Post on 09-Aug-2020
Electronic Measurements Group
Electronic Warfare and
Radar Applications
October 18, 2011 1
Agenda:
Introduction to Electronic Warfare
Background, terms, definition and market trends
Key technology enablers for existing and emerging radar systems
Radars and jammers
Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation
• Defining your own library of emitters
• Radar timing pattern generation
• Radar Antenna radiation Patterns and Scanning
Wideband Solutions for Radar/EW
• Existing and future Test requirements
• New Arbitrary Waveform Generators
• Signal Generation and Analysis using /SystemVue/Matlab
• Wideband Receivers: traditional and synthetic instrumentation
• Oscilloscope as ultrawide band receiver
• Pulse envelope and time domain analysis and challenges
• Modulation on pulse analysis
Microwave Components Characterization
• New Network Analyzer platforms
• Millimeter Signal Measurements: Techniques, Solutions and Best Practices
• Phase Noise measurements update
Electronic Warfare and Radar applications
Introduction to Electronic Warfare
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 3
Electronic Warfare
• Electronic warfare (EW) is a broad subject matter, but in general involves
denying an enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or gathering
intelligence of an enemy’s intended actions or capabilities through analysis
of electromagnetic (EM) signals he may transmit, either intentionally or
unintentionally.
• US Military Definition: EW refers to any military action involving the use of
electromagnetic (EM) and directed energy (DE) to control the EMS or to
attack the enemy.
• EW includes three subdivisions:
– Electronic Attack (EA)
– Electronic Protection (EP), and
– Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 4
EW Terms
• EA: Electronic Attack involves the use of
EM energy or anti-radiation weapons to
attack personnel, facilities, or equipment
• ECM: Electronic counter measures, such as
jamming and chaff, used to deny or degrade
the enemy’s use of communications or radar
systems
• DECM: Defensive ECM, such as a jammer
used to protect an aircraft from missile fire
• ECCM: Electronic counter-counter
measures, countermeasures used to protect
a radar from a jammer
• RWR: Radar Warning Receiver, warns a
pilot of a SAM or radar lock on
• Jammer: EW transmitter used to interfere,
upset, or deceive a victim radar,
communications, or navigation system
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 5
• EP: Actions taken to protect personnel,
facilities, and equipment from any effects of
friendly or enemy use of EMS
• ES: Electronic Warfare Support is a
subdivision of EW involving search for,
intercept, identify, and locate sources of EM
energy for the purpose of threat recognition
or targeting
• EME: Electromagnetic Environment
• EOB: Electronic Order of Battle
• SIGINT: Signal Intelligence
• ELINT: Electronic Intelligence
• COMINT: Communications Intelligence
• ESM: Electronic Warfare Support Measures,
equipment to identify and locate radar
systems or EM emitters
• J/S: Jam to signal ratio
Key Technology Enablers
of Modern and Emerging
RADAR Systems
Radar/EW Technology Drivers
Low observable slow moving detection systems
Close-In phase noise
Low Probability of Intercept
Increasing frequency of operation into mm wave bands
Frequency & beam hopping
Increased modulation BW
Phase repeatable frequency hopping
Improved Range Resolution
Increased Modulation BW
Software Defined Radar Systems
Waveform engineering and encryption
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 7
High Mobility
Target
Low Mobility
Target
Low Mobility Targeting
1) Low Doppler Shift 2) Clutter Reduction
Land
Clutter
Sea
Clutter
Key Technologies
Very low phase noise and
spurs at small offset frequencies
Signal Processing to separate
slow moving from stationary or
slower moving returns
High Resolution RADAR Systems
Chirps or other modulation techniques are used to improve the distance resolution to better than 1/(Pulse Width)
Impulse Response (also called Time Sidelobe Level ) is the single best measure of quality of the chirp / de-chirp
process
Factors Affecting Impulse
Response
Magnitude Response Fidelity
Phase Response Fidelity
Chirp Bandwidth
Algorithm
Good
Impulse
Response Poor
Impulse
Response
Other
Techniques/Technologies
Employed for Improved
Resolution
Multi-frequency
Multi-polarization
Quad-polarized System
Key Technologies
High Fidelity (Magnitude and
Phase) Wideband Signals
Frequency Agility
Multi-channel Receivers
Pulse Compression and Target
Identification Algorithms
VS.
Millimeter wave RADAR
Benefits of Millimeter Wave RADAR
Better Resolution
Wider chirp bandwidths
Smaller wavelengths
Higher Frequency Shift
Low Mobility Targeting
Target / Media Physics
Transmission
Reflection
Polarization
EW Advantages
Fewer systems at mmW
Harder to Jam
Complexity and Level of Integration within T/R Modules
RF/uW
―Newer‖
T/R
Module
Radiating
element
―Old‖
T/R Module
RF/uW IN
RF/uW OUT
Digital Control
―Advanced‖
T/R Module
Analog I/Q
Or IF
LO
―Emerging‖
T/R Module
Frequency
Reference
HIGH SPEED DIGITAL BUS
Time
Level
of
Integration
Key Technology Active Feed
Radiating Elements
Smaller Connections
Higher Frequencies
Key Technology Frequency Translation
Key Technology Digital I/Q or Digital IF
Very High Speed Digital
Bus
Phase Noise Reduction
by Averaging N Modules
What is Driving This
Trend? Smaller Platforms
Move to higher frequencies
Need for more T/R elements
Multimode
Multi channel
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 12
Trends in the Radar and EW market
1. The Radar and EW market is still the largest in terms of spending of all the AD submarkets (~65%).
2. The modern radar systems incorporate multi-mission, multi-role functionality. Specialized modulation used to enhance range resolution and primarily reduce the probability of intercept.
3. Modern radar systems increase the demand for mm wave technologies.
4. Modulation bandwidths of 1 GHz to 2 GHz are being requested for new programs in R&D.
– Performance is key - BW, Phase Noise, Power, SFDR
– Current minimum requirement is 500 MHz BW for radar application
5. Systems demand industry leading phase noise and spurious free dynamic range.
6. Development of stealth and anti-stealth technologies. ―Multi-Channel coherent sources and analyzer required to test these systems‖
7. Considerable investment is being make to upgrade and extend the life of existing platforms by technology refresh.
– Backwards compatibility and emulation with legacy test equipment required
8. New program focus is on tactical surveillance and intelligence with a growth in UAV platforms with synthetic aperture radars and EW payloads.
9. Battlefield data integration for situation awareness across multiple forces. ―Net Centric Warfare‖
2011 Weapons Modernization Programs (Unclassified )
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 13
Aircraft Platforms
Radar/EW/Surveillance
Naval Platforms
Radar/EW/Surveillance
Missile Defense Radar/EW
$55.4 Billion
• JSF
• UAV Platforms
• Longbow Apache
• P-8A
• F-18/E-18
$ 9.9 Billion
• AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense
• THAD
• Patriot Advanced Capability – 3
• Ground Based Midcourse
Counter IED – EW, COMINT
$25.1 Billion
• DDG 51 – AEGIS Destroyer
• CVN21 – Carrier Replacement
• Littoral Combat Ship
$16 Billion Total Budget
Crew 3 Program
Duke Program
Jammers ~ $1.5 B/yr
Radar Review
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 14
Simplified Radar
• A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated in all directions
• The energy that is reradiated back to the radar is of prime interest to the radar
• The receiving antenna collects the returned energy and delivers it to the receiver, where it is processed to:
– Detect the target
– Extract its location and relative velocity
• Direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the returned signal, assuming a narrow antenna beam
• If relative motion exists between the target and radar, the shift in carrier frequency of the reflected wave (Doppler Effect) is a measure of relative radial velocity of the target and can be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects.
