Post on 28-Apr-2015
description
Drilling & Measurements
Introduction
D&M Segments
DD – MWD – LWD - DB
Drilling Services
• Drill Bits
•Steerable systems (Rotary & Motors)
•Engineering and planning (DEC)
•Performance applications
Measurement Services
•Measurements While Drilling
•Logging While Drilling
• Drilling Mechanics
•Remote Communications
Drill Bits
Steering System
MWD/LWD
Our Direction
• Real-Time drilling solutionsImprove risk management and reduce NPT
• Real-Time petrophysical solutionsPrecise wellbore placement with FE
• Innovative drilling and measurement systemsProcess improvements to change the game
Lowering Lifting Costs through Reduced Drilling Costs & Improved
Productivity
Mode of Operation
1. Drill the upper, non productive section as quickly as possible
– Stuck Pipe Avoidance
– Reduce NPT (Back Reaming, DP Washouts, etc)
– Reduce casing strings through design optimization (DEC)
2. Drill the production zone with the following objectives:
– Optimize well placement for maximum production
– Streamline bore hole geometry to reduce rugosity
– Minimize NPT due to decision “lag time”
Drilling & Measurements
PowerDriveRotary Steerable System
PowerDrive675 PowerDrive900Rotary Speed Range 40 to 220 rpm 40 to 200 rpmMax. Operating Temp. 250° F [120° C] 250° F [120° C]Weight 1720 lbm [780 kg] 2376 lbm [1080 kg]Build Rate 0 to 8°/100ft 0 to 5°/100ftAvailable Hole Size 8.5, 9.5, 9.87 in. 12.25, 14.5, 14.75 in. ConfigurationDownward Communications Mud flow variation Mud flow variation
(typically 20% variation) (typically 20% variation)
System Specifications
PowerDrive Reliability
0
70000
140000
210000
280000
350000
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Fo
ota
ge
Dri
lle
d
0
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MT
BF
Total Feet Drilled (all Sizes)
Total MTBF (All sizes)
NorwayDenmark Holland
UK
NigeriaCongoAngola
E.Guinea
QatarAbu
DhabiS.Arabia
Azerbaijan
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
GOM
Alaska
W.Australia
S.China SeaSakhalin
BalikpapanBrunei
MalaysiaIndonesiaPhillipinesVenezuel
aTrinidad
R&M BaseR&M Base plannedActivity planned in ’01.
PowerDrive Rotary Steerable System
Field proven in wide range of operational conditions
Fully rotating BHA permits backreaming and minimizes lost-in-hole risks
Compact and Reliable BHA
Robust Design Interchangeable bias
unit at rig site Compact system with
length < 15 ft provides wide range of measurements closer to the bit than conventional motor assemblies
Functional Design
Pad out Pad in
Optimal Bit Design for Rotary Steering Low aspect ratio for tight
radius drilling
Gauge PDC cutters for aggressive side cutting action
Optional DiamondBack cutters for high durability
Open bit face for fast cuttings removal; works with all mud types
Short gauge length coupled with continuous action of paths produces excellent hold quality without reducing steerability.
PowerDrive: Job History
• Deployed more than 600 times in locations covering North Sea, Asia, Middle East, South America, and North America
• Depth range = 1283 to 37,001 ft
• Maximum DLS = 11°/100 ft in 8.5” hole, 5.5 °/100 ft in 12.25” hole.
