twining
1. Basket start
Sort sticks and roots according to desired size.
Start basket as shown in figure 33. Make the button
as shown in figure 34. Then add third root (fig. 35).
Go around entire button once with the three weave to
set the sticks.
(fig.33)
4 7
-:40-
2. Adding sticks
Add a stick in each open corner of your basket
on the next time around (fig. 36). Lock in place
with the three weave around again. Chew the end of
the stick where it will be inserted. Now add a stick
every other one. Then lock them into place with the
three weave again (fig. 37).
(fig. 36)
49
-42-
3. Color overlay
The overlay materials are added so that the designs
and color show only on the outside of the basket (fig. 38).
F. Designs
The overlay materials are used to create the designs of
the baskets. These include the beige of the root, white of
the bear grass, black of the maidenhair fern, red of the
alder-dyed Woodwardia, and yellow of the moss-dyed porcupine
quills,
so-43-
The designs are geometric patterns. There are
usually an odd number (3, 5, 7) of designs on the basket.
A beginning weaver must count the sticks to make the
design come out right. A skilled and experienced weaver
can do it by sight.
Different arrangements and variations of the basic
designs are used to create the individual basket. Each
one has a uniqueness of its own.
-44-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Newman, Sandra Corrie. Indian Basket Weaving. Flagstaff,Arizona: Northland Press, 1974.
Wallace, Kathy. We Still Make Baskets: Basket Making,A Continuing TradItIO7.--JUne, 1980.
52
-45-