Post on 14-Dec-2015
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE
الطبية العلوم في Lecture No.1مقدمةDr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
Zuhairmustafa4@hotmail.com
الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم
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Introduction to Radiology
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1. Definition of Radiology
Radiology is a medical specialty using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat patients.
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Radiology is a medical specialty using medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat patients.
Radiation
Therapy Nuclear
Medicine
Diagnostic
1. Definition of Radiology4
2. What are our tools?
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
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Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”6
Terms: Density Opacity
Observable Densities: Bone Soft Tissue Gas
Conventional Radiography “X-Ray”7
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
2. What our are tools?8
Computed Tomography (CT)9
Terms: Attenuation Density Enhancement
Large radiation dose
Computed Tomography (CT)10
2. What are our tools?
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Terms: Signal intensity T1 T2 Enhancement
No radiation Strong magnetic field
No pacemakers No electronic implants
Small, loud tube Patients must hold still Relatively expensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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2. What are our tools?
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
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Ultrasound15
Terms: Echogenicity Shadowing Doppler for flow
No radiation Can be portable Relatively
inexpensive
Ultrasound16
2. What are our tools?
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)[gamma camera]
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Terms: Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed
Nuclear Medicine (NM)[gamma camera]
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)[SPECT]
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Terms: Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed
Nuclear Medicine (NM)[SPECT]
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Nuclear Medicine (NM)[PET]
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Terms: Counts or Activity
Physiologic imaging
Radioactivity stays with the patient until cleared or decayed
Nuclear Medicine (NM)[PET]
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2. What are our tools?
X-rays CT MRI Ultrasound Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy
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Radiotherapy25
Terms: Deep X-ray therapy Tumors Masses, cancer
Cancer cells are very sensitive to radiation
Few side effects
Radiotherapy26
3. x-ray Physics
X-rays is a form of electromagnetic energy.
Travel at the speed of light. X-ray is a part of electromagnetic
spectrum.
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Three Things Can Happen
X-rays can:
Pass all the way through the body.
Be deflected or scattered.
Be absorbed.
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X-rays Passing Through Tissue
Depends on the energy of the x-ray and the atomic number of the tissue.
Higher energy x-ray - more likely to pass through.
Higher atomic number - more likely to absorb the x-ray.
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How do x-rays passing through the body create an image? X-rays that pass through the body to the
film render the film dark (black).
X-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film and render the film light (white).
Air = low atomic # = x-rays get through = image is dark.
Metal = high atomic # = x-rays blocked = image is light (white).
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Basic Radiographic Densities
Air.
Bone.
Soft tissue.
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How do X-rays create an image of internal body
structures? X-rays pass through the body to varying
degrees.
Higher atomic number structures block x-rays better, example bone.
Lower atomic number structures allow x-rays to pass through, example: air in the lungs.
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TO BE CONTINUED34
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE
الطبية العلوم في Lecture No.2مقدمةDr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
Zuhairmustafa4@hotmail.com
الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم
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Introduction to Radiology
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4. Medical Imaging
Primary purpose is to identify pathologic conditions.
Requires recognition of normal anatomy.
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X-Ray Film
Film is a media that makes a permanent record of the image.
Image recorded on film is caused by exposure to photons.
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Radiographic film is/was most common image receptor.
Films is consist of two parts:1. Base.2. Emulsion.
X-Ray Film - Composition39
X-Ray Film Cross Section40
X-ray Film Construction - Base
Made of a polyester plastic.
Must be clear, strong, consistent thickness.
Tinted pale blue or blue-gray (reduces eye strain).
Coated on 1 or 2 sides with emulsion.
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Film emulsion can be on one side or both sides of base (single emulsion / double emulsion).
Protective overcoat layered on top of emulsion.
Emulsion is a gelatin containing the film crystals.
Emulsion is the “active” layer of film.
X-ray Film Construction - Emulsion
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X-Ray Film Cross Section43
Film Sizes
SIZES 14 X 17 inch 14 X 14 inch 11 X 14 inch 10 X 12 inch 8 X 10 inch
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Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
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Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Manual Processi
ng
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Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic
Processing
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Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Automatic
Processing
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Processing
The term applied to the chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image.
Day Light
System
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5. Careers in Radiology and Radiologic Technology
RadiologistRadiologic Technologist
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Objectives
Summarize two primary roles of the radiologist.
Define radiologic technologist and identify three primary roles.
List the advanced practice roles of the radiologic technologist.
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Radiologist
Doctor who specializes in the use of radiant energy to diagnose and treat disease.
Works in hospitals, the private sector, or diagnostic imaging or radiation therapy treatment centers.
May specialize in diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology.
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Radiologist (cont.)
Diagnostic Radiologist Job Responsibilities– Conduct general and specialized imaging
examinations of the entire human body. Noninvasive imaging – studies taken from
outside the body that do not require the use of contrast media.
Invasive imaging – studies taken from inside the body that require needles or catheters to be inserted into the body.
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Radiologist (cont.)
Diagnostic Radiologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)– Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques and
use standard precautions.– Use various imaging modalities.– Administer contrast agents.– Respond to emergencies and administer
drugs.
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Radiologist (cont.)
Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities– To determine a tumor
treatment plan for a client. – To cure, relieve pain and
distress, enhance the action of drugs, or to establish local tumor control.
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Radiologist (cont.)
Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)
– Maintain aseptic and sterile techniques and standard precautions.
– Use radiation to deliver treatments.– Identify the volume of the client’s body to
be treated.
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Radiologist (cont.)
Radiation Oncologist Job Responsibilities (cont.)
– Explain the treatment plan to the client and obtain informed consent.
– Use positioning and immobilizing devices.– Assess the client’s tumor response after
radiation therapy treatments.– Supervise the radiation oncology team.
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Radiologic Technologist
Uses radiant energy to produce diagnostic images or dispense treatments.
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Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Supervised by a radiologist.Certified by the American
Registry of Radiologic Technologists.
Can become members of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
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Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Education and Employment– Fields include:
Radiography. Nuclear medicine technology. Radiation therapy technology.
– Advanced practice certification areas are also available with additional education.
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Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Employment Opportunities– Many work in hospital radiology
departments. – Others may work in private physician
offices, diagnostic-imaging centers, and emergency care clinics.
– About two-thirds are employed as radiographers.
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Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Nuclear Medicine Technologist – Uses radioisotopes that tell how well
the human anatomy functions. – Injects radioisotopes into the body.– Special cameras detect radioactivity,
and the images are produced on the computer or on film.
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Radiologic Technologist (cont.)
Radiation Therapist– Assists radiation oncologists by
administering radiation doses. – Works with other staff members
to ensure comprehensive treatment of cancer patients.
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Apply Your Knowledge
Name at least four fields of radiology including advanced practice areas.
Answer:
1. Nuclear medicine technology.
2. Radiation therapy technology.
3. Mammography.
4. Sonography.
5. Quality management technology.
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TO BE CONTINUED
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