Dr. Taous Khan

Department of Pharmacy,

COMSATS, Abbottabad, Pakistan

Wastes from Various Sectors of Wastes from Various Sectors of Pakistan: Potential Raw Pakistan: Potential Raw Materials for Biofuels & Materials for Biofuels &

Biomaterials Biomaterials

Generation of wastes is increasing due to:

– growing urbanisation &

– changes in life style

~1.6 billion metric tons of solid waste is produced per year

A lot of money is used managing this waste

– Asian countries spent ~US$25 billion per year in early 1990s

– expected to rise to ~US$50 billion by 2025

Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Abbottabad 2

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Mahar et al., Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 5 -7 September 2007, Chennai, India. pp.34-41

Threat to our already degraded environment

Advances in biotechnology, genetics, chemistry & engineering

– new manufacturing concepts

– converting waste materials to valuable fuels & biomaterials

Kyungpook National University, Biochemical Engineering Lab 3

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Large amount of waste materials produced from various sectors of Pakistan

– industrial sectors

– agricultural sectors

These materials are a source of:

– environmental pollution

– water pollution

– different diseases

COMSATS University, Abbottabad 4

Wastes from various sectors of Wastes from various sectors of PakistanPakistan

These materials are:

– rich in various elements including carbon & nitrogen

– can be used as substrate for microbial growth

– production of useful metabolic products

Thus, these waste materials can be a good source for production of bioenergy & biomaterials

– their use can address several societal needs

– will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm

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Wastes from various sectors of Wastes from various sectors of PakistanPakistan

In America

– 2500 MW electricity

– generated by waste-to-energy plants

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Wastes from various sectors of Wastes from various sectors of PakistanPakistan

Three general categories of solid waste in Pakistan:

– biodegradable e.g. food & animal wastes, leaves, grass & wood

– non-biodegradable e.g., plastic, rubber, textile waste, metals, stones

– recyclable material e.g., paper, card board, and bones

Physical Composition of Physical Composition of WastesWastes

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Physical Composition of Physical Composition of WastesWastes

Figure. Physical composition of solid wastes in Pakistan (% Weight).

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Mahar et al., Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 5 -7 September 2007, Chennai, India. pp.34-41

Figure. Various sources of waste materials from Pakistan.

Wastes from various sectors of Wastes from various sectors of PakistanPakistan

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Figure. Various products that can be produced from waste materials from Pakistan.

Potential Products from Wastes from various Sectors Potential Products from Wastes from various Sectors of Pakistanof Pakistan

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A case studyA case study –– Production of WSOS & BC from Wastes of Korean Production of WSOS & BC from Wastes of Korean BreweriesBreweries

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WSOS & BC successfully produced from synthetic media

Expensive process, hindering their commercial applications

Alternate, cheaper culture media for production of these products

Waste from beer fermentation broth

– large-scale availability from Korean breweries

– contains carbon, nitrogen, sulfur & ethanol

Composition of WBFBComposition of WBFB

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Table. Detailed composition of the waste from beer fermentation broth.

Importance of Importance of OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides

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Figure. Organic constituents of wood.

Bacterial CelluloseBacterial Cellulose

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Pure, free from lignin, pectin & hemicellulose

High degree of crystallinity & water retention value

High tensile strength and moldability

Biodegradable (eco-friendly materials)

Bacterial CelluloseBacterial Cellulose

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Figure. Important applications of bacterial cellulose.

http://www.rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp/houga/researches/2006m05a.jpg

Applications of Bacterial Applications of Bacterial CelluloseCellulose

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Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK

– Gram-negative bacteria

– originally isolated from rotten apples

Capable of producing

– water soluble oligosaccharides (WSOS)

– bacterial cellulose (BC)

Gluconacetobacter hanseniiGluconacetobacter hansenii PJKPJK

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D-Glucose

D-Glucose-6-Phosphate

D-Glucose-1-Phosphate

UDP-D-Glucose

UDP-D-Glucuronic Acid

D-Glucuronic Acid

Glucose KinaseATP

ADP

Phosphoglutamase

Pyrophosphorylase

2NAD

2NADH

Glucuronide UDP

Cellulose synthaseCellulose

Glucose Phosphate Dehydrogenases Pentose Phosphate Pathway

UDP-D-glucose dehydrogenase

Aldehyde reductase

L-Gulonic Acidhttp://glucuronicacid.quickseek.com/

ATP

Inhi

bitio

n

NAD

NADH

Daly, A.K.; Mantle, T.J.T., Biochem. J. 205 (1982) 381-388

http://glucuronicacid.quickseek.com/

I.W. Sutherland, Int. Dairy J., 11 (2001) 663-674

EthanolT. Naritomi et al., J. Ferment. Bioeng. 85(1998) 598.