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 15
Transmitter
Receiver Target
Radar
Pulsed Radar Fundamentals
PRIPRI
PWD 100100%
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 16
• Typical pulsed radars use relatively low duty cycle (≈0.1% to 10%), where duty
cycle is the ratio of pulse duration divided by period.
• Radar range resolution is determined by the pulse width—remember a 1μs pulse
has a length in space of 150 m and therefore can’t resolver distance less that
150m
• The range beyond which targets appear as a second-time-around echo is the
maximum unambiguous range
• Therefore, long-range radars use very long pulse repetition times.
PRIsmPRI
cPRF
cR
bunam /15022
PW PRI
Spectrum of a Video Pulse Train
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 17
T
Time
Amplitude
Frequency (f)
DC T
1
1/ 2/ 3/ 4/
Spectral Lines
0 /
)/sin(2)(
n Tn
Tn
TTfV
900 MHz Wideband Measurements
10/18/2011 Page 18
COHO STALO
TIMING SYNC
Pulse Compression
Filter( Correlation Filter)
CHIRP
CHIRP
(SPREAD SPECTRUM)
Waveform Exciter
( Digital Synthesizer)
Pulse
Modulator
To Signal
Processor
IFA LNA
PA
SYNCHRONOUS
I/Q
DETECTOR
RECEIVER
PROTECTOR
I
Q
Pulse Compression Radar
Velocity Measurement
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 19
This is the result of the radial velocity difference between the
radar and the target. Therefore, the general equation would
be the vector dot product of the velocity vector and the radial
unit vector, or
R
Another important target characteristic measured by radar systems is target velocity. This is accomplished by measuring the Doppler shift of the transmitted signal.
The Doppler Frequency, fd is: Rvc
fRvfd
022
cos2ˆ2 00
c
vfRv
c
ffd
Doppler Example
If a 10 GHz aircraft radar were designed to handle an engagement with a maximum closing velocity of 500 m/s (~ Mach 1.5) the maximum Doppler frequency would be:
Recall from a couple of slides back that the spectrum of the pulse modulated signal will have frequency lines that are spaced at intervals equal to the PRF or 1/PRT. If the PRT were 1 ms then the frequency lines would be 1 kHz apart. Each spectral line will also be Doppler shifted and could be processed by the Velocity tracking circuits of the radar, thus producing velocity ambiguities, if they are less than the maximum Doppler frequency. Therefore:
• The lower the PRF > frequency ambiguity
• The higher the PRF > range ambiguity
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 20
kHzx
smxsmVfD 33
103
)/1010)(/500(228
9
Three PRF Modes for Pulse Doppler
• Low PRF is unambiguous in range, but is highly ambiguous in Velocity and is excellent for target acquisition.
• The medium PRF radar:
– Is ambiguous in both range and velocity. It is very useful in a tail-chase engagement where closing velocities are low.
– May use multiple PRFs, each creating ambiguity zones in the range / velocity matrix. Processing can provide unambiguous range and velocity
• The high PRF radar is unambiguous in velocity and may be used in a velocity only mode making it ideal for a high-speed head-on engagement.
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 21
Radar Cross Section and Received Power Density
24 R
GP ttT
42)4( R
AGPS eTT
Radar cross section (RCS) is a
measure of the size of the target, as
seen by the radar
• RCS (σ) has units of area (m2)
Power reradiated from the target is
equal to ρTσ,
Power received by the radar antenna
will be:
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 22
43
22
)4( R
GPS T
4
2GAe
4)4( 42
2
R
GGPS RTT
22 44 RR
GP ttR
Radar Cross Section of B-26 Bomber
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 23
Radar Jammer Types
• CW
• Barrage Jammers: An attempt to ―outshout‖ the opposing equipment through continuous or high-duty cycle power within the desired frequency band—blot out the sun technique
• Noise Jammer: Brute-force jamming by modulating the jamming signal with AM or phase noise.
• Deceptive: Uses a repeater or frequency memory to provide a precise return that is modified in time or frequency to interfere with missile fire control.
• Repeater Jammer: A jammer that modifies and retransmits hostile radar signals to deny accurate position data
• Transponder Jammer: A repeater jammer that plays back a stored replica of the signal after being triggered by the radar.
• Set-On-Jammer: A jammer that measures the threat radar frequency and adjusts a sine-wave oscillator to retransmit the threat frequency
• Swept Spot Jammer: A jammer that sweeps an oscillator over a band of frequencies to with receivers in the band.
• Stand-In-Jamming (SIJ): A Jammer (aircraft) that accompanies a strike force into combat air space—inside the range of defensive weapons
• Stand-Off-Jamming(SOJ): A system which provides jamming coverage for a strike force, but does not enter inside the range of defensive weapons
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 24
Range Equation for the Jammer
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 25
Since the jammer signal only has a one-way path to the radar it will only experience a 1/R2
loss, verses the 1/R4 loss experienced by the radar.
R
Again, we will start by looking at the free-space power density at the radar as produced by the
jammer, assuming spherical scattering.
24 R
GP jj
j
The input power to the radar receiver, from the jammer, will then be the jammer’s power
density multiplied by the effective area of the radar’s antenna.
24 R
AGPS
ejj
jRWhere:
4
2GAe Therefore:
22
2
4 R
GGPS
Rjj
jR
Range Equation for the Jammer, Cont’d
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 26
Now we have an equation for the jammer’s signal power at the radar we can compare it to the
equation previously developed for the signal power at the radar’s receiver due to the target’s
skin return.
22
2
4 j
Rjj
jRR
GGPSFor the Jammer: And for the radar: 43
2
)4( R
RTT
R
GGPS
It is often convenient to express the jamming signal strength to that of the radar’s skin return
strength as a jam to signal ratio (J/S).
2
44
jTT
Rjj
RGP
RGP
S
JIf the jammer and radar range are equal, then
TT
jj
GP
RGP
S
J24
Note: The above analysis assumes that the jammer antenna and the radar antenna are
pointed directly at each other (main lobe), which is very seldom the case. Generally jamming
is done on the radar antenna’s side lobes and a function must be used to account for the
difference in antenna gain.
However, from this analysis it is easy to see that the jammer has the advantage in most
situations.
In dB form: dBsmdBiTdBWTmdBijdBWjdB
GPRLogdBGPS
J)()(10)()( 2011
Antenna Pattern of a Typical Pencil-Beam Antenna
Rectangular Aperture w/ Uniform Weighting
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 27
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
d
B
i
Angle (Degrees) Nulls
1st Side Lobe Level = -13.26
Side Lobes
Main Beam
3 dB Beam Width
Side Lobe Roll Off
A Typical DECM Jammer Antenna
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 28
30
Creating the Correct Signal Environment for Radar
Targets
Clutter
Jamming
31
Simulator Development: The Signal Environment
Target modeling
Position and trajectory
Velocity (and acceleration)
Radar cross section (RCS)
Return power from an aircraft at 10 cm
wavelength as a function of azimuth angle
32
Simulator Development: The Signal Environment
Clutter
Ground
Sea
Precipitation
Chaff
Multipath
Ghost image
Ghost image
ionosphere
ground
33
Simulator Development: The Signal Environment
Jamming
Noise Techniques
Spot
Sweep
Barrage
Repeater Techniques
Range
Velocity
Angle
Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 34
Where Does Agilent Fit in Threat Simulation?