• Inclination range = 0 to 144° (only commercial rotary steerable system that is capable of a vertical kick-off)
• Longest runs (as of July 2001)
— World Record in 8.5” hole: 17,283 ft in a single run in 8.5-in. hole with an 8.5-in. EHP41A Reed Hycalog bit (176 continuous operating hours)
— World Record in 12.25” hole: 13,799 ft in a single run in 12.25-in. hole. Danish sector of N.Sea. (163 continuous operating hours)
Technical Benefits
Designed as a driller’s tool: No non-rotating external parts
– no dependence on friction with hole wall
– no limit on backreaming
– less risk of stuck toolsSimple flow change communication
– no interference with MWD telemetry
– no complex and unreliable surface equipment with long rig-up time
Highest MTBF of any RSS (client data)Proven steerability up to 10°/100ftWorldwide network of R&M facilities in 7 locations (11 by year
end 2001)
Hole Quality• Smooth profile
• Good gauge
• No spiraling
• Reduced cuttings beds
New Developments“PowerDrive Xtra”
• Commercial introduction in Q3 2001• Enhanced reliability, real-time communication &
steering capabilities• Includes:
– e-mag telemetry for near bit inclination and azimuth, and tool setting in both 6.75” and 9” tools
– New valve design with improved system hydraulics providing greater predictability of steering response
– Mechanical enhancements to control and biasing units
PowerDrive Xtra
1 0 I n i t i a l s
Carbide coated torquer sleevesTo increase run life
Optimized valveDesign to maximize Steering capabilities
•Balanced wide flow range•turbines
High strength and toughness hinge pins to increase shock and fatigue resistance
Optimized hardfacing on pads to increase life in abrasive formations
Sensor and electronics packages redesigned to higher standards of reliability and accuracy
Bias unit component redesignedto increase fatigue life and reduce wear
PowerDrive Xtra – Key Features
Optimized Reed-HycalogBit designs
Optimized shock and vibration resistant suspension system
Realtime communicationOf tool status, near bit inclination and Azimuth to surface with Mk2 e-mag system
Valve Modifications– Problem:
• valve lifting & sticking leading to loss of steering response
– Solution:
• Redesign of valve with new timing, valve shape and spring loaded shaft
Drilling & Measurements
PowerDrive Example Applications
Example: ERD Well in China 1739 m drilled in one run of
174 hr
Drilled 330 m/day compared to previous best of 220 m/day
Saved $536,000
Eliminated difficult directional control found with conventional BHAs
Increasing ROP
Complex Well Paths Improved drilling efficiency
– 98 m/day with PDM, 193 m/day with RSS
U and W shaped wells, up to 144° inclination
Quality ControlDate Drawn: 10-Jul-2001Drawn by: ______________Checked by: ______________Client OK: ______________
Siri ASTRUCTURE
Siri (76803)FIELD
SCA-7WELL
Statoil
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
2000
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400
0
IMT1
Proposal Survey
Build 1.70°/30 m
Hold Angle 77.41°Survey Station 77.41° 1727 MD
Build 1.50°/30 m
Survey Station 30.00° 850 MD
Survey Station 10.00° 425 MD
Survey Station 2.50° 195 MD
Survey Station 0.00° 120 MD
Tie-In 0.00° 0 MD
SCA MWD Surveys
Vertical Section View
True Vertical Depth (1 cm = 200 meters)
Elev Ref: RKB(47.80m above MSL)
Vertical Section Departure at 78.43 deg from (0.7, 2.1). (1 cm = 500 meters)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
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1000
2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0
1000
2000
IM T2T1
Grid NorthTot Corr ( W 3.28° )Mag Dec ( W 1.68° )Grid Conv ( E 1.595° )
