Post on 26-Aug-2018
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Emergency Preparedness
and Disaster Planning for
Animal Facilities –
Principles and Large-scale Disasters
Bryan Ogden, DVM, DACLAM
Montip Gettayacamin, DVM, DACLAM
Bradford Goodwin Jr., DVM, DACLAM
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Topics
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Types of hazards, emergencies and disasters
• Hazard identification and risk analysis
• Prevention and preparedness
• Developing a disaster (emergency) plan – Emergency Operation Plans (EOPs)
– Who is in-charge?
– Disaster/Emergency response
• Useful checklists
• References
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“Common Deficiencies” found at
AAALAC International Site Visits
1. Disaster plan was not current.
2. Disaster plan did not take into account both
people and animals.
3. Disaster plan did not include all areas where
animals were housed.
4. Lack of emergency power backup in high
risk situations or contingency plans for
housing animals during extended power
failures were not in place.
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“One plan at one
Institution does not fit all other programs”
I prefer an effective plan.
How would I do this?
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What is in the Guide?
• Emergency:
– Chapter 2, Page 23: “..the use of bite and scratch
emergency care stations.”
– Chapter 4, Page 62: “Emergency Care”
• Disaster:
– Chapter 2, Page 35: “Disaster Planning and
Emergency Preparedness”
– Chapter 3, Animal Environment, Housing, and
Management, Pages 74 and 87 : “Emergency,
Weekend, and Holiday Care.”
What is in the Guide?
• Facilities must therefore have a disaster plan.
• The plan should define the actions necessary to
prevent animal pain, distress, and deaths due to
loss of systems such as those that control
ventilation, cooling, heating, or provision of
potable water.
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Page 35: Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
What is in the Guide?
• A disaster plan that takes into account both
personnel and animals should be prepared as
part of the overall safety plan for the animal
facility.
• The colony manager or veterinarian
responsible for the animals should be a
member of the appropriate safety committee
at the institution. He or she should be an
“official responder” within the institution and
should participate in the response to a disaster. 7
Page 74: Emergency
What is in the Guide?
• If possible the plan should describe how the facility
will preserve animals that are necessary for critical
research activities or are irreplaceable.
• Disaster plans should be established in conjunction
with the responsible investigator(s), taking into
consideration both the priorities for triaging animal
populations and the institutional needs and
resources.
• Animals that cannot be relocated or protected from
the consequences of the disaster must be humanely
euthanized. 8
Page 35: Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
What is in the Guide?
• In the event of emergency, institutional security personnel and fire or police officials should be able to reach people responsible for the animals.
• Notification can be enhanced by prominently posting emergency procedures, names, or phone numbers in animal facilities or by placing them in the security department or telephone center.
• Emergency procedures for handling special facilities or operations should be prominently posted and personnel trained in emergency procedures.
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Page 74: Emergency
What is in the Guide?
• The disaster plan should identify essential personnel
who should be trained in advance in its implementation.
• Efforts should be taken to ensure personnel safety and
provide access to essential personnel during or
immediately after a disaster.
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Page 35: Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
What is in the Guide?
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Page 35: Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
Local Area Disaster
Plan Institutional
Disaster and Emergency
Preparedness Plan
Animal Facility
Disaster and Emergency
Preparedness Plan
• Such plans should be
approved by the institution
and be part of the overall
institutional disaster
response plan that is
coordinated by the IO or
another senior-level
administrator.
• Law enforcement and
emergency personnel should
be provided with a copy of
the plan for comment and
integration into broader, area
wide planning.
IACUC
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What is in the Guide?
• Animal should be cared for by qualified personnel everyday, including weekends and holidays, both to safeguard their well-being and to satisfy research requirements.
• Emergency veterinary care should be available after work hours, on weekends, and on holidays.
Page 74: Emergency, Weekend, and Holiday Care
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“Real Situation”
Small or Large Scales?
Disasters
Hazards Emergencies
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Hazard Definition
• A hazard – a source of danger that
may or may not develop a level that
will put people, property, or the
environment at risk
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Hazard Categories
1. Natural hazards
– Weather
– Seismic events
– Ocean-related
events
2. Technological hazards
– Structural failures
– Fires
– Chemical spills
– Biocontainment failures
– Computer and safety
system failures, etc.
3. Civil hazards
- Bomb Treat
- Terrorist Attack
- Protest/Demonstration
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Emergency Definition
• Emergency – a sudden, generally
unexpected occurrence or set of
circumstances demanding
immediate action
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Disaster Definition
• Disaster – a great or sudden misfortune
that results in loss of life, property, etc. or
that is ruinous to an undertaking
–Natural disasters vary geographically
and temporally.