• Agilent Provides a suite of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS):
– Vector and Analog RF and microwave signal generators
– Arbitrary waveform generators for I-Q modulation and scalar modulation
needs
– Signal studio software to help build complex signals in a user friendly
environment
• Support of industry standard software tools, like MatLab and Agilent
SystemVue for complex waveform generation, modeling, and analysis
• Applications consultants that can assist in system development and
specification.
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 35
Where Does Agilent Fit, Cont’d
Where Agilent Fits
COTS hardware and software
Standard test equipment that can
be reused for multiple roles in test
and simulation
Simulation of several
simultaneous emitters
Complex antenna scanning and
patterns
Complex pulse patterns
Modulation on Pulse (MOP)
Where Agilent Doesn’t Fit
Simulation of battlefield
electromagnetic environment
Simulation of complete electronic
order of battle (EOB)
DDS Streaming
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 36
Features • Easily navigate the intuitive user interface
• Create a pulse library
• Construct custom pulse shapes
• Modulation on pulse definition
• Build a pattern library
• Apply baseband pre-distortion
• Improve image rejection
• Optimize RF modulation flatness
• Automate using the COM-based API
• Utilize extensive built-in Help
Value • Set high-level pulse parameters
• Eliminate complicated mathematics
• Simplify single-emitter test pattern
generation
• Enhance signal quality
LAN or GPIB
PSG or ESG
PXA, PSA or MXA
N8241A or N6030A
N7620A Signal Studio for Pulse Building
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 37
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 38
N7620A Target Applications
• Radar systems
• EW systems
• IED defeat systems
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 39
Why Simulate the Radar Signal?
Traditional Method:
• Turn on the actual radar
But…
• Cannot test until very late in the development process
• Expensive - A full fly-by test can cost $2M !!!
Simulation Benefits:
• Test components, subsystems and full systems much earlier in
the design process
• Much lower cost: Vector PSG + Q-arb + PXA + Pulse Builder s/w ~ $280K
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 40
Pulse Timing Patterns
B A
C t
Pulse Transmitted
A B
rf
1
PW
Range
C
uR
Pulse Timing Pattern Parameters
Pulse Repetition Interval Patterns
Constant (none)
Gaussian Jitter
Uniform Jitter
U shaped Jitter
Linear Ramp
Stepped
Staggered
Bursted
Sinusoidal Wobulation
Saw tooth Woblulation
Triangle Wobulation
Pulse Width Patterns
Constant
Gaussian Jitter
Uniform Jitter
Linear Ramp
Stepped
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 41
Standard Features
Advanced Features Option 205 - PSG/ESG BBG
Option 206 – External AWG
Why are Pulse Timing Patterns Important for Radar?
The primary function of the PRI is to set the effective range of the Radar.
The pulse width determines the minimum range resolution of non pulse
compression Radars.
Different timing properties are required depending upon the mode of a
particular Radar. (Modes: Search, Acquisition, and Track)
Adjusting the pulse timing properties of the waveform enables the Radar to
determine the true unambiguous range and blind speeds of the target.
The timing patterns are used in Radar systems for the following reasons:
Determining true range and eliminate blind speeds of the target by
varying the PRI.
Vary the pulse width to avoid blind speeds to improve moving target
indication (MTI).
Timing patterns are used for Anti-jam techniques.
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 42
Real-World Challenges
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 43
• In practice, real signals are never perfect
• How does equipment perform under less than ideal conditions?
2 Common Signal Impairments:
• Jitter
• Wobulation
Solution: Add selected impairments to test signal
Pulse Repetition Impairment – Sine Wobulation
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 44
Pulse Width Patterns
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 45
Linear PW Stepped PW
PW Jitter
U-Shaped
Uniform
Gaussian
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 46
Antenna Radiation Patterns
and Antenna Scanning
Adding a New Layer of Realism to Pulsed Signal Simulation
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 47
All Radar Systems depend on antennas to operate
Pulse Building can now simulate real-world antenna behavior
Antenna Pattern Properties and Definitions
•Bore-Sight – Maximum gain of the
antennas main lobe or beam pointing at the
target.
•Bearing Angle - The bearing angle of the
target can be determined by moving the
antenna beam to the maximum return.
•Beam width – ½ Power points in the main
lobe measured in angular width AZ/EL
degrees.
•Side Lobe Level - the level of energy on
the side lobes relative to the main lobe or
beam
•Back Lobe – the energy emitting in the
opposite direction of the main beam.
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 48
Antenna Parameters Available With Options 205/206
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 49
Antenna Scanning Modes
None
Custom
Circular
Conical
Bidirectional Sector
Unidirectional Sector
Bidirectional Raster
Unidirectional Raster
Antenna Radiation Patterns
Blackman
Hamming
Hanning
Rectangular
3 Term
Cosine1
Cosine2
Cosine3
Cosine4
Cosine5
Programmable Antenna Properties Azimuth 3 dB Beam Width
Elevation 3 dB Beam Width
Null depth - dB
Antenna Scanning for Radar
Scanning is the systematic movement of the Radar Antenna Beam in a finite pattern while searching or tracking a target.
Scanning is dependent upon the purpose of the Radar, antenna size and design.
For example the search mode scan may be different than the track mode scan
Basic methods of antenna scanning to steer the beam.
1. Mechanical Scanning
The entire antenna is moved to the desired pattern.
The energy feed source is moved relative to a fixed reflector
The reflector can be moved relative to a fixed feed source
2. Electronic Scanning
Electronically switching between a sets of feeder sources
Varying the phase between elements in a multiple element array
Comparing the amplitude and phase signals received by a multi element array.
