Post on 21-Jul-2015
Explosions
Incidents and Experiments Dag Bjerketvedt Høgskolen i Telemark / Tel-Tek
dag.bjerketvedt@hit.no
Herøya – Lloyd’s Register Energy
29.10.2014
http://www.ostlendingen.no/nyheter/terrorbombe-gjenskapt-
i-rena-leir-1.7198346
Terrorbomben gjenskapt i Rena leir
West Fertilizer Explosion and Fire
• 17th April 2013 Texas
• Detonation of approximately
30 tons of AN
http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/19/West_Preliminary_Findings.pdf
RTexas/ROslo≈ (30/0.8)^(1/3) ≈ 3.3
Crater 93 feet in diameter
and 10 feet in depth
https://uk.marsh.com/Portals/18/Documents/100%20Largest%20Losses%2023rd%20Edition%202014.pdf
https://uk.marsh.com/Portals/18/Documents/100%20Largest%20Losses%2023rd%20Edition%202014.pdf
https://uk.marsh.com/Portals/18/Documents/100%20Largest%20Losses%2023rd%20Edition%202014.pdf
https://uk.marsh.com/Portals/18/Documents/100%20Largest%20Losses%2023rd%20Edition%202014.pdf
• Eksplosjon i avløpssystemet
• Tre dager før eksplosjon skjedd ble det rapportert lukt av bensin
Det ble ikke foretatt noen evakuering før eksplosjonen skjedde
• 215 mennesker ble drept og 1500 skadde
1000 bygninger kollapset eller ble sterkt skadet.
Guadalajara, Mexico, April 1992
Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant March 2011
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12726591
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
1985
1986 2002
1997
Pipe
Building
Wash tower
Gas Explosion
RNI/ROslo≈ (0.2/0.8)^(1/3) ≈ 0.6
Impulse and estimated distance an wall element was thrown (m)
vs. mass of hydrogen
Skadeutvikling Hydro Norge Skader med fravær per mill. timer
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
NI ulykken 1985
Vi fulgte bare den uskrevne HMS-reglen;
Smeller det så smeller det, og da er det jo for seint allikevel…
Varden, 20/12-2008
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
1985
1986 2002
1997
1986 NII Hydrogen Explosion
• 100 m long pipe with a diameter of 0.5 m
• 4 to 8 bar at time of ignition
• DDT -Transition to detonation (~ 200 bar)
Flame Acceleration in a pipe
Laminar
flame
Flame velocity
Turbulent
flame
Detonation
M > 1
CJ-detonatjon
~ 5 m/s
~ 1800 m/s
Deflagration
M < 1
?
1986 NII Hydrogen Explosion
• 100 m long pipe with a diameter of 0.5 m
• 4 to 8 bar at time of ignition
• DDT -Transition to detonation (~ 200 bar)
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
1985
1986 2002
1997
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
1985
1986 2002
1997
Gas Explosion Grenland 1985 - 2014
1985 : Ammonia plant NI, Herøya
1986 : Ammonia plant NII; Herøya
1988 : VCM plant, Rafnes
1995 : Boiler explosion, Rafnes
1997 : CO2 pipe-line, Herøya
2002 : Eramet MRU, Roligheten
1985
1986 2002
1997
NewScientist 31 March 2011
See also : http://www.hse.gov.uk/buncefield.htm
Experimental Set-up
• 3.0 m long channel, 0.1 x 0.1 m2 cross section, with one obstacle and open in one end
• Single spark (point ignition)
• Blockage ratio, BR = 0.75
• 15%, 20%, 25%, 28%, 30%(stoich.) and 35% hydrogen in air
Ignition Obstacle
1.0 m 2.0 m
H2-Air H2-Air
High speed videokamera
Photron SA1 (farger)
•1024 X 1024 pixels @ 5 400fps (bilder pr. sek)
• 720 X 576 pixels @ 13 500 fps
• 64 X 16 pixels @ 675 000 fps
Photron Ultima APX-RS (sort-hvit)
•1024 X 1024 pixels @ 3 000fps (bilder pr. sek)
• 512 X 516 pixels @ 10 000 fps
35% H2 in air
30% H2 in air
28 % H2 in air
DDT / Detonation
DDT / Detonation
30 000 frames per sec.
Ref: A. Gaathaug, HiT, Sept. 2010
22 000 frames per sec.
Detonation wave
approx. 2000 m/s
Shock wave
approx. 1000 m/s Flame
High speed videokamera
Photron SA1 (farger)
•1024 X 1024 pixels @ 5 400fps (bilder pr. sek)
• 720 X 576 pixels @ 13 500 fps
• 64 X 16 pixels @ 675 000 fps
Photron Ultima APX-RS (sort-hvit)
•1024 X 1024 pixels @ 3 000fps (bilder pr. sek)
• 512 X 516 pixels @ 10 000 fps
KIRANA(sort-hvit)
•924 X 768 pixels @ 5 000 000 fps
• 180 bilder
CFD simulation of a detonation in a 40 mm fuel-air layer
• Control vol. : 32 000 000
• Grid size : 20 – 30 mm
• Hight : 80 mm
Fuel-Air
Air
Combustion
products
Air
Shock wave
Detonation wave
CFD simulation of a detonation in a 40 mm fuel-air layer
• Control vol. : 32 000 000
• Grid size : 20 – 30 mm
• Hight : 80 mm
Fuel-Air
Air
Combustion
products
Air
Shock wave
Detonation wave
Short way from a minor event to a major accident !!!!!