Post on 08-Jun-2015
description
Background / Issue
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Why switching to renewable energy
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Further population increase may lead to energy crisisHigher energy usage compared to the world
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Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Biomass SolarInsufficient mean wind speed of 2m/s or 7.2km/hrNeed an average of 6m/s or 21.6km/hr wind speed to harness wind power
Only possible in Tekong and Sembawang hot springs at 70C
Fairly flat. Need a large amount of water and height difference between stored water and turbine plantDisplacement of wildlife and population
Mostly for industrial uses like the incineration Plants.Mainly Wood, horticultural, food waste and waste paper
Abundant tropical solar energyFurther improvement in efficiency
Why solar energy source in Singapore?
Limit of 21.6
16MW46MW
80MW
56MW
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Trends of Energy Consumption
Energy Design for tommorrow:
Klaus Daniels, Ralf E Hammann
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Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?
Energy losses
1m
1m
1m
Vertical Surface : 100kW/m2/yrHorizontal Surface: 250kW/m2/yr
1.7MW
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Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?Mar10 to Aug10 (SP Services)
Premise TypeEnergy Consumption(kwh)
Average Area (m2)
kwh/m2.yr
HDB 1 Room 122
HDB 2 Room 181 45 48.3
HDB 3 Room 294 67 52.7
HDB 4 Room 407 94.5 51.7
HDB 5 Room 475 114.5 49.8
Excutive 575 148 46.6
Apartment 717 160 53.8
Terrace 980
Semi D 1281
Bungalow 2491
Residential High-rise Average: 50.5
Household Electricity Consumption
407kwh/household/month4.8MWh/household/yr
4.8MWh x 120household= 576MWh/building/yr
Total Consumption= household + public services= 576MWh + 58.8MWh= 634.8MWh/building/yr
Public Services Daily Consumption (kWh)
Lift 40
Pump 11
Booster Pump 14
Lighting 81
Other 15
Total 161
NEA,2004
Single block
Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?
Taking dimensions from existing residential blocks of 120 unitsAssuming 40% fenestrationAssuming 3m floor to floor heightAssuming PV produce 100 and 250kw/m2/yr for horizontal and vertical surfaces respectively
Possible Energy Production by PV envelopeEnergy usage of typical
block
634.8MWh/yr
Single block
concept
Solar Sky FarmingResidential community benefit with solar canopy
Strategies
Maximizing potential wasted spaces to: 1. harness renewable energy 2. cool residential environment 3. improve community connectivity
objective
Improved sustainable urbanscape
Case StudyTreelodge@Punggol
Potential of solar energy at precinct level
Predicted energy usage by Treelodge estate : 3305.5 + (58.8 x 7)
= 3717.1MWh/year
precinct
Solar energy production from envelope system
Assuming 40% fenestration
Assuming 3m floor to floor height
Assuming PV produce 100 and 250kw/m2/yr for horizontal and vertical surfaces respectively
precinct
Potential Energy
7617.MWh/yr
109378
Solar energy production from wasted spaces
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Negative spaces
7042MWh/yr
Livable space (roof)
1388MWh/yr
Total Potential Energy
8430MWh/yr
potential negative spaceLivable space
5552m2
28170.6m2
PV Canopy above residents
Comparing energy production
PV envelope systemTypical Energy Usage
3717.1MWh/year7617MWh/yr 8431MWh/yr
Here we can deduce that the canopy system produce the most efficient solar energy production• Maximum solar capture without interfering with residential space• Another form of connectivity for residents
Horizontal
Vertical
Total
6229.5MWh/yr
1388 MWh/yr 8431MWh/yr
PV canopy system
Area 109378 m2 33723 m2
precinct
Issues with existing solar farms
• Large scale solar farms destroy the surrounding natural environment
• Disrupting the landscape of a community • reflections interfering with pilot’s vision• power grids are not able to handle the
excess capacity that a solar farm would introduce
Jumilla, Spain, 20MW, 100hectars, 120000 panels
http://morgansolar.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/solar-farm-site-selection/
Why residential?
Site
site
concept
Solar Sky FarmingResidential community benefit with solar canopy
Strategies
Maximizing potential wasted spaces to: 1. harness renewable energy 2. cool residential environment 3. improve community connectivity
objective
Improved sustainable urbanscape
strategies
active
Create a high rise Sky Solar Farm
passive
Manage wasted residential spaces to be sustainable
social
improve the connectivity and conditions for the eco-community
Solar Sky Farm
Land management that uses potential wasted spaces
•Sheltered semi outdoor recreational spaces• cooler homes due to the sky solar farm canopy
Create an energy conscious community that benefits clean energy
• Social activities of various levels of connection
massing
1
2
strategies
precinct
massing
Bridging Stream lining Expansion Combination
Various forms of sky connections Further comprehensive analysis by ecotect and radiance25000m2 canopy6250MWh/yr (optimum)2 times energy needed for typical precinct
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Potential spaces for solar sky farming
residenceresidence
waterway
Section A-A
A
ASite plan
Not within floodplainNo obstructions
Potential improvements (canopy porosity)Porous light shafts to ensure light penetration32000-130000lux
Cool spaces under canopy1000-5000lux
Canopy porosity
Floriade Hall
Potential improvements (canopy porosity)
20000 PV modules, 28000m2, 2.3MW
Potential programs
Power distribution station
Charge Controller (prevent overcharging)
Battery Bank
SW Inverter
Workers area to maintain PV
Storage supply
Control room /repairs
Office
RecreationSky gym, yogaPark facilities Viewing platformFitness stationsRoof gardenEducationExhibition of photovoltaic
Light pollution
Artificial light reflected downwards when the PV cells inverted at night
Carrizo Energy Solar Farm
Great Erget Blue-Tailed Bee-eater Common Redshank Longtailed Shrike
Birds in My Backyard — Punggol 21Reproduced with permission from James WongNature Photography Society
Light pollution
http://www.astronomynotes.net/2006/10/26/light-pollution-in-south-east-asia/
Further Studies
Solar Statistics