3. Frequency scanning
4. Combination of Mechanical and Electronic Scanning
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 50
Scenario Data Base Import & Exporting
.CSV – Comma Delimited File created in an Excel spreadsheet
Scenario Name
Source Parameters
Pulse Envelope properties – tr, tf, PW
Pulse Width Patterns
PRI Patterns
Modulation on Pulse Properties – Chirp, Barker, FSK, etc
Antenna Scanning Type
Antenna Radiation Type
Antenna Beam Width – AZ, El
Antenna Null Depth
Receiver Location
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 52
Wideband solutions
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 53
Test Challenges of RADAR System Integration
MEASUREMENTS
Inter-Pulse Phase and Magnitude
Moving Target
Clutter Reduction
SAR
Time Sidelobe Level
Custom or Proprietary Algorithms
Antenna Patterns
Phase Noise
Pulsed
Absolute
Additive
Time Gated
TEST CHALLENGES
Test time
1000s to 1E6s measurements
Streaming data or deep memory
Stream measurement results to disk
Transient measurements
Scenario measurements
Wide bandwidth
Frequency Hopping
Multi-channel
Synchronize with RADAR master clock
Existing and Future test requirements for
for RADAR and EW applications
Signal Simulation Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz
Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk
Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG
Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG
Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec
Switching
Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies)
Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies)
Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG
Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using
IQ Modulation
Signal Analysis Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz
RADAR Measurements (Algorithms)
Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase
Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase
Chirp Fidelity
Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable)
FFT of point in pulse
Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Analyzer
Sampler “locked” to RADAR master clock
Time gated memory (Segmented Memory)
Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk
Component Test Phase Coherent Multi-channel
RADAR Component Measurements
Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable)
RF/uW/mmW In with Digital Out
Digital DUT control
Calibration of non-standard connectors
Non-Linear Characterization , Modeling and Simulation
Phase Noise Absolute
Additive
Pulsed
Low Offset Frequencies are very important
Customer supply their own Reference Devices
Measurement of Low Level Spurs
Very Small RBW
Measurement Speed
Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation
Technique
Generic Radar Block Diagram
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 56
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(AWG Substituted for DDS & Waveform Generator)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 57
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(Traditional Pulsed RF or Waveform Exciter )
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 58
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
E8257D/67D - PSG N7620A
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(Rx Signal Emulation)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 59
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
E8257D/67D - PSG
N7620A
Market requirements for Signal Simulation
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz
Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk
Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG
Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG
Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec Switching
Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies)
Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies)
Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG
Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using IQ Modulation
Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram
Freq.
Control ALC
Driver
Pattern
RAM and
Symbol
Mapping
VCO
Synthesizer
Reference
Output I-Q Modulator
Baseband Generator
p/2
DAC
DAC
GPIB/LAN
ARB
Baseband generator
Real-time
GPIB/LAN
Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram
Wideband Signal Generation Setups
Differential I/Q signals
RF/IF out
RF/IF out
Marker output
Pulse mod. input
PCIe
PCIe
M8190A E8267D,
Opt. 016
M8190A
Modulation BW up to 2 GHz
RF up to 44 GHz
IF/RF up to 5 GHz
Modulation BW up to
2 * (5 GHz – IF)
IQ Modulation
Direct IF/RF
81180A M9330A
Page 64
How do I create the waveforms?
Agilent Signal Studio
• Format specific signal
• Industry validated waveforms
• Modify large number of parameters within standard
• Creates AWG and real-time based signals
Agilent ADS/SystemVue
• Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
• Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
• Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
• Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
• Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++, VB, VEE)
Wideband System Configuration
89601B VSA Software
Signal simulation using SystemVue
Signal
Processor
hardware
Stimulus - PSG/MXG Response – M9392A DUT
Signal Sources
The M9330A QARB has 500MHz
BW on each channel so using IQ
modulation provides up to 1GHz of
modulation bandwidth. This will
provide a SFDR of -65dBc and a
phase noise of -115dBc/Hz at
10kHz offset
The E8267D option 016
provide super wide
differential IQ inputs so
we can up-convert the IQ
waveforms from the
QARB so that they will
play out of the PSG
modulated onto an RF
carrier
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(E8257D Substituted for TX/RX STALO )
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 68
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
(2)- E8257D - PSG
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(Substitute the COHO for DDS & IF Processor)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 69
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
E8663D - PSG
Agilent Portfolio of Signal Generators
Basic
$
High
$$$
Mid-
$$
PSG E8663D ESG MXG N9310A
An
alo
g
1, 3, 6, 20, 32, 40 GHz 3 GHz 3, 6 GHz 3.2, 9 GHz 20, 31.8, 40, 50, 67 GHz
325 GHz
PSG ESG MXG N9310A
Vecto
r
3, 6 GHz 3 GHz
PXB Baseband &
Channel
Emulator
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 GHz 20, 31.8, 44 GHz
Signal Studio Software
Performance:
Price:
Capabil
ity:
Agilent PSG Signal Generator Platforms Key Attributes
E8663D PSG RF
Analog Signal Generator
Up to 3.2 or 9 GHz
Performance
- Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics
- Analog & pulse modulators
- Scan mod
- Ramp sweep
- Scalable option structure
E8257D PSG MW
Analog Signal Generator
Up to 20, 32, 40, 50, 67GHz
Performance
- Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics
- Analog & pulse modulators
- Scan mod
- Ramp sweep
- Scalable option structure
E8267D PSG MW
Vector Signal Generator
Up to 20,31.8, or 44 GHz
Performance
- Integrated wideband vector signal generation up to 44 GHz
- WB I/Q mod
- Analog & pulse modulators
- Scan mod
- Ramp sweep
- Scalable option structure
Option UNY Enhanced Ultra-low Phase Noise
• Improved pedestal phase noise ~ 10 dB better @ 10 - 100 kHz offset than UNX
• Improved 10 MHz reference oscillator ~ 5 dB better close-in phase noise than UNX
• PSG now offers 3 levels of phase noise performance:
• Standard
• UNX
• UNY
PSG-UNY Phase Noise Performance vs. Standard, UNX
1 10 100 1000 10K 100K 1M
10M 100M
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(PXA – Exciter Evaluation, Rx RF/IF Substitution)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 76
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
New market requirements for Signal Analysis
Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz
RADAR Measurements (Algorithms)
Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase
Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase
Chirp Fidelity
Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable)
FFT of point in pulse
Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Vector Signal Analyzer
IF Digitizer (Sampler) “locked” to RADAR master clock (Lock to customer’s Exciter)
Time gated memory (Segmented Memory)
Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk
Page 78
Positioning Agilent signal analysis solutions …
Bandwidth
Dyn
am
ic R
an
ge
PXA 160MHz
@72 dB
Wide Band VSA
(PXA + Infiniium)
900 MHz @ 40 dB
X93204A Infiniium scope
33 GHz @ 40 dB
MXA 40MHz
@74 dB
Wide Band VSA
(PXA + M9202A)
780 MHz @ 65 dB
$266k
$111 – 138k
$87 – 114k
$96 – 125k
Definition: Vector signal analyzer (VSA)
Any software or instrument designed to test a
signal’s spectrum, modulation, and time
characteristics (Agilent 2009).
What is Vector Signal Analysis?
Vector Signal Analysis:
a time-domain approach
Page 80
LO
Display
Engine
Signal Analysis
Algorithms ADC Filtering
RF
input
Anti-alias
Block-mode
Demodulation
(with gaps)
Fast RAM Memory
GAP-FREE
Time Capture
Gap-free
demodulation
RF Down-
Converter
Analysis
& Display
Engine
What is Vector Signal Analysis? Signal Acquisition Hardware
Blocks of I-Q Samples
A-to-D
Converter
•
•
• •
•
• •
•
•
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
•
digitized waveform Front End
Windows O/S
constellation
eye diagram
waveform
Windows GUI
spectrum
User
Applications
COM layer
GUI, I/O, etc.
Display Engine
Signal Analysis
Algorithms
What is Vector Signal Analysis? Signal Processing Software
•
Page 83
Theory of Operation Swept Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Pre-Selector
Or Low Pass
Input Filter
Crystal
Reference
Oscillator
Log
Amp
RF input
attenuator
mixer
IF filter
(RBW) envelope
detector
video
filter local
oscillator
sweep
generator
IF gain
Input
signal
ADC, Display
& Video
Processing
Page 84
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
YIG
ADC
Analog IF
Filter Digital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs . FFT Attenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
“All Digital IF” Advantages
RF Section ADC
IF/BB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility:
RBW filtering in 10% steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept, FFT, VSA)
Accuracy:
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors; increased repeatability
Speed:
When Swept mode is slow, go FFT
FFT
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Multiple instruments in one box: Swept spectrum analyzer;
FFT analyzer;
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer;
Noise Figure analyzer.
