1Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Dr. Keith Holbert

WISE Investments Program

Summer 2001

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What is Electrical Engineering?

– Professional activities of electrical engineers directly affect the everyday lives of most of the world’s population

– Design miniscule semiconductor circuits– Design, control, and simulate an electric power

grid that covers North America– Between these extremes, the electrical

engineer’s challenges run the gamut– Electrical engineering is a broad field

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ASU Electrical Engineering

• Undergraduate Degree Program Info– Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) degree

– Four-year program; 128 semester hours

– Accredited by ABET Engineering Commission

• Undergraduate Program Statistics– About 700 students

– Approximately 110-120 graduates each year

– Starting B.S.E. annual salary of around $54K

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Discipline Breakdown of EE Undergraduate Coursework

10 hrsEngr. Core

6 hrsEnglish

15 hrsHumanities

& Social Sciences

21 hrsMath

15 hrsPhysics & Chemistry

43 hrsElectrical

Engr.

18 hrsEE Tech Electives

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Electrica l Engineering Coursework

Electrom agnetics I E lectronic Materials

Random Signal Analysis Electronic Devices

Signals and Systems

M athem aticsCalculus , D ifferen tial Eqs .Linear A lgebra, Adv. M ath

SciencesPhysics and Chem istry

LD Engineering CoursesDigital D esign, C++ an dAssem bly P rogram m ing

Electrical Netw orks

Energy Conversion

Technical ElectivesCircuits, Controls, C om m unications & S ignal P rocessing ,

E lectrom agnetics, Powe r, Solid-S tate E lectronic s

Freshman Engr. Design

English Com position

Junior Design Course

Senior Capstone Design Project

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UG Math and Science Requirements

• Mathematics (21 hrs)– Calculus, three semesters– Differential Equations– Linear Algebra– Advanced Math

• Sciences (15 hrs)– Chemistry, one semester– Physics, three semesters

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Electrical Engr. Course Requirements

• Digital Logic, w/Lab

• Circuits I, w/Lab

• Circuits II

• Electronics, w/Lab

• Electronic Materials

• Signals & Systems

• Electromagnetic Engr.

• Random Signal Analysis

• Energy Conversion, w/lab

• Senior Design Lab I & II

• C++ and Assembly Prog.

Technical Electives:• Communications and Signal

Processing• Controls• Electromagnetics• Electronic Circuits• Power Systems• Solid state electronics

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Senior Technical Elective Areas

• Solid State Electronics

• Communications and Signal Processing

• Controls

• Electronic Circuits

• Power Systems

• Electromagnetics

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Electromagnetics

• The study of electric and magnetic fields arising from charged particles in rest and in motion– The Electromagnetic force is one of the four

known fundamental forces of nature– All theory of electrical engineering is based on

electromagnetics• Radio, TV, Cellular telephones, Computers, Electric

Machinery, Particle Accelerators, Electrostatic precipitators, Magnets, Superconductors.

• Lightning, Magnets, Light, Radiowaves

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Why Study Electromagnetics?

• Wireless communications systems require antennas.

• PCs are on the verge of becoming microwave devices.

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Why Study Electromagnetics?

• To better understand modern communications and computer systems.

• To be able to design and analyze electromagnetics-based devices such as antenna systems, fiber optics systems and microwave systems.

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Electromagnetics is Difficult

• Because Electric and Magnetic Fields– are three-dimensional

– are vectors

– vary in space as well as time

– are governed by PDEs

• As a result:– Solution of electromagnetics problems requires a high level of

abstract thinking - it is not possible to solve them by finding the right formula in which to plug the numbers.

– Students must develop a deep physical understanding where math becomes a powerful tool rather than a crutch

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Radar Cross Section (Top View)

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Radar Cross Section (Helicopter Overlay)

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Electric Power Engineering

– Conversion of energy from thermal, chemical, nuclear or mechanical to electrical form, the transmission of that energy over high voltage transmission line, and the utilization of that energy

• Large electric generators,

• nuclear power plants,

• transmission and distribution lines,

• insulator operation, economics,

• reliability, power electronics

16Electrical Engineering

SOLVE FOR X, Y, Z, TSLIDING WINDOW

TIME

DISTURBANCE

VOLTAGE ORCURRENT

Power QualityAnalysis of non-sinusoidal signals in highly inter-connected power systems -- to increase reliability and decrease losses

