Post on 18-Jan-2016
e
CC HH NN OO PP SS
Carbon NitrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfurHydrogen
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,
CH4)
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,
CH4)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
(CO2, H2O)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
(CO2, H2O)
lipidlipid
carbohydrate
carbohydrate
protein
protein
nucleic acid
nucleic acid
waterwater
1.Water is the most important inorganic
compound in living things.2. Most cellular
processes take place in water solutions.
3. Excellent solvent (substances dissolve
in water)
CO2CO2
4.Are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
4.Are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
Carbohydrates
3.Are made by plants (autotrophs)3.Are made by plants (autotrophs)
2.Are the body’s primary source of energy
2.Are the body’s primary source of energy
1.Are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
1.Are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide
..
Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide
..C6HH1212OO66
Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.
Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk
sugar).sugar).
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk
sugar).sugar).
H
CH2OH
OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH OH
C
C
C
C
C
Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.
Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.
Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex
carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex
carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.monosaccharides.Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas)
and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.
Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
O
CH2OH
H OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH
CH2OH
H
HH OH
H
O
OOHHHH
OHOH HH
CH2OH
HOO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OHC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Name examples of carbohydrates.
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
glucose, starch, cellulose
3.function in 3.function in hormones and cell hormones and cell membrane and for membrane and for
energy storageenergy storage
3.function in 3.function in hormones and cell hormones and cell membrane and for membrane and for
energy storageenergy storage
1.chemically diverse organic compounds
1.chemically diverse organic compounds
examplesexamples: fats, oils, : fats, oils, waxes, and steroids waxes, and steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical
messengers)messengers)
examplesexamples: fats, oils, : fats, oils, waxes, and steroids waxes, and steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical
messengers)messengers)
2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O
4.water 4.water insolubleinsoluble4.water 4.water
insolubleinsoluble
5.classified as 5.classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
5.classified as 5.classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
glycerol
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C HC
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H OO
C OO
C
H
H OO C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
Made up ofMade up of
glycerol
glycerol
fatty acids
fatty acids
and
and
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
What are the functions of lipids?
Name examples of lipids.
glycerol and fatty acids
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
body fat, oils, waxes
2.Enzymes2.Enzymes are are proteins which proteins which
function to function to control the rate control the rate
of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.
2.Enzymes2.Enzymes are are proteins which proteins which
function to function to control the rate control the rate
of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.
1.complex organic compounds made up
of amino acids (monomer), needed
for the body to function properly
1.complex organic compounds made up
of amino acids (monomer), needed
for the body to function properly
examplesexamples: : muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails
examplesexamples: : muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails
3.contain C, O, H, 3.contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S
3.contain C, O, H, 3.contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif
3D protein structure
anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup
are made up ofare made up of
and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the
different amino different amino acidsacids
and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the
different amino different amino acidsacids
a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupa a carboxylcarboxyl group group
H
H
N C
H
R
O
OH
C
C
H
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
C
OH
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
Alanine Serine
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
What are the functions of protein?
Name examples of proteins.
amino acids
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.
examplesexamples: DNA and : DNA and
RNARNAexamplesexamples: DNA and : DNA and
RNARNA
1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, Psugar
phosphate
nitrogen
base
nucleotide
2.store genetic 2.store genetic information, help to information, help to
make proteinsmake proteins
2.store genetic 2.store genetic information, help to information, help to
make proteinsmake proteins
3.made up of 3.made up of nucleotides nucleotides (monomer) (monomer)
containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-
basebase
3.made up of 3.made up of nucleotides nucleotides (monomer) (monomer)
containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-
basebaseDNA molecule
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Name examples of nucleic acid.
nucleotides
store genetic information, help to make proteins
DNA, RNA
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base