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW
Most advanced user interface & world-class connectivity
Agilent Technologies’ Signal Analysis Portfolio
ESA World’s most popular
100 Hz to 26 GHz
8560EC Mid- performance
EXA X-Series
Economy-class
9 kHz to 26 GHz
Sep 07
PSA Market leading
performance
3 Hz to 50 GHz
CXA Low-cost
9 kHz to 7.5 GHz
Oct 09
CSA Low cost portable
100 Hz to 7 GHz
MXA X-Series
Mid-performance
20 Hz to 26.5 GHz
Sep 06
X-Series Code Compatibility
Backward CC with legacy
Inherent X-Series CC
Oct 09
PXA X-Series
High-performance
3 Hz to 26.5 GHz
3 Hz to 43/44/50 GHz Apr 11
Page 87
Technology Leadership with PXA Signal Analyzer
New front end converter
New pre-selector w/YIG tuned filter
New band select switch w/pre-amp
Unprecedented signal insight with the PXA signal
analyzer
• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz
(DANL: –172 dBm at 2 GHz)
• 160 MHz of analysis bandwidth
• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI)
(+21 dBm at 2 GHz)
• Superior close-in phase noise performance
(–130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (@10 kHz offset)
• The industry’s most accurate analyzer
PXA Simplified Block Diagram (900 MHz IF Path)
89
3 Hz-26.5 GHz
Input
8.3-14 GHz
3.6-13.6 GHz Path
3.5-26.5 GHz high band
Front End Low noise path
μW preamp
YIG filter with
bypass relay
13.6 - 26.5 GHz Path
Aux IF out
Option CR3 Option MPB
Rear Panel
900 MHz IF BW centered at 600 MHz
High Band IF Output
Millimeter Frequencies, Wide Bandwidths
90
Preselector Bypass On/Off
600 MHz BW, 5
dB Flat
Offset to CF 600 MHz
900 MHz BW, 8 dB Flat
Setting up the PXA for use as a downconverter
Page 91
Input: From DUT or
source up to 50 GHz
Wideband IF Output
(900MHz BW):
To Infiniium Scope
Agilent recently announced up to 900 MHz bandwidth
for the PXA signal analyzer IF output
• The signal analyzer's IF output is
digitized by an Agilent Infiniium
oscilloscope running the Agilent
89600 VSA software
• The 89600 VSA software is then
used to analyze complex radar or
communications signals
Addresses increasing bandwidth
requirements of next generation radar,
electronic warfare, and communications
systems
How Will We Measure These Wideband Signals?
92
Analysis of a
900 MHz linear
FM chirp by
the 89600 VSA
software with
the PXA
wideband IF
output
The SAR
example
shown here is
with a carrier
frequency
at X-Band (10
GHz)
Spectrum Phase vs. time
Frequency vs. time
Power vs. time
What are the Characteristics We Care About?
93
900 MHz Wideband Measurements
10/18/2011 Page 94
Instrument Calibration and System Correction
Calibration
Amplitude Flatness Phase linearity
Minimum linear distortion
The goal is to measure the performances of
the DUT not the measuring system
Amplitude Corrections
900 MHz Wideband Measurements
10/18/2011 Page 95
Results
900 MHz Wideband Measurements
10/18/2011 Page 96
Pulse Analysis with
N9051A Pulse
Measurement Software
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 97
Pulse Measurement Software –
N9051A
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 98
Analyze the parameters of up to
1000 continuous pulses.
Pulse analysis measurements: o Period, width, PRI/PRF, droop,
overshoot, rise/fall time, average power, peak power, PDF, CDF, CCDF plus more
Zoom feature for closer analysis of signal
Up to 10 Markers for absolute and relative measurements
Flexible Triggering and Display capabilities
Supports X-Series analyzers, PSA spectrum analyzer and Infiniium oscilloscopes
www.agilent.com/find/N9051A
Control HW, or demo from SDF recording
Simple HW set-up
Automatically finds up to 1000 pulses, & characterizes up to 13 parameters
Power vs time trace
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 99
Up to 10 markers, with delta pairs
PDF, CDF, and CCDF curves
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 100
N9051A-3FP Phase and Frequency
•Pulse to Pulse Phase change
relative to first pulse
•Mean Phase
•Phase Trend over the Pulse
•Bandwidth
•Start Frequency
•Stop Frequency
•Frequency Trend over Pulse
•Frequency Deviation from linear
fit to frequency over pulse
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 101
N9051A-4FP Extended Analysis Option
•Mean, max, min, std dev,
median, mode, RMS, trend,
second order fit of selected
parameter
•Filter data based on relation to
the mean
•Plot of individual data values
•Plot of histogram of data values
•Plot of residuals after removing
mean and trend
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 102
EXA N9010A 9KHz to 26GHz
Infiniium 90k Series
Infiniium 8000 Series 1 GHz Scope
Performance
Pri
ce
MXA N9020A 20Hz to 26GHz
PSA E444XA 3Hz to 50GHz
N9051A Pulse Measurement Software 1 License for your choice of instrument
N9051A Platforms
CXA N9010A 9kHz to 7.5GHz
PXA N9030A 3Hz to 50GHz
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 103
Nominal Performance Characteristics
Instrument Max Carrier
frequency
Max BW Max Sample
rate / sec
Min inst Rise
Time
Min
detectable
pulse width
Infiniium Series
Scope
13GHz 13GHz 40Gs/s 32ps 100ps
E444XA PSA 50GHz 8MHz 30Ms/s
120ns 500ns
E444XA PSA
opt 122/123
50GHz 80MHz 200Ms/s (eff) 10ns 50ns
N9030A PXA
opt B1X/MPB
50GHz 160MHz 400Ms/s
8ns 40ns
CXA/EXA/MXA
with Opt B25
26.5GHz 25MHz 90Ms/s
25ns 150ns
CXA/EXA/MXA 26.5GHz 10MHz 30Ms/s
100ns 400ns
Note: 40MHz BW on X-Series (Opt B40) is also supported
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 104
Synthetic approach and Modular wideband
generation and analysis solutions
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 105
Agilent Modular products provide the building blocks for
creating wideband pulse measurement solutions
Wideband Stimulus Response measurement on
radar modules
M9360A Attenuator/Preselector Module • Yig Tuned Filter Path BW 40MHz, 3-26.5GHz
• Through path 100 MHz-26.5GHz
• 70dB step attenuator
• Switches for signal routing to RF and µWave downconverters
M9302A LO Module • Supplies LO to downconverters
• Supplies 100MHz reference to digitizer for sampling clock
generation
M9361A Downconverter Module • Frequency Range = 2.75-26.5GHz
• IF center freq = 500MHz
• IF BW = 250MHz
• Aux input / switch for signal routing
M9351A Downconverter Module • Frequency Range = 100 MHz to 2.9 GHz
• IF center freq = 500MHz
• IF BW = 40MHz
M9202A Digitizer / Digital IF Module • 12 bit resolution
• 2GS/s max sample rate
• 1GHz max BW
• Hardware digital downconversion
• High speed data upload
Hardware Example – Agilent M9392A VSA
•Flexible -Being able to serve multiple needs and is easily reconfigurable
o Agilent VSA software can exist as a Digitizer only
•Scaleable -Being able to coordinate multiple instances of a measurement or sub-
system
o The Agilent M9210A Digitizers can be synchronized in to within
one sample by using the concept of an ASBus. The ASBus
connects the ADC sample clocks across multiple modules via a
simple front panel adaptor
•Upgradeable -Being able to easily improve functionality or performance by replacing
discrete modular components [includes customizable FPGA] o Improving system performance by replacing individual modules
Flexible, scalable and upgradeable solutions
oCurrent Solutions -uW VSA and other useful system modules
o M9392A
o M9392A + M9155C uW switch + M9362A-D01 + M9210A
o Modular Possibilities -We’ve got LegoTM Bricks
o System integrators can now make far more flexible, cost
effective systems at higher frequency.