–Technological disasters are invariably
linked.
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Natural Disasters – Series of Events?
• Primary events
• Secondary events
– Fires and explosions
– Landslides
– Under staffed facilities
– Supplies shortages
– Contaminated water supply systems
• Tertiary events
– Power outages
– Road closing
Technological Hazards
Technological Hazards
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Large Scale Disasters
– Earthquake
– Hurricane, Typhoon, Tropical Storm
– Floods
– Heat wave
– Tornadoes
– Blizzards and winter storms
– Animal right activists break-ins
For any unexpected event that occurs too quickly, this
could be no chance or no time to respond!!!
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“Historical Disasters” that impacted Research Facilities in U.S.A.
• 1994 Northridge California Earthquake
• 1995 Hurricane Opal, Alabama (Cat. 4)
• 1996 Red River, Minnesota, Floods
• 1997 New York Heat Wave
• 1998 Bowling Green, Kentucky, Tornadoes
• 1999 West Central Indiana Blizzards
• 1999 A break-in by Animal Rights Activists in Puyallup,
Washington
• 2002 Tropical storm Allison, Houston, Texas
• 2005 Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana and Mississippi (Cat. 5)
• 2012 Hurricane Sandy, eastern U.S.A. (Cat. 3)
Natural Disasters in SE Asia
• 2004 Asian Tsunami
• 2008 Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar
• 2011 Tsunami, Japan
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www.jossefordart.com/.../01/collection_of_t.html
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Thresholds or Critical Time
“Response Windows”
• If it is short (12 to 48 hours), unexpected and very
severe, there may be no chance to respond.
500 years Tropical Storm, “Allison” in Texas, 2002
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Why were we unable to respond?
• Could not prevail against the enormous amount of
rain dumped in such a short period of time.
• No current technology exists that could have
provided adequate warning of what was coming.
500 years Tropical Storm, “Allison” in Texas, 2002
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Tropical Storm, “Allison”, Texas 2002
Animal Facility “after” the 500 years Tropical Storm, “Allison”
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500 years Tropical Storm, “Allison” in Texas, 2002
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Impacts of the 500 years Tropical Storm, “Allison” in Texas, 2002
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http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/IACUCConf2006_stokes.pdf
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ARE WE PREPARED?
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Hazard Identification
and Vulnerability
Assessment
The FIRST STEP in seeking an
emergency/disaster plan
development.
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Hazard Assessment
• List most likely emergencies
• Ranking of the hazards
–Local emergencies or major disasters
–Simple or comprehensive
–Local or trans-campus
–Facility strength or weakness
• Assess human and animal impact • Assess property impact
• Business continuity plan!
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“All Hazards” Approach
• Consider all common impacts and
effects: power failures (black-out),
HVAC failure, insufficient staff, security
breaches, and animal escapes
• Prevent likely and common effects from
any type of disaster
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Vulnerability Assessment
1. Identify hazards and other causes of disruptions
to humans, animals and research data
2. Identify resources that minimize disruptions
3. Quantify potential losses
4. Use the information gathered in the previous
steps to create a risk index
Inspection is performed by fire marshals, safety officers and architects,….
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Emergency Management Plan Goals*
1. To minimize the losses of animals that would occur
during an emergency or a disaster.
2. To provide appropriate veterinary care and humane
euthanasia at all times
3. To enhance ability of the center to restore and sustain
its operation during an emergency
4. To mitigate economic impact of disruption of our
operations
5. To enable our facilities to obtain outside assistance
during declared disasters.
*Laboratory Animal Resource Center of the Indiana University School of Medicine.
Contemporary Topics. Catherine M. Vogelweid. 1998. 37(5): 54.