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Power Electronics• Power electronics is the branch of circuits and solid state

engineering that is concerned with devices and circuits that are designed for 1 kW operation and above

• Topics covered include converter design, PWM devices, regulators, DC/DC converters, high power switching, power flow control, innovative lighting techniques

• It is believed by many that the fastest growing area of electrical engineering in the next five years will be in power electronics

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Example Senior Design Project in Electric Power Engineering

• To capture solar energy during the day and use fiber optics to carry the light to an indoor lighting system. Tracking is used to follow the sun. Storage of the luminous energy will be used for nighttime operation.

Tracking system

Fiber optic

Collection lenses/mirrors system

Indoor lighting system

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Solid State Electronics

– Study of the behavior of solid conductors and semiconductors

– Most important is silicon - integrated circuits• Electronic memory

• Digital electronic IC’s

• Transistor and linear electronics– Cars (Engines, Brakes), Radios, TVs, Microwaves,

Semiconductor Lasers, Light Emitting Diodes, Photo Diodes for Fiber Optic Communication, Power Converters AC to DC

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Solid State Electronics

• Electronic systems are driven by semiconductor chips

• These chips perform analog and digital circuit functions

• Semiconductor chips contain semiconductor devices

• Semiconductor devices have to be:– Designed, fabricated, measured, modeled,

sold, marketed

• Need to know:– Device physics

– Fabrication techniques

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Semiconductor Industry

What do engineers in the semiconductor industry do?

• Circuit design: design and lay out circuits to be manufactured

• Simulation/modeling: simulate semiconductor manufacturing, device, circuit, and systems behavior (simulation is faster and cheaper than manufacturing)

• Fabrication: fabricate these circuits, maintain yield

• Measurement/characterization: characterize the performance of the devices/circuits/chips

• Sales/marketing: sell and market devices, chips, systems, equipment, services

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Personal Systems Scaling

Source: Texas Instruments

1

10

100

Sy

stem

Siz

e, L

+W

+H

(i

nch

es)

Time

Ultra LowPower

5-7 Yrs

Low Power

Notebook

Desktop

Phone

PDA

Credit Card

Watch

Ring

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CommunicationsStudy of how human speech, music, text and image data can be encoded on electrical signals and trans-mitted via radio, cable, television, and optical fiber

Signal Processing

The manipulation of digital signals by computers to extract or encode useful information and to suppress noise and other distortion

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Communications

• Cellular Telephony• Personal

Communication Systems (PCS)

• Satellite telephone systems (Iridium)

• Global Positioning System

• Computer Networking• Internet• Intranets• Telephone system• Cable TV• Satellite data networks• Military

communications

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Signal Processing

• High Definition Television (HDTV)

• Digital Radio• Sound, Image, and

Video compression• Speech Recognition• Image Recognition• Noise Cancellation

• Military Applications:

Radar, Sonar• Autonomous Vehicles• Communication

Systems• Special Purpose

Computer Architectures

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Controls

– Study of making complicated systems behave in a desirable manner

• Self-steering Cars, Auto Pilots in Aircraft

– Robotics

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Controls Applications• Acoustic - acoustic

cancellation for a concert hall; intelligent hearing devices

• Aerospace - all-weather landing system; launch vehicles

• Automation and Manufacturing navigation for autonomous robot (e.g. pathfinder)

• Biological - cardiovascular control systems

• Defense - high performance fighters; tactical missiles; guidance and navigation; attack helicopters

• Electrical - diffusion furnaces; semiconductor processes; read/write head control for optical storage

• Mechanical - active suspension for mobile laboratory

• Materials - control of smart composite materials

• Medicine - telemedical robotic systems for precision surgery

• Ocean - submarine• Space Based Surveillance -

weather, surveillance, monitoring system; satellites

• Structural - active earthquake control for skyscrapers

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r e udi do

K P

n

y

Controller Plant actual output

desired output

controlerror

sensor noise

disturbances

Vehicle Cruise Control System Example

• P - Vehicle

• r - Reference (desired) speed

• y - Actual speed

• u - Fuel flow to engine

• K - Controller

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Electrical Engineering

Radar,Antennas

ControlSystems

PowerElectronics

Communications

Computers

Digital Signal Processing