S. B

iele

cki,

et a

l., (

2004

) In

: Bio

poly

mer

s, A

. Ste

inbu

chel

, ed.

, WIL

EY

-VC

H

S. Bielecki, et al., (2004) In: Biopolymers, A. Steinbuchel, ed., WILEY-VCH

T. Naritomi et al., J. Ferment. Bioeng. 85(1998) 598.

Figure. Proposed biosynthetic pathway for the simultaneous production of BC & WSOS from glucose by G. hansenii PJK

Production of BC & WSOS by G. Production of BC & WSOS by G. hanseniihansenii PJK PJK

Figure. Schematic representation for the processing of WBFB.

Pre-treatment of Pre-treatment of WBFBWBFB

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Figure. Schematic diagrams of jar fermenters used for the production of WSOS and BC by G. hansenii PJK; 5 L jar fermenter (a) and 5 L jar fermenter equipped with a spin filter (b).

(a)(a) (b)(b)

Bioreactors Bioreactors ConfigurationConfiguration

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Figure 19. Selected pictures of the 2 L jar fermenter equipped with a spin filter; empty fermenter (a) and with 1.6 L of culture broth.

(a)(a) (b)(b)

Bioreactors Bioreactors ConfigurationConfiguration

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Figure. Schematic representation for the measurement of WSOS, BC and Cells from the culture broth..

Measurement of WSOS, BC Measurement of WSOS, BC & Cells& Cells

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Table. Detailed fermentation conditions used for the production of WSOS and BC by G. hansenii PJK.

Culture ConditionsCulture Conditions

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Effect of dilution ratio

Figure. Production of WSOS & BC by G. hansenii PJK in baffled flasks shaken at 100 rpm at 30 oC for 7 days, using the WBFB diluted with distilled water, in various ratios.

WSOS & BC Production using WSOS & BC Production using WFBFWFBF

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Effect of impeller speed

Figure. Production of WSOS & BC by G. hansenii PJK in a 5 L jar fermenter (3 L working volume), an aeration rate of 1 vvm, a pH of 4.5-5.5 and impeller speeds of 300 rpm.

WSOS & BC Production using WSOS & BC Production using WFBFWFBF

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Effect of impeller speed

Figure. Production of WSOS & BC by G. hansenii PJK in a 5 L jar fermenter (3 L working volume), an aeration rate of 1 vvm, a pH of 4.5-5.5 and impeller speeds of 500 rpm.

WSOS & BC Production using WSOS & BC Production using WFBFWFBF

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Effect of impeller speed

Figure. Production of WSOS & BC by G. hansenii PJK in a 5 L jar fermenter (3 L working volume), an aeration rate of 1 vvm, a pH of 4.5-5.5 and impeller speeds of 600 rpm.

WSOS & BC Production using WSOS & BC Production using WFBFWFBF

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Table. Comparison of production of WSOS obtained in present study with products of related chemical nature reported in literature.

[1]. Jung et al., Enzym

e Microb. T

echnol., 37 (2005) 354.[2]. C

ourtois et al., J. Carbohydr. C

hem., 12 (1993) 448.

[3]. Michaud et al., Int. J. B

iol. Macrom

ol., 17 (1995) 369.[4]. M

ichaud et al., Int. J. Biol. M

acromol., 16 (1994) 301.

[5]. Heyraud et al., C

arbohydr. Res., 240 (1993) 71.

Overproduction of WSOS obtained in Overproduction of WSOS obtained in present study present study

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Figure. Schematic representation of various techniques applied for structure determination of WSOS.

Structure of WSOSStructure of WSOS

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Figure. Chemical structures and fragmentation scheme of the major WSOS produced from WBFB.

Structure of WSOS

Structure of WSOSStructure of WSOS

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Structure of WSOSStructure of WSOS

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Potential applications of Potential applications of WSOSWSOS

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Figure. Schematic representation for the study of physical properties of WSOS.

Physical properties of Physical properties of WSOSWSOS

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Physical properties of Physical properties of WSOSWSOS

ConclusionConclusion

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Our Current Research in PakistanOur Current Research in Pakistan

Currently we are working to evaluate various waste materials from different industrial & agricultural sectors of Pakistan for the production of BC

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From this work

1. Taous Khan, S.H. Hyun, J.K. Park, Production of glucuronan oligosaccharides using the waste of beer fermentation broth as a basal medium, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 42, 89-92 (2007).

2. Taous Khan, J.K. Park, The structure and physical properties of glucuronic acid oligomers produced by a Gluconacetobacter hansenii strain using the waste from beer fermentation broth, Carbohydrate Polymers, 73(3), 438–445 (2008).

3. J.H. Ha, O. Shehzad, S. Khan, S.Y. Lee, Taous Khan, J.K. Park, Production of bacterial cellulose by a static cultivation using the waste from beer culture broth, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25(4), 812–815 (2008).

PublicationsPublications

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