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Emergency
Prevention
Selecting appropriate safeguards to prevent the risks
Building a Culture of Preparedness
• The institution supports preparedness by
developing policies, ensuring adequate plans are
in place and are validated, defining necessary
capabilities required to address threats, providing
resources and technical assistance to state, local,
tribal and territorial partners, and integrating and
synchronizing preparedness efforts throughout
the Nation.
http://www.dhs.gov/topic/plan-and-prepare-disasters
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Emergency
Preparedness
Allows prompt and effective responding
Defining the Preparedness Cycle
• Preparedness is defined by DHS/FEMA as "a
continuous cycle of planning, organizing, training,
equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking
corrective action in an effort to ensure effective
coordination during incident response." This
cycle is one element of a broader National
Preparedness System to prevent, respond to, and
recover from natural disasters, acts of terrorism,
and other disasters
http://www.dhs.gov/topic/plan-and-prepare-disasters
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Effective Preparedness
1. Personnel preparedness
• Personal safety
• Preparedness at home
• Ability to come to work
2. Worksite preparedness
• Continuity of animal care and research
• Meeting the environmental and health safety and
OSHA standard
3. Culminates in community preparedness
Increase the level of resistance to disasters
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Plan = Connecting All Information
List
Peoples Resources
Responses
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Plan Components
1. Develop potential disaster scenarios
2. Conduct vulnerability assessment
3. Identify operations (a collaborative effort)
• Problem
• Need
• Task
• Resource
Simple to read and understand
Developing the Plan
Make the plan location
specific
Identify leadership roles
Identify responders
Define how response will
occur
Contact methods
Communication plan
Mitigation efforts – some
problems are common to
all events
Lack of power, HVAC,
water, access
Evacuation
Priority List
Euthanasia
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Disaster Planning – OLAW webinar
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/educational_resources.htm#a_03072013
Creating a Leadership
Team
This team organizes, writes and
directs the emergency/disaster
response effort.
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Other advisors and technical experts to be
included later in the developing process.
Disaster Planning Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24, Disaster Planning
Designating a Command Center (CC)
Location
• The CC should be centrally located and allow
ready access to the area, or areas.
– A large facility may have several locations identified
• It should be located close to where the response
efforts will be focused.
• An area in the CC should be devoted to storing
items that will be used by responding staff.
– i.e., food, water, flashlights, batteries, first aid supplies
• Ideally, the CC should be immune from loss of
function and have back-up power.
46 Disaster Planning Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24, Disaster Planning
Designating Key Contacts Information
• These ‘key contacts’ are individuals whose
contact information should be updated and kept
on file routinely, ‘Phone Tree’.
• Multiple means of contacting these people should
be gathered, as normal means may not be
available (contact their family members).
• They should be discussed, informed and updated
• Regular review of this list will allow to include
personnel changes
47 Disaster Planning Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24, Disaster Planning
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Communication Tools and Backups
• With or without power!
• Radio (battery operated)
• Media (news, TV, radio)
• Develop back-up methods for
contacting response personnel
• Text messaging may be effective
• Phone lines are jammed!
• Cell phones may not be reliable!
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Readily Available Information!
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Important Contact Information
• Maintain an update personnel contact list
– Telephone Roster (Phone Tree)
– Regular updating
– To be readily available in a location well-known by all
staff and emergency responding team
– Training and regular drill
• Having alternate means of communication
Developing the
Written plan
Plan
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Draft!!!
Well-practiced
Rehearsed
Revised
Regularly
Updated Plan
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Develop a disaster plan
Prepare for potential emergencies
Planning for All Potential Crises
• Planning makes it possible to manage the entire
life cycle of a potential crisis.
• Strategic and operational planning establishes
priorities, identifies expected levels of
performance and capability requirements,
provides the standard for assessing capabilities,
and helps stakeholders learn their roles.
http://www.dhs.gov/topic/plan-and-prepare-disasters
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Emergency and Disaster Response
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Simple System Emergency and Response Chart or Table!!
Systems Problems Who
to contact Responses
Computer System down Computer
Section
Ext xxxx
Use back-up recording system
Electrical Power failure Engineer
Ext xxxx Check whether
emergency power is on
Freezers Raise in Temperature
Engineer
Ext xxxx
Lab Supervisor
Ext xxxx
Monitor freezer
Temperature
closely. Relocate all specimens….
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Who will respond?
• Who?? Who??
– Remain at the vivarium to care for the animals
(check animals, feed/water animals, change cages)
• Determine the minimum number of people needed
• Determine the shift length
– Contact researchers
– “Ride out” Teams
– Coordinators and Cooperation Partners
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The Response System
• Identify “Chain of
Command” for
Emergency Response
Community Disaster Center
First Responder (Alternates)
Incident Commander (Alternates)
Administrative/Logistical
Support Coordinator (Alternates)
Veterinary Care Team
Coordinator (Alternates)
Husbandry Team
Coordinator (Alternates)
Husbandry Care
Team
Veterinary Care
Team Logistical Team
Logistics Chief
Finance Chief (Alternates)
A safety Officer
A Public Information Officer (Alternates)
Disasters Common Issues
• Can staff get to facility? Roadblocks?