Hold Azimuth 90.00°
SCA-Well prop 5
SCA MWD SurveysWorkplan
PLAN VIEW Scale (1 cm = 500 meters)
<<< SOUTH NORTH >>>
<<< WEST EAST >>>
World Record 12-1/4” Run – 13,799ft
Directional control - Build & Turn
500 1000 1500 2000
5500
5000
4500
Proposal Survey
Projection to TD
GE-02 MWD Surveys in 12 1/4" hole
9 5/8'' Casing Point
13 3/8'' Casing Point
GE-02 280600 Horizontal Hole Rev.2
GE-02 MWD Surveys in 17 1/2" hole
Vertical Section View
True Vertical Depth (1 in = 500 feet)
Elev Ref: RKB(85.00ft above MSL)
Vertical Section Departure at 262.54 deg from (-68.6, -20.8). (1 in = 500 feet)
-1500 -1000 -500 0
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-1500 -1000 -500 0
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
True NorthTot Corr ( W 3.68° )Mag Dec ( W 3.68° )
Projection to TD
GE-02 MWD Surveys in 12 1/4" hole9 5/8'' Casing Point
13 3/8'' Casing Point
GE-02 280600 Horizontal Hole Rev.2
GE-02 MWD Surveys in 17 1/2" hole
PLAN VIEW Scale (1 in = 500 feet)
<<< SOUTH
<<< WEST EAST >>>
•Build (48-84deg Inc), Turn (184-264deg Az)•Drilling Hours 42, Circulating hours 50•Drilled to section TD
8498ft in 1 Run - Tangent, Build & Turn
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
10000
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0
End of Run 73.15°Inc 15285 MD
Proposal
Survey
Start of Run 44.25°Inc 6787 MD
Heather 15194 MD 10805 TVD
Kimmeridge 14175 MD 10435 TVD
Cromer Knoll 12510 MD 9500 TVD
Shetland Clay 8430 MD 6983 TVD
13 3/8'' Casing Point 43.22° 6698 MD 5878 TVD
Vertical Section View
True Vertical Depth (1 in = 2000 feet)
Elev Ref: Rotary Table(87.40ft above Mean Sea Level)
Vertical Section Departure at 185.93 deg from (-303.9, -2.9). (1 in = 2000 feet)
0 2000 4000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
0 2000 4000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
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End of Run 186.1°Az 15285 MD
True North
Tot Corr ( E 4.30° )
Mag Dec ( E 4.30° )
Start of Run 141.0°Az 6787 MD
13 3/8'' Casing Point
PLAN VIEW
• 128.5 drilling hrs. • 171.2 pumping hours.•3D Directional control while always rotary drilling• Excellent hole cleaning throughout • Manageable ECD•No time lost for wiper trips •Higher overall ROP•Optimum torque and drag results•Steady consistent deviation with no large hidden doglegs• Low tortuosity
Drilling & Measurements
PowerPak Steerable Motors
• 60 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in.
• PowerPak XP, HF & GT extended power sections
• PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling
• Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings
PowerPak Overview
Bearing Section Design
• Mud-Lubricated radial & axial bearings
• Single-piece forged drive shaft
• Optimized design for minimum erosion & pressure drop
High Performance Motors12 new designs: Establish PowerPak Motors
as the most versatile in the industry.
High Performance drilling
• High torque - PowerPak GT motors– 4.75”, 5.00”, 7.00” & 9.62” (to 18kft.lbs)
• High Speed - PowerPak HS motors– 4.75”, 6.75” & 9.62” (to 600 rpm)
• High flow - PowerPak HF motors5.00” ( 400 gpm), 7.00” (1000gpm)
Interference fit• Correct operating
interference +0.020”
• Elastomer swell with temp and fluid absorption
• Elastomer compression from pressure
• PowerFit software to calculate set up under shop conditions
PowerFitPowerPak Interference Calculator. Version 1.1b (23 Mar '98)
Motor Code Well Data Motor Running Data
BHCT. / °F Expected Pressure175 drop across motor / psi
300TVD. / ft.
18500 Mud Type
Workshop Temp. / °F Fluid density / ppg70 13
Motor Dimensions Measured Rotor & Stator Serial Numberstator Dimensions / in.
