Post on 01-Apr-2015
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A/R CDM projects :modalities, implementation and progress
Igino M. Emmer
EUSTAFOR workshop Forestry & EU ETS
Brussels, 26 June 2008
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Contents
• CDM A/R – Modalities & Procedures • CDM A/R methodologies and tools• CDM A/R - State of affairs, example and future
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CDM concept
• 1 of 3 flexible mechanisms• Reduce GHGs combined with sustainable
development– Additionality– Environmental integrity– Social responsibility
• Governed by CDM Executive Board– Political– Technical
• CDM A/R only forestry category admitted
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A/R CDM Modalities & Procedures
Issues addressed:• Definition of Afforestation and Reforestation• Project boundaries• Permanence (temporary credits)• Quantification• Validation and verification• Environmental and social sustainability
Baseline and Monitoring Methodology
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Beyond Modalities & Procedures
• Ownership• Legal and institutional feasibility
– Carbon contracts
• Economic viability– Carbon finance merely additional income
• Additional certification schemes– CCBA, FSC
• Environmental and social sustainability – plus
This is where the market creates standards
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Role of EB and ARWG
• New Methodologies• Procedures• Clarifications
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A/R CDM methodologies
Ex ante• Boundaries• Land eligibility• Permanence• Baseline scenario• Project emissions• LeakageEx post• Monitoring
CC = PR – PE – L - BR
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A/R CDM methodologies
• 100+ pages• Requires significant expertise
• Simplifying features for small-scale projects
• PDD– Document based on which the project is registered– Explains how project applies the methodology
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Subjects/“Modules” in Methodologies
• Miscellaneous– Relevance of carbon pools and emissions/removals– Stratification– Identification of "degraded or degrading" land– Project boundaries
• Project emissions/removals– Emissions due to clearing and burning of existing vegetation– Emissions from fossil fuel use in projects
– Emission of N2O due to N fertilisation
– Changes in DOM due to the project
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Subjects/“Modules” in Methodologies – cont.
• Baseline assessment– Assessing additionality– Identifying the baseline scenario– Removals by trees and shrubs in the baseline
• Leakage– Leakage due to the displacement of pre-project activities– Use of non-renewable wood (e.g. fencing)
• Monitoring
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ARWG tools (11) – hand-out
• Tool for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality in A/R CDM Project Activities ("Additionality tool")
• Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and demonstrate additionality in A/R CDM project activities ("Combined tool")
• Procedures to demonstrate the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation CDM project activities
• Tool for testing significance of GHG emissions in A/R CDM project activities ("Significance tool")
• Estimation of emissions from clearing, burning and decay of existing vegetation due to implementation of a CDM A/R project activity ("Oxidation tool")
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ARWG tools – cont.
• Estimation of GHG emissions related to fossil fuel combustion in A/R CDM project activities
• Estimation of GHG emissions related to displacement of grazing activities in A/R CDM project activity ("Leakage tool") – V2
• Procedure to determine when accounting of the soil organic carbon pool may be conservatively neglected in CDM A/R project activities
• Estimation of direct nitrous oxide emission from nitrogen fertilization
• Calculation of the number of sample plots for measurements within A/R CDM project activities
• Calculation of GHG emissions due to leakage from increased use of non-renewable woody biomass attributable to an A/R CDM project activity
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CDM A/R – State of affairs
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CDM A/R – State of affairs
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CDM A/R – State of affairs
• 10 Approved methodologies + 1 Consolidated meth
• 0 Methodologies under review• 3 Approved ssc methodologies (covering all 4
sectors requested by COP)• 1 Project registered: AR-AM0001 (China)• 0 Requesting registration• 14 Under validation – normal scale• 10 Under validation – small scale (but there are
more in the pipeline)
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Example: Carbon sequestration through reforestation in the Bolivian tropics by smallholders
1500 farmers
6000 hectares
Indigenous species
Local NGO
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(Example) Land eligibility
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(Example) Land eligibility
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Economic sustainability
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(Example) Non-permanence
• Crediting period: 21 years – fixed• Temporary credit: tCER• Economic sustainability:
– Long-term: timber contracts– Intermediate term: carbon finance
• Social sustainability: Project structure with farmer’s federations
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(Example) Contracting
• 1500 farmer families• Local NGO: CETEFOR• ERPA: Annex 1 Gvt• Timber: Netherlands green investment scheme
• Joint venture established in Bolivia
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(Example) Bottlenecks
• Private-public interface– DNA – Letter of Approval– Rigid legal arrangement in ERPA with Gvt
• Field planning versus PDD requirements– PDD requires fixation of project boundary– Gradual commitment of farmers
• Interpretation of modalities– Size of small-scale projects– Whether or not to monitor leakage
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(Example) Importance of pre-feasibility assessment
• Risk of non-permanence• Economic feasibility• Social, institutional & legal feasibility• Kyoto compliance
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(Example) (Dis)Advantage
Advantages• Delivers sustainable environmental, economic
and social benefits as intended by the CDM
Disadvantage• Complex legal structure compared with large-
scale
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Future
• Small unless:– Remove temporary credits– Reduce complexity
• Remove temporary credits– E.g. VCS buffer approach– Insurance policy
• Reduce complexity– Methodologies and tools– Consolidation– Environmental integrity guaranteed
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Thank you
Dr. Igino M. Emmer
igino.emmer@emmer-internationaal.eu
+31 (0)653699610