– Responders who are within walking distance become
a key asset in these situations
– Individual with four-wheel drive vehicles can be
identified to shuttle staff
• Are the buildings safe for staff to enter?
• Is there power?
• Is food/water available?
– Maximum time frames! Back-up supplies
• How long can animals be maintained?
– Priority animals and list, euthanasia list and supplies 58
Disaster Planning Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24, Disaster Planning
Impacts to Animals – Response
Facility Emergencies
• HVAC Failure
• Short-circuited
electrical system
• Flooding
Responses
• Environmental Monitoring
and report to AV
• Animal relocation plan
– Moving animals out of
basement facilities if flood
occurs
– Animal health and welfare
evaluation and monitoring
• Bolstered food and water
• Prioritized animal
euthanasia list if relocation
cannot be done 59
Animals Priority List is critical!
• Without power, animals may need to be moved
and normal procedures and means of
communication may not function.
• Having priority lists in place ahead of time allows
personnel in the field ability to make decisions
and proceed.
• Euthanasia of animals, initially based on the
priority lists, may become necessary if condition
deteriorate to unacceptable levels.
60 Disaster Planning Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24, Disaster Planning
Preparing for an Animal Right-Related Crisis
• Implementing an integrated, preventive security
program that includes damage control measures.
– A crisis task force committee
– An intimate relationship with local police
– A facility survey for security weakness and
determining vulnerable areas to theft or destruction
– Policy development regarding humane animal care
and use; public and media relations, proactive public
outreach efforts
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Emergency
Operation Plan
(EOP) Activation
Set up criteria to alert the emergency responses
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Alert Process!!!
Disaster Center
First Responder (Alternates)
Incident Commander (Alternates)
Administrative/Logistical
Support Coordinator (Alternates)
Veterinary Care Team
Coordinator (Alternates)
Husbandry Team
Coordinator (Alternates)
Husbandry Care
Team
Veterinary Care
Team Logistical Team
ALERT
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Alert Criteria
• By specific types of hazards-disasters
• By severity
• By period of effect
• By location/area of effect
Staff Trainings & Drills
Orientation
What will happen?
Walk through steps
Take action to ensure safety
of staff first and then animal
safety
Table-top exercises and Live
drills
Identify problem(s) and
revise the plan
Evacuate animals
follow priority list
Identify problems in evacuation efforts
Involve A series of
functional exercises and
improve on weak areas
Seek solution and
improvements
A progressive sequence
of exercise of increasing
complexity, which is
repeated every 2 to 4 years
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Practice – Practice and more Practices
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Emergency and Disaster Plan (SOP) Suggested Appendices
• Emergency/Disaster Command and Response
Structure (Names and alternates)
• System Failures and Response Table
• Important Telephone Numbers
• Emergency Conditions and Basic Responses
Table
• Disasters and Basic Response Table
• Telephone – Alert Roster
• Fire Exits and meeting Areas Floor plan
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Emergency/Disaster Management
4 Phases
Mitigation
Recovery &
Restoration
Response
Prevention and Preparedness
(How do we keep this from happening?)
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Disaster Management Phases
Mitigation
Recovery & Restoration
Response
Prevention and Preparedness (How do we keep this from
happening?)
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Periodical Analysis
The emergency planning team should
carry out periodical analysis, as well as
practice drills, to determine that the
emergency plan is relevant; compatible
with laboratory operations; and that
laboratory staff will follow the plan in case
of emergency.
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It will be our ultimate GOAL…..
• Pick one that make sense, develop a
plan that will work at your place and
would fit to your program.
• These will all come together only if our
IO shares the perspective and will
support.
PREVENTION + PREPAREDNESS = SAFETY + SAVING
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Useful Checklists
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Resources Checklist..
To minimize disruptions
Local laws, regulations and policies compliance
Humans
Animals
Facility systems
Facility back-up utility systems
Shelter for humans
Alternate sites for animals
Emergency supplies for humans
Emergency supplies for animals
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Support Services and Logistics
Redundant Power Systems
Stockpiling Supplies and Inventory System
Animals
Humans
Maps
Common Areas to Gather People
Food, Clothing, Medical supplies and Attention
On-site housing and day care Transportation Backup Communications
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Emergency Preparedness Checklist
Are chemical stored properly? Are all chemicals securely capped?
Are they returned to storage after used?
Are storage cabinet latched and secured against the wall?
Are they stored in containment trays?
Are heavy equipment or furniture secured?
Electrical failure: Is there a back-up power supply?