Rotor Major Diameter 4.200 Rotor Serial NumberRotor Minor Diameter 2.800Stator Minor Diameter 3.540 Assembly date
Measured Interference / in -0.040
Recommended Interference / in 0.030 Acceptable deviance ±0.015
Use standard stator and standard rotor
A475XF4516
A475XXP5683
A475M7822
A475XP7838
Water based
Oil based (Diesel)
Oil based (Synthetic)
• Interference fit
• Thermal expansion
• Drilling fluid absorption
• Hydrostatic compression
• Set up under shop conditions
Stator Elastomer
• Typical life of 100-400hrs
• Typical failure modes– Fatigue– Chemical
degradation– Heat build-up
(Hysteresis)
PowerPak - Slim-hole GT Motors
Summary
• PowerPak operated for >300k hrs p.a. with MTBF>1600hrs
• PowerPak GT High torque tools provide record breaking performance.
• PowerPak HS tools provide maximized power for Impreg Bit applications.
• PowerPak HF tools designed for high flow with no compromise in reliability.
Drilling & Measurements
Measurements at the Bit
Steerable Systems - GeoSteering Tool
• Trajectory control with immediate information on bit direction and BHA tendencies• Electromagnetic transmission of survey and geological data to the MWD• Data transmitted to the surface via MWD telemetry
The GeoSteering Tool incorporates drilling andEvaluation measurements into a standard Schlumbergermud-lubricated, steerable motor.
Steerable Systems - AIMMeasures where you are going, not where you
have been
Steerable Systems – AIM/GSTExample of the effects of sensor spacing
• Stay in the target and reduce lost footage
New Systems: 2D Rotary Steerable
Drilling & Measurements
2-D Rotary Steerable for 6” hole• 3 position hydraulic activating adjustable Stabilizer• Confirms Position of Adjustable Stabilizer with AIM• provides earliest indication of drop and build tendencies
AIM-VGS
• Tool for 6” hole in field test– 3 position, flow activated, Oil-sealed.– Integrated with AIM for position confirmation– Field tests in N.Sea, Saudi Arabia & Nigeria.
5 runs completed resulting in modifications to cylinders and seals
• In-Development– Systems for 8.5” and 4.75” hole (Q4 2001)– Design complete
AIM - At Bit Inclination Measurement
• Integral to Standard Power Pak Motors.
• Continuous Single-Axis Inclination ~1ft from Bit vs 40 ft
for MWD
• Telemetry to 60ft behind Bit
• Rotating Near-Bit Stabilizer
• 20,000psi, 150 °C Rating
• 200+hr Battery Life
Drilling & Measurements
Planning the Well Bore
PowerPlan
• An integrated suite of drilling applications designed to optimize well planning and drilling.
• The trajectory is planned taking into consideration anticollision, BHA design and behavior, torque and drag, hole cleaning and other operational constraints.
• Access to extensive drilling, geological and petrophysical information is readily available to aid in well planning.
• Application modules are on the wellsite to monitor performance and to make plan modifications if necessary.
PowerPlan - Applications
GeoFrameDatabase
(POSC Compliant)
PowerPlan - ApplicationsStandard PC ‘Look & Feel’
PowerPlan - Well Design
• Generate geometrical well plans for geological targets • Build trajectories by section or from a list of standard curve profiles
• Take advantage of full graphing, plotting and reporting features
PowerPlan - BHA Tendency• Calculate torque and drag • Analyze drillstring and BHA behavior
• Investigate different drilling operations
• Compute loads and forces acting on your string • Calculate equilibrium build and turn rates for your BHA
PowerPlan - BHA Management
• Easily drag and drop components into your BHA • Benefit from extensive catalogue of components
• Add new components to the database if required
PowerPlan - Hydraulics
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600