o With enough of the right component modules we can
create solutions to suit any market
Current solutions and modular possibilities
M9392A uW VSA
M9155C
Switch
M9362A-D01
Downconverter
M9210A Digitizing Scope
M9392A / M9362A-D01 Combined Hardware
M9392A Streaming High Level Description
• M9392A Continuous, Gapless Data Streaming Enhancement
• Single channel, up to 100 MHz RF BW with a 12 bit IF Digitizer (M9202A)
• Reference COTS RAID solutions from JMR: PCIe x8 connection available today that allows guaranteed
sustained data rates for today and future solutions
• Local capture to controller memory/disk for short duration capture (tens of seconds)
• Compatible with 89600B VSA software for off-line analysis
• Captured digitizer data format is open for customer analysis tools
New
New
New
New
Streaming Data Viewer
(included with M9392A purchase)
100MHz Max RFBW
M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer M9021A and Y1202A PCIe
x8 Gen 2 interface for high
speed data transfer
JMR storage solution
M9018A PXIe chassis
M9392A Soft Front
Panel
(included with
M9392A purchase)
Integer I/Q
data
89600B VSA Software
M9047A x8
desktop adapter
Page 114
New
M9036A
Embedded
Controller
OR
Dell T3500 External
Controller
M9392A Two Data Capture Models
M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer
JMR storage solution
10/18/2011
Stream to Controller - RAID disk not required
- DMA from Digitizer to Controller
RAM
- Max RF BW: 100MHz
- Use the RAM to capture the
complete signal
- Write the captured data to the
local disk drive
- Useful for short duration data
capture – 10 to 20 seconds
depending on the capture rate and
controller RAM size.
Stream to RAID - RAID disk required
- DMA from Digitizer to Controller
RAM
- Max RF BW: 100MHz
- Use the RAM as a cache to adjust
for disk latencies.
- During capture, write to the RAID.
- Useful for medium to long duration
data capture – minutes to hours
depending on capture rate and
storage size.
Company Confidential
Page 115
See backup for more info
Dual 800MHz channels measured with
LabVIEW application
Full 800Mhz Chirp measured with the Agilent 89601B Application
Measurement Applications
Agilent Embedded Solutions
Agilent Embedded
Solutions
• The need: Unique high-speed data converter components designed into OEM customer products
• The answer: Low-risk, fast-to-market and cost effective solutions
Solutions
• Data converters (ADC/DAC) • Modular building blocks
• Configured systems
• Onboard real-time processing, memory storage and data streaming
• Industry-standard interface PCI, PCIe, cPCI, PXI, VME/VXS…
• Software and firmware toolkits
• OS support: VX Works, Linux, Windows, etc…
Embedded OEM Components
Design-In Solutions Based on Needs
Embedded OEM Components Making Technologies Available to a Wide Number of
Applications
• ADC/DAC chipsets: Designed to optimize high-speed performance
• Analog front-end technology: Provides signal conditioning, amplification and interleaving functions essential to high-speed acquisition at GSa/s rates
• Digital data-handling components: Provide vital clock and sync signals; capture and memorize data with or without on-board processing; ensure maximum data throughput
Together, these ASICS provide three key advantages: • Provide easy access to low-power, high-fidelity data acquisition
• Ensure maximum data throughput to host processor
• Reduce measurement time and cost
Embedded Digitizers
Agilent High Speed Data Converters
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Resolution (bits)
1
10
100
1000
10000
SR (MS/s)
100000
Many Vendors
Digitizers
Scopes
.1
Data
Storage
Signal
Generator
Data
Processing
Digitizer
High-Speed Data Converters
New Data Converters in FY’10
PXI-H M9330A AWG
2ch, 15-bit, 1.25GS/s
PXI-H M9331A AWG
2ch, 10-bit, 1.25GS/s
PXI-H M9211A IF Digitizer
1ch, 3GHz, 10-bit, 4GS/s
PXI-H M9210A Digitizing Scope
2ch, 1.4GHz, 10-bit, 2-4GS/s
PXIe M9202A IF Digitizer
1ch, 12-bit, 2GS/s
Real Time Digital Down-Conversion for long duration recording
Digitizer Technology
High-Speed Digitizers Categories
Digitizers IF Digitizers Digitizing Scopes
PXIe architecture
The PXIe platform is supporting one mezzanine:
• On-board FPGA Virtex-6 FF1156
• 1 or 2 bank(s) of 512MBytes DDR3 SDRAM
• PCIe x4 (Gen1 first) Control bus
• Available with FDK
• Do not have optical links nor any inter FPGA serial
links
Mezzanine Form Factor
The Mezzanine Form Factor concept provides: • Front End and Data Conversion Electronics
• Multi-Platform (AXIe / PXIe/ PCIe etc…)
• Global Shielding for better Analog specifications
• Up to 125 Gb/s of data throughput to leverage
future ADC/DAC implementation.
• Up to 9 different power supply rails.
• Up to 2 different sampling clocks (multiple channel)
that could be directly connected on the mezzanine.
