Electric Buses in Public Transport in Oslo and Akershus

Pernille Aga

Project Manager Ruter

The growth in regional personal traffic is to be met by public transport, combined with cycling and walking 1

All public transport is to run on only renewable energy in 2020 2

4 av side 114

Buses and ferries run on fossil fuel

Renewable energy

Fossil energy

Share of travels, 2012

Energy consumption 2012, millions of kWh

Fuels – as share of bus fleet in 2015

Diesel&77%&

Biodiesel&6%&

Bioethanol&1%& Biogas&

14%&

Hybrids&(Diesel)&2%&

Hydrogen&0,5&%&

1100 buses in total

5 Fuel Cell Buses (Van Hool)

•  35 kg H2 per bus ~ 300 km

•  Fuel cell + battery

•  Zero emissions

H2 station (Air Liquide) •  Electrolyses + green electricity •  Production: 250 kg H2/day

•  Refuels a bus in 10 min

Oslo

Clean Hydrogen in European Cities (CHIC)

Fossil Free 2020

Renewable energy: ! Electricity with renewable energy

certificates

! Biofuels that comply with the sustainability criteria of the Renewable Energy Directive: 50-60% CO2-e reduction

Internal combustion engine with biofuels

•  Biodiesel •  Biogas •  Bioethanol

Hybrid bus – combination of electric and combustion

•  Biofuels + electric •  Rechargeable electric

+ biofuel (= plug-in)

Electric •  Battery – recharge overnight

•  Battery - opportunity recharging

•  Fuel cell with hydrogen

Technology alternatives:

Fossil Free 2020 strategy developement Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Mapping of relevant solutions Market dialogue, market survey, desktop research, interviews pilot projects

Which solutions are suitable?

Compared to operational set-up, line and route structure

What is preferred? Level of ambition, risk, cost

85%1) of buses have contracts which can be terminated before 2021, 60% if full prolongation

250

45 3935

52

334

6047

54

2022 2021 2020 2019

82

2018

86

153

20 16 5

2017

273 12 11

2016 2023

Diesel

Biodiesel Hydrogen

Biogas

Diesel Hybrid

Bioethanol

Ca 85% Ca 15%

1) No. of buses exclude special transport and spare buses

No. of buses changed each year if minimum contract duration is used only

Cost: Total cost of ownership per powertrain 2020

Fuel Cell

132-151

108-114

Bioethanol

103-108

Biodiesel

98-102

Battery Opportunity

110-122

Battery Overnight

108-121

Plug-In Hybrid

(Biogas)

Plug-In Hybrid

(Biodiesel)**

100-110

Plug-In Hybrid

(Biodiesel)*

114-127

Hybrid (Biogas)

Hybrid (Biodiesel)

98-104

Biogas

Bus maintenance Bus depreciation

Fuel costs Infrastructure costs Downtime costs

Labor costs

N/A N/A

TCO by powertrain (12 m bus), biodiesel Euro VI base case = Index 100

*Plug-in hybrid with opportunity charging ** Plug-in hybrid without opportunity charging

Strategic target for bus fleet in 2025

"  High ambitions on behalf of the environment

"  1/3 of buses fully electric (battery and hydrogen)

"  Approx. 60% of buses in Oslo fully electric

"  Scale-up on locally produced biogas: 500 buses in 2025

Biodiesel&18%&

Biogas&44%&

Hybrids&(Biodiesel)&

3%&

Hybrids&(Biogas)&3%&

PlugBIn&Hybrids&

(Biodiesel)&4%&

BaDery&Overnight&

3%&

BaDery&Opportunity&

20%&

Fuel&Cell&5%&

Fleet%composi,on%in%2025%

Biodiesel&36%&

Biogass&47&%&

Hybrid&(Biodiesel)&3&%&

PlugBIn&Hybrid&(Biodiesel)&

4&%&BaDeri&&

(underveis)&9&%&

Hydrogen&1&%&

Fossil free fleet in 2020

Results of 2025 bus fleet

Environment

Operations

5%&12%&

79%&

27%& 24%&

0%&

10%&

20%&

30%&

40%&

50%&

60%&

70%&

80%&

90%&

Reduced&technical&availability&

Reduced&passenger&capacity&

Reduced&range&(<500&

km)&

Refueling&Qme&>10&min&

Reduced&route&

flexibility&

B89%&

32%& 32%&

B100%&

B80%&

B60%&

B40%&

B20%&

0%&

20%&

40%&

Zero&emission&share&of&bus&

fleet&

Share&of&bus&fleet&with&low&noise&levels&

Yearly&reducQon&of&CO2&

TCO bus fleet in 2025

+ 2-10%

Targeted bus fleet 2025

Today’s bus fleet

Downtime costs Infrastructure costs Labor costs Fuel costs Bus maintenance Bus depreciation

Yearly cost differential for bus fleet in 2025

Fuel

Downtime cost Infrastructure, maintenance Labour

Bus depriciation Bus maintenance

Hig

her c

osts

than

to

day’

s fle

et

Low

er c

osts

than

to

day’

s fle

et

0 kr

Higher costs for bus, infrastructure and labour - lower for fuels

Ruter’s targeted bus fleet development Bus&fleet&&

Future&

Electric&(baDery&and&hydrogen)&

Hybrids& Biogas& Bioethanol& Biodiesel& Diesel&

Key learnings

Bus technology and operations

#  There are a number of bus options available that can meet the needs Ruter

#  Time of expected commercial readiness of bus models is important

#  It is possible to have a considerable number of battery electric (including hybrids ) buses around 2020, primarily inner city

#  Electrification is part of the long-term solution, but not the only solution

#  Charging system and infrastructure more uncertain than the bus technology

Key learnings

Recharging and infrastructure

#  Opportunity recharging seems most efficient solution today

#  Charging Solution: Tendency towards conductive with pantograph

#  Infrastructure recharging: Lacking standards and unknown life expectancy are main challenges

#  Business model for ownership and operations of charging infrastructure not mature

Implementation

#  Step-by-step roll-out

#  No need for bus technology test but for systems test

#  Need for Ruter to decide on technology solutions on a high level, until standards are in place or more mature solutions

Next steps: Large scale testing

Need for co-operation

"  To reduce risk and costs for public transport

"  Enhanced collaboration on testing and data sharing

"  Ruter’s report available at www.ruter.no