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Rate of Penetration (ft/hr)
Hole Cleaning
0
50
100
150
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Hydraulic HP
A675M4548 (no nozzle)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Pump Flowrate (gpm)
Pressure Drop Analysis
9.59.69.79.89.910
0 100 200 400 500 700
ECD Analysis
300 600
Pump Flowrate (gpm)
PowerPlan - Hole Cleaning
• Perform hole cleaning analyses • Calculate pressure losses and ECD’s
• Perform rate sensitivity studies
• Calculate motor performance over entire trajectory and range of flow rates
PowerPlan - Drillstring AnalysisTripping Loads Analysis
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500
Bit Depth (ft)
CSG_FF= 0.00 OPH_FF= 0.00
CSG_FF= 0.20 OPH_FF= 0.20 Trip in
CSG_FF= 0.20 OPH_FF= 0.30 Trip in
CSG_FF= 0.20 OPH_FF= 0.40 Trip in
CSG_FF= 0.20 OPH_FF= 0.50 Trip in
Bore Hole: Borehole #1Engineer: Cooper
Client: Oil Co.Date: 07/17/97
TRIPPING LOADS ANALYSIS
PowerPlan - AnticollisionClose Approach
• Model anti-collision scenarios with traveling cylinder plots, spider maps and detailed proximity calculations
• Visualize the 3-D result with GeoViz to ensure all geologic objectives are met
Drilling & Measurements
Drilling Services
Drilling Services“Extended Reach Drilling”
Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) Definition
Horizontal displacement/TVD ratio > 2.0
Types of extended reach wells: – Very shallow – Very long – Ultra long – “Designer”
Extended Reach Drilling
Extended Reach Drilling
• Challenges – High ratio stepouts - long displacements – Long open hole sections – Hole stability issues – Directional control and surveying practices – ECD management – Risk - cost of failure – Continuous improvement to reduce costs – Comprehensive contingency planning
• Rewards – Utilization of existing locations and infrastructure – Logistical requirements reduced – Overall Capex reduction – Environmental impact reduced – Development of marginal field reserves – Removes constraints of conventional drilling limitations – ERD may be the only development option
Extended Reach Drilling
Planning – Clearly defined goals – Project management including support teams – Risk assessment and contingency planningExecution – Precision directional control – Well stability management – Formation evaluation acquisitionEvaluation – Continuous monitoring of performance – Focus on reduction of costs
Extended Reach Drilling
ERD Modeling
• Torque and drag analysis
• ECD and hydraulics analysis
• Optimization of directional profile plan
• Validation of models – Real-time – Post analysis
• Calculation of friction coefficients
• Length of cased hole significant factor
• MWD signal attenuation
Extended Reach DrillingWorld Record
• M-16SPZ well, Wytch Farm, drilled 10,728 meters stepout (35,196 ft)– Deepest oil and gas well at 11,278 meters (37,001 ft)– PowerDrive rotary steerable system for directional control– No mechanical or electronic failures– Well completed with 81/2 in. hole section
Extended Reach Drilling
– Schlumberger is the drilling services leader in ERD
– Services provided globally for various clients including 9 of the World’s Top 10 longest reach wells
– First to pass the 8 km barrier - Wytch Farm 1M-05SP (26,361 ft displacement)
– First to pass the 10 km barrier on Wytch Farm 1M-11SPY
– 1M16SPZ - World record stepout at 10,728 m (35,196 ft) [37,001 ft - 11,278 m measured depth]
– Repeated success on other projects - Total Austral wells CN-1 (34,728 ft displacement)
Extended Reach Drilling
The World’s Longest Step-outs
HorizontalDisplacement
35,19634,72833,18129,32426,84026,45026,33826,16026,13825,76425,19525,10525,08124,83924,82324,59024,20324,18623,91722,762
Rank
1234567891011121314151617181920
MeasuredDepth, ft