Are fire extinguishers, emergency stations, etc… kept in working conditions?
Are extra supplies (food, water,ect.) kept on hand?
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Emergency Preparedness Checklist
Post long-term plan in case of emergency Provisions for animals, research samples, cell lines,
experimental data….
Any duplicate storage, liquid nitrogen..??
Safe location??
Post emergency contacts and phone numbers
Create short-term evacuation checklist Check for fires, spills…
Check for injured personnel
Will animal remain or be relocated?
Bring emergency supplies to assembly point
Keep corridors and exits free of obstruction
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Building Evacuation Checklist
Humans Drill
Route
Predetermined Gathering points or
Emergency Shelters
Check for missing persons
Check for injury
First-Aide
Alternate Communication Methods
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Animal Facility Evacuation Checklist
Animals Priority Plan and Census
Euthanasia Plan – enough euthanasia agent
Relocation plan
Biohazard (BSL-1, 2 or 3??)
Food, water and records
Containers
Transportation
Animal Recapture Equipment
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Acute Facility Shutdown Checklist
Turn off equipment
Ensure all personnel are notified
Secure sensitive files
Turn off lights
Lock doors
Disaster Planning References
• Disaster Planning (PDF), Animal Lab News 2007; 6 (3):21-24:
Points to consider when developing a disaster plan for your animal
facility.
• Disaster Planning, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA):
Provides animal emergency and disaster planning information.
• NIH-OACU: Disaster Response, NIH Office of Animal Care and
Use (OACU) animal program disaster response resources.
Although specific to NIH facilities, these resources provide multiple
references and templates that may be useful to other research
animal facilities when developing contingency plans for natural
and other disasters.
• OLAW Webinar: Disaster Planning, March 7, 2013: Stephen
Durkee provides best practice insights into developing a disaster
plan compliant with the Guide.
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References
• Vogelweid C.M.. J. Hill, R. Shea and D. Johnson. Earthquakes and building Design: A primer for laboratory animal professional. Lab Animal 2005, 34(7): pp 35-42.
• Vogelweid C.M.. J. Hill, R. Shea, S. truby and L.Schantz. Using site assessment and risk analysis to plan and build disaster-resistant programs and facilities. Lab Animal 2003, 32(20): pp 40-44.
• Vogelweid C.M. Emergency Response and Management. In Management of laboratory Animal care and Use Program. Mark A. Suckow, F.A. Douglas and R.H.Weichbrod Editors, CRC Press. 2002. pp 325-337.
• Vogelweid C.M. Developing Emergency Management Plans for University Laboratory Animal Programs and Facilities. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science. 1998, 37(5): pp 52-56.
• Sebastian E. Health. Disaster Planning for Research and Laboratory Animal
Facilities. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin. Summer 2000, Vol 11(1-
2), pp 1-8.
• Hazard Analysis: Preparation for natural Disasters. Sandra L. Anderson. Lab
Animal. 1998. 27(1). 24-35.
• Activists at the Gate: Preventing Animal Rights-Relating Media Disasters.
Jacquie Calnan. Lab Animal. 28(9). 35-39.
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Interesting Resource:
• OLAW website: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/disaster_planning.htm
• University of Michigan disaster plan: http://www.ucuca.umich.edu/forms/Disaster%20Guidelines.pdf
• Animal Welfare Information Center: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v11n1/11n1heat.htm
• Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA) disaster planning website: http://www.lama-online.org/OLAW-1.html
• LAMA article specifically on facility disaster planning: http://www.lama-online.org/chris.html
• www.animaldisaster.com provides guidelines for the development of a
“local community” animal care plan in emergencies, disasters and
evaluations
• The U.S. Disaster Center, http://www.disastercenter.com
• The latest Earthquakes in the World – past 7 days
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/
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Interesting Resources for Emergency
Planning (U.S.A.)
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – http://www.fema.gov
• Weather – National Weather service:
– Flood: http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/Information/Flood
– Earthquake: http://www.comet.net/earthquake
– http://www.wunderground.com/global/SR.html
• Emergency Preparation – http://www.TheEpicenter.com
• Disaster Relief – http://www.drj.com
• Emergency Consultant Agencies – http://www.coastside.net
– http://www.bgcky.com
– http://www.magicnet.net
http://www.dhs.gov/topic/disasters
Federal Emergency Management Agency
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CDC – Natural Disaster Website
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/
USDA Website – Disaster Planning
http://awic.nal.usda.gov/research-animals/disaster-planning