• Up to 4 channels (SMA Connector) per mezzanine
PXI-H M9211A High-Speed UWB IF Digitizer 1 Channel, 10-bit, 3GHz, 4GS/s
• 1Channel
• 3 GHz Bandwidth
• 10-bit resolution
• Up to 4 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate
• 1 slot 3U
• 50Ω input
• DC coupling
• Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel
• Multiple modules synchronization through front-
panel connector
• 100 MS/s data throughput
• Fully PXI-H compliant
• Soft Front Panel GUI
PXI-H M9210A High-Speed Digitizing Scope 2 Channels, 10-bit, 1.4GHz, 2-4GS/s
• 2 channels
• 10-bit resolution
• Up to 4 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate
• Selectable 50Ω/1MΩ input, selectable AC/DC
coupling
• 1 slot 3U
• 1.4 GHz in 50Ω and 300 MHz in 1MΩ
instantaneous analogue bandwidth
• Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel
• Multiple modules synchronization through front-
panel connector
• 100 MS/s data throughput
• Soft Front Panel GUI
PXIe M9202A High-Speed IF Digitizer 1 Channel, 12-bit, 1 GHz, 2 GS/s Digitizer
• 1 Channel
• 12-bit resolution
• Up to 2 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate
• 50Ω input
• 1 slot 3U
• 1 GHz in 50Ω
• AC coupling
• Acquisition memory up to
256MSamples/channel
• Digital Down-Conversion Core
• >300 MS/s data throughput
• Fully PXIe x4 Compliant
• Soft Front Panel GUI
Key AXIe, VXI and PXIe Comparison Feature AXIe VXI PXIe
Chassis base AdvancedTCA VME cPCI/cPCIe
PCIe maximum data bandwidth (Maximum Gen 2.0):
Single peripheral slot to backplane
All peripheral slots to system
slot/embedded controller
2 GB/s
26 GB/s
40-320 MB/s
40-320 MB/s
4 GB/s
8 GB/s
PCIe fabric Yes No Yes
LAN backplane Yes No No
Local bus 18 pairs req
62 pairs opt
12 separate lines 1 line (13 PXI)
Triggers Bidirectional Star
Trigger
13 signal MLVDS
bus
8 Signal TTL bus
2 ECL
Star Trigger(1xTTL, 3x Diff
per slot)
8 Signal TTL bus
Frequency Reference & Sync 100MHz, yes 10MHz, yes 10MHz, 100MHz, yes
Power per slot 200 W 75-100 W 30 W
Board space per slot (higher density, flexibility) 900 cm2 C size 782 cm2 160 cm2
Agilent AXIe Chassis Family
Flexibility and Scalability for Customer Applications
• Chassis Configurations • 2 instrument slots (2U), 5 instrument slots (4U), 13 instrument slots (13U)
• System module communication (LAN, PCIe, USB)
• Gigabit LAN or PCIe x4 cabled IO and backplane fabric
• LAN connection to each AXIe module
• 1x4 2GB/s per slot backplane communication
• Flexible module triggering
• Standard interchassis synchronization
2 Slot Configuration 5 Slot Configuration 14 Slot Configuration
Oscilloscopes as ultra-wideband receiver
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 132
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(Substitute Logic Analyzer for the Radar Digital Signal Processor )
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 133
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
External HW Can Add:
• LO Phase Noise & Mixer Impairments
• ISI from RF/IF Filters
• Amplifier Gain/Phase Distortions
Measure the True Performance of Your Transmitter
Directly with the 90000X 32 GHz Oscilloscope
90000 X-Series
32 GHz Oscilloscope
134
The highest measurement accuracy
So you don’t waste your jitter budget
• 32 GHz true analog bandwidth
• Industry’s lowest oscilloscope noise floor
• Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor
A complete 30 GHz probing system
So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip
• Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction
• Upgradeable Probing System
The industry’s most accurate “RF scope”
So you can take advantage of Agilent’s RF expertise
• Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion
• Full VSA performance
• Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications
Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers
Engineered for 32 GHz True Analog Bandwidth That Delivers
Market delivers high performance bandwidth 3 ways today
The industry’s highest measurement accuracy
Bandwidth
Maximum
Preamplifier
Bandwidth
Oscilloscope
Bandwidth Spec
DSP Boosting 16 GHz 20 GHz
Frequency Interleave 16 GHz 30 GHz
True Analog Bandwidth 32 GHz 32 GHz
The highest measurement accuracy : industry’s lowest noise floor
Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers
Frequency
Interleaving
DSP
Boosting
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Ft (GHz)
BV
ce
o(V
olt
s)
25
20
15
10
5
0
UM
NGST
Agilent
Agilent & SFU
Research
InP
DHBT
InP SHBT
& GaAs
HRL
TRW
NTT
Si &
SiGe
HB2A
IBM HP8HitachiIBM •
IBM HP7
GCS
Agilent’s Proprietary
InP HBT Process
Enabled by Unique
HFTC GaAsSb Epi
HB2BAgilent
St-9MW
Jazz
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Ft (GHz)
BV
ce
o(V
olt
s)
25
20
15
10
5
0
UM
NGST
Agilent
Agilent & SFU
Research
InP
DHBT
InP SHBT
& GaAs
HRL
TRW
NTT
Si &
SiGe
HB2A
IBM HP8HitachiIBM •
IBM HP7
GCS
Agilent’s Proprietary
InP HBT Process
Enabled by Unique
HFTC GaAsSb Epi
HB2BAgilent
St-9MW
Jazz
Innovative Chipset Designed in Agilent’s Proprietary High-
speed High-Voltage InP HBT Process
Low noise and high measurement accuracy
2X usable voltage
Superior pulse distortion control, enhanced fidelity
Significant margin in speed and linearity
Lower noise operation in high frequency architectures
High Ft, BS vias, high resistivity substrates enable flatter response to higher frequencies
Clear path to 300+ GHz
Agilent
Next Gen
True Analog Bandwidth that Delivers …
The Highest Measurement Accuracy
The Evolution of the Infiniium Front End
Quasi-coax to ensure
signal shielding
Industry’s fastest
preamplifier (32 GHz)
Industry’s fastest edge
trigger chip (>20 GHz)
New 32 GHz sampler with
sample and filter
technology
New Agilent
proprietary
packaging to
ensure high
bandwidth
and low
noise
139
Technology investments deliver the highest measurement accuracy.
Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers
20 GSa/s ADC
Memory Controller
Multi-Chip Module What it takes to deliver:
An excellent IC process with high
bandwidth capacity and low parasitic
capacitance for low noise, customized
for test for measurement
IC package technology for isolation
and reliability
Pure signal path with other high
performance components Memory
The highest measurement accuracy
Page 141
Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers
The highest measurement accuracy
So you don’t waste your jitter budget
• 32 GHz true analog bandwidth
• Industry’s lowest oscilloscope noise floor
• Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor
A complete 30 GHz probing system
So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip
• Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction
• Upgradeable Probing System
The industry’s most accurate “RF scope”
So you can take advantage of Agilent’s RF expertise
• Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion
• Full VSA performance
• Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications
Example of Radar Pulse Measurements: Test Setup Diagram
142
Differential I/Q Signals
and External Re-
construction Filters
Modulated
RF/ uWave out
Marker Out Pulse mod. input
I/Q data via
LAN,
USB or
GPIB
Modulation BW
up to 2 GHz
RF up to 44
GHz
81180A
Up to 4.2 Gsa/s
Sample Rate, 2 GHz
I/Q Modulation
Bandwith, 64 Msa
Sample Memory
E8267D,
Opt. 016,
H18
90000X-Series Oscilloscope
Up to 32 GHz of Bandwidth
and 2GSa of Memory
Using Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number
of Radar Pulses Captured with 4 Gsa** Memory
Capture Only the ―ON‖ Part of the Radar Pulse
X
Ignore the ―OFF‖ Part of the Radar Pulse
** 90000X Memory is up to 4 GSa in ½ Channel Mode (Only with Segmented Memory)
Resulting Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number of Radar Pulses Captured
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
Segmented Memory- Set Time Scale to Display the
“ON” Part of the Radar Pulse
Adjust Time Scale to Only Display
the ―ON‖ Part of the Radar Pulse
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
Segmented Memory- Set the Number of Segments
to Capture
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
Segmented Memory- Measure the Radar Pulse
Parameters for Each Radar Pulse (Segment)
Scroll Through
Each Segment
to Measure:
• Pulse Width
• Rise Time
• Fall Time
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
Using the 89600A VSA with the 90000X
Oscilloscope for Radar Measurements
Scalar Measurements:
• Pulse power
• Flatness
• Pulse overshoot
• Pulse width (PW)
• Pulse repetition time (PRT/PRI)
• Rise time
• Missing pulses
• Pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability
• Multiple channel power (up to 4)
Vector Measurements:
• FM modulation (FM-Chirp)
• Phase modulation (Barker Codes)
• I-Q modulation
• Frequency pulling
• Frequency hopping
• Pulse-to-pulse phase stability
• Channel-to-channel phase (up to 4)
• AM to PM distortion
• Cross channel gain and phase
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with
89600 VSA
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with
89600 VSA
Chirped Phase
Chirped
Frequency
2 GHz
Log Magnitude
Envelope Amplitude
vs. Time
LFM Chirped
Spectrum Centered
at 10 GHz
6 us
2 GHz
Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies
Generic Radar Block Diagram (Phase Noise Test Systems – Spurs, Pulsed AM/PM, AM Noise, Residual
Noise, Absolute Phase Noise)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 150
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
Markets requirements for Phase Noise
Measurement
Absolute
Additive
Pulsed
Low Offset Frequencies are very important
Customer supply their own Reference Devices
Measurement of Low Level Spurs
Very Small RBW
Measurement Speed
Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation Technique
Generic Radar Block Diagram
(Component, Sub-systems, T/R Module Antenna Test)
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
April 23, 2009 Page 152
Rx
Protection
STALO
Waveform
Generator
IF
Processor
Detector
Radar
Digital
ProcessorCOHO
PA
LNA
More on phase noise and network analysis in
“Microwave Components Characterization”
section
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 153
BACKUP
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 154
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 155
Handheld Spectrum Analyzers
for Aerospace and Defense
Aerospace Defense HSA Markets
Organizational Maintenance
• Flight Line Test
• Ship Board Maintenance and repair (Radar and Sat)
• Field Radar Maintenance (Army, Navy, Airforces)
• Field uW and Satellite Maintenance
Test Ranges
FAA Radar, uW Links, Satellite
Terrestrial point-to-point uW Links (I&M)
IED Defeat
Frequency Management
Surveillance
TEMPEST
Satellite earth station I&M (VSAT)
Police Doppler Radar
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (medical)
Fluid Level Sensors (radar)
Automatic Door / Motion Sensors (radar) R&D, Manufacturing
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 156
Aerospace Defense HSA main advantages
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 157
Bench specification and performances
Weight
Weather resistance
Security
Battery life
GPS
Task planner
Direct sunlight screen visibility
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 158
Field Ready
Complies with MIL-PRF 28800F Class 2
3~4 hours operation time
Rugged and fanless design for tough field environment
Industry first! Clear viewing both day and night with automatic LCD brightness control and keypad backlight
Flexible remote control via USB/LAN connection
―This display is great. It’s even
easy to read in bright light‖
-customer comment
―Fans can let in all kinds of
contamination‖ -customer comment
Industries longest!!!
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 159
Leveraging Agilent Cutting-Edge Technology
Algorithms / Components
/ sub-systems
Handheld Portability
Ease of use
General purpose
Bench Performance
Broad applications
Agilent Labs Breakthrough Technology
“It’s like having an ESA
Spectrum Analyzer in a
handheld.‖
-Customer Comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 160
The ONLY Handheld with Built-In GPS Receiver & Antenna
(Option GPS)
The only handheld SA with built-in GPS receiver and antenna to provide precise location information
Longitude and latitude information viewable from the window bar on the top, and can be attached to trace files (both .trc and .csv file formats)
In addition, external GPS antenna connector available on the top panel
“This is just what we need for our
frequency management site surveys‖ -customer comment
Other Features
11-language support!
Channel table
Multi-trace
• 4 traces with different detectors
Detector
• Positive peak, Negative peak, Normal, Sample, RMS
Marker functions
• 6 markers
• Frequency counter
• Noise marker
• Band power
• AM/FM tuner
Support Agilent active RF probe with built-in probe power connector
PC remote control via LAN or USB
• Free Agilent HSA PC software
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 161
“Remote control makes this a perfect fit for
our frequency monitoring application”
-customer comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 162
Automated Field Measurements
Industry’s first - Task Planner
enables automation of routine tasks
for speed and accuracy in the field
Rich and powerful measurement
features: power suite, built-in
tracking generator, field strength,
and more...
Spectrum monitoring and
interference testing
2 markers with freq, amplitude
& time
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 163
The ONLY Handheld to Protect your Data with Secure Erase
(Option SEC)
Key requirement of A/D customers
Erases the entire user memory chip to protect secure data
NISPOM Compliant
Low-level formatting and is unrecoverable
“Security is a top priority. The other
Handheld SA’s don’t have this? Interesting!” -customer comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 164
Spectrum Monitor (Option SIM)
Monitor the spectrum with spectrogram
• Spectrogram displays 3-dimensions of the spectrum: frequency, amplitude, and time
• Three display modes: spectrogram only, spectrum trace only, and dual-view
Spectrogram record and playback
• Records spectrogram data to both internal memory and external USB memory stick and playback on instrument
• Record time depends on sweep interval
• After buffer fills, the oldest date is overwritten
See more details
• Two markers available to display frequency, amplitude and time information
• Provides limit lines with pass/fail functionality
• Audio alert to indicate signal strength in a specified frequency range
• GPS information can be tagged to spectrogram data
Spectrogram record (7 GHz full span)
Update interval Recording time by one .trc file
(1500 frames Max, 4 MB)
1 second Approximately 38 minutes
10 seconds Approximately 4.5 hours
30 seconds Approximately 12.8 hours
300 seconds (5
minutes)
Approximately 5 days
“Wow! When can I get a demo unit.
I need this now” -customer comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 165
Shielded for a Low EMI Signature
“Your EMI
performance is why
you are here in our
facility and not your
competition” -customer comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 166
High Accuracy Power Measurement with Agilent U2000
Series USB Power Sensor (Option PWM)
Support s Agilent U2000 Series power sensors
Frequency range: 9 kHz to 24 GHz (sensor dependent)
Dynamic range: -60 dBm to +20 dBm
The user can set up, calibrate and control the power sensor via the N9343C/N9344C HSA
2 display modes: Meter or Chart.
Limit function
“It will be nice not having to lug
a power meter up a pole” -customer comment
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 167
Make 2-Port Transmission Measurement with Built-in
Tracking Generator (Option TG7)
Measure 2-port transmission of filter and amplifiers, e.g. insertion loss, amplifier gain and filter passband
Frequency range: 5 MHz – 7 GHz (tunable to 100 kHz)
The tracking generator output level is adjustable (–20 dBm to 0 dBm)
“This is all I need for
the field. Dragging out a
bench top Network
Analyzer is difficult” -customer comment
“The more you can put in the box, the
less instrumentation we have to carry,
the better.” -customer comment
Innovative ergonomic backpack system
Three carrying methods for your choice
True hands-free operation
Plenty of room for accessories
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Fall 2011 Page 168
Optional Ergonomic Backpack (Option SCC)
“Having our hands free will
really increase our safety.” -customer comment