37,00136,69334,96731,55528,50130,30128,59227,98629,17330,60026,88027,24029,63127,45028,49727,17828,08727,64528,74325,351
TVD,ft
5,3715436526658994914979352655301535890884932543370746798934067529400940391476625
Well
M-16ZCN-1M-11YM-14CS-124-3 A-14M-05AS-3M-1530/6 C-26CS-2M-09MFF-19CDieksand 424-3 A-17Dieksand 3A2-T-2GWA-1333/9 C-2Dieksand 2
Operator
BP AmocoTotalBPBP AmocoTotalPhillipsBPTotalBP AmocoNorsk HydroTotalBPMaerskRWE-DEAPhillipsRWE-DEAStatoilWoodsideStatoilRWE-DEA
Location, fields
UK landArgentina, AraUK, Wytch FarmUK, Wytch FarmArgentina, KausS. China Sea, XijiangUK, Wytch FarmArgentina, AraUK, Wytch FarmNorth Sea, OsebergArgentina, KausUK, Wytch FarmDenmarkGermany, DieksandChina, XijiangGermany, DieksandNorth Sea, SleipnerAustralia, GoodwynNorth Sea, StatfjordGermany, Dieksand
Schlumberger Drilling Service
DD/MWD/LWD/PowerDriveDD/MWD/LWD/VISION/AIMDD/MWD/LWD/GST/PowerDriveDD/MWD/LWD DD/MWD/LWD/GSTDD/LWDDD/MWD/LWD/GSTDD/MWD/LWD/GSTDD/MWD/LWD/PowerDrive
DD/MWD/LWD/GSTDD/MWD/LWD/GST/PowerDriveDD/LWD/VISIONDD/MWD/LWDMWD/LWDDD/MWD/LWD
DD/MWD/LWD/GST
Extended Reach Drilling
The Future of ERD
– Stepouts greater than 10 km now feasible
– Rig sizing issues
– Review of hole sizing requirements
– New technology
– ERD multilaterals
– Deepwater ERD
– Continuous improvement of technical limits
– Information transfer
Drilling Services - DeepwaterSafe efficient solutions for the drilling conditions encountered in deepwater environmentsWell Stability
– Real-time pressure and temperature – Real-time caliper
Directional Control – Wide range of steerable drilling systems – Reliable strong MWD telemetry
Formation Evaluation – Extensive LWD measurements – Wireline retrievable data
Planning – Comprehensive pre-job analysis and contingency planning – On-site applications to track performance and make modifications if necessary
Drilling Services - DeepwaterKick Tolerance requires exact measurements of
downhole pressure
Real-time Annular Pressure Measurements can detect and monitor shallow water flow.
Drilling Services - Deepwater
APWD provides accurate real-time ECD calculation while drilling
Drilling Services - Deepwater
Example: ECD monitoring
Drilling Services - PERFORMPERFORMance drilling by Risk Management
Comprehensive PlanningReal-time Solutions
Reduced CostReduced Non-productive Time=
Drilling Services - PERFORM The planning and reporting process of Schlumberger PERFORM services is handled by four components:
• DrilMap is a continuously updated drilling plan with associated contingency plans,
• DrilCast provides a daily reporting scheme which identifies anticipated drilling activities,
• DrilTrak records the history as a well is being drilled with measurement and observation information and
• DrilBase provides a database of events, procedures and processes which can be accessed for future well planning.
The four Schlumberger PERFORM components replace ad hoc reactions with a systematic drilling process for efficiency gains which lead to overall cost reductions.
Drilling Services - PERFORM
ModelingPore Pressure
Wellbore StabilityKick Tolerance
Hydraulics
ModelingPore Pressure
Wellbore StabilityKick Tolerance
Hydraulics
Well PlanningTrajectory Design
Hydraulics AnalysisBHA Behavior
Torque and Drag AnalysisAnti-collision
Well PlanningTrajectory Design
Hydraulics AnalysisBHA Behavior
Torque and Drag AnalysisAnti-collision
LWD Formation EvaluationFormation Imaging
Calipers
LWD Formation EvaluationFormation Imaging
Calipers Drilling MechanicsDownhole Weight and TorqueDownhole Shock and Vibration
Washout DetectionDownhole Pressure
Kick Alert
Drilling MechanicsDownhole Weight and TorqueDownhole Shock and Vibration
Washout DetectionDownhole Pressure
Kick Alert
DrilMapDrilCastDrilTrakDrilBase
PERFORMPERFORM