Post on 07-May-2015
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”18 December 2013, Aristotle University Research Dissemination Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
1
Results of the ArcFUEL methodology achieved in
Southern Spain
ArcFUEL Final Workshop, 18/12/2013, Thessaloniki“Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
Ana Sebastián LópezGMV - Isaac Newton, 11; P.T.M. Tres Cantos, E-28760 Madrid
Tel.: +34 91 807 21 00, Email: asebastian@gmv.com
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ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
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ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
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ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
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ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”18 December 2013, Aristotle University Research Dissemination Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
7
Results of the ArcFUEL methodology achieved in Southern Spain
Study areaData inputsMethodsValidation Discussion
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 8
STUDY AREA
SIERRA DE LAS NIEVES
Biosphere Reserve & Natural Park
Western area of Málaga, Andalusia
Highest elevation peak at 1919 m
AOI covering 20.163 ha
Biosphere Reserve & Natural Park
Western area of Málaga, Andalusia
Highest elevation peak at 1919 m
AOI covering 20.163 ha
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
STUDY AREA
SIERRA DE LAS NIEVES
Limestone mountains with rugged relief
Spanish fir forests in cool, moist shady areas (botanical relic of the glacial period on the Iberian Peninsula)
Holm oak and cork trees in lower areas, along with some areas of carob and chestnut trees.
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
DATA INPUTS
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ASTER GDEM Landsat TM5 Corine Land Cover JRC Forest Types and Cover Types Local Land cover & Vegetation data
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METHODS
A-FUEL TYPE CLASSIFICATION1. IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING
DEM processing Atmospheric correction
2. VEGETATION INDICES COMPUTATION3. CLASSIFICATION
B-FUEL PARAMETERS MATCHING
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 12
Main classes
Broadleaved
Coniferous
Grasses & Shrubs
(Surface fuels)
Ground fuels Corine Land Cover Peat bogs
Salt marshes
Salines
Interdidal f lats
Inland marshes
Water courses
Discontinuous urban fabric
Green urban areas
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Vineyards
Fruit trees and berry plantations
Olive grovesAnnual crops associated w ith
permanent cropsComplex cultivation patterns
Sport and leisure facilities
No fuels Corine Land Cover No fuels
Agroforestry Corine Land Cover Agroforestry
The remaining area after the other main classes are mapped
Azonic fuels Corine Land Cover
Non w ildland fuels Corine Land Cover
Dataset source
JRC Forest type 2006
JRC Forest type 2006
Main classes
Salt marshes
Salines
Interdidal f lats
Inland marshes
Water courses
Discontinuous urban fabric
Green urban areas
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Vineyards
Fruit trees and berry plantations
Olive groves
Annual crops associated w ith permanent crops
Complex cultivation patterns
Sport and leisure facilities
No fuels Corine Land Cover No fuels
Azonic fuels Corine Land Cover
Non w ildland fuels Corine Land Cover
Dataset sourceMain classes
Ground fuels Corine Land Cover Peat bogs
Agroforestry Corine Land Cover Agroforestry
Dataset sourceMain classes
Broadleaved
Coniferous
Dataset source
JRC Forest type 2006
JRC Forest type 2006
Main classes
Broadleaved
Coniferous
Grasses & Shrubs
(Surface fuels)
Ground fuels Corine Land Cover Peat bogs
Salt marshes
Salines
Interdidal f lats
Inland marshes
Water courses
Discontinuous urban fabric
Green urban areas
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Vineyards
Fruit trees and berry plantations
Olive groves
Annual crops associated w ith permanent crops
Complex cultivation patterns
Sport and leisure facilities
No fuels Corine Land Cover No fuels
Agroforestry Corine Land Cover Agroforestry
The remaining area after the other main classes are mapped
Azonic fuels Corine Land Cover
Non w ildland fuels Corine Land Cover
Dataset source
JRC Forest type 2006
JRC Forest type 2006
EOEO
EOEO
A-FUEL TYPE CLASSIFICATION
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METHODSA-FUEL TYPE –ORIENTED VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION
1-Image pre-processing1. Mosaic 1ºx1º ASTER GDEM files
New Raster tool of Arcgis 9.3
2. Re-project to UTM WGS84 zone 30 North3. Merge Landsat TM scenes into a single stack
ENVI “Layer Stacking tool”
4. Generate DEM-derived products Slope and Aspect (ENVI) Skyview and Shadow raster (ATCOR)
5. Perform ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION6. Perform Landsat mosaic and clip AOI
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries”
ASTER MosaickingAtmospheric correction
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ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 15
METHODSA-FUEL TYPE –ORIENTED VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION
2- Vegetation indices computation1. NDVI is calculated for each Landsat-5 TM scene
2nd Feb. & 5th May 2011
2. Image subtraction: [NDVI summer-NDVIwinter ]
3.Image masking: using the land cover classes “Broadleaved”, “Coniferous” and “Mixed Forest”
4.Image masking: using the land cover classes “Shrubs and grasslands”.
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 16
A - FUEL TYPE CLASSIFICATION
3- Image classificationISODATA Unsupervised classification over the difference imageMasking:
“Broadleaved”, “Coniferous” & “Mixed Forest”
“Shrubs and grasslands”.
METHODS
[NDVI summer-NDVIwinter ]
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 17
A - FUEL TYPE CLASSIFICATION3- Refinement Density cover (JRC cover types map) Merge of all the produced map layers in a single
layer:
METHODS
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 18
Fuel Class ha %
Broadleaved Evergreen Scrub 17,63 1,08
Broadleaved Evergreen Open 0,16 0,01
Broadleaved Evergreen Dense 31,90 1,96
Broadleaved Deciduous Scrub 9,98 0,61
Broadleaved Deciduous Open 0,03 0,00
Broadleaved Deciduous Dense 22,52 1,39
Coniferous Evergreen Scrub 55,58 3,42
Coniferous Evergreen Open 5,57 0,34
Coniferous Evergreen Dense 340,51 20,95
Coniferous Deciduous Scrub 7,31 0,45
Coniferous Deciduous Open 0,49 0,03
Coniferous Deciduous Dense 13,64 0,84
Mixed Evergreen Scrub 1,68 0,10
Mixed Evergreen Open 0,01 0,00
Mixed Evergreen Dense 2,11 0,13
Mixed Deciduous Scrub 0,27 0,02
Mixed Deciduous Open 0,00 0,00
Mixed Deciduous Dense 0,41 0,02
Shrubs 682,43 41,98
Grassess 94,64 5,82
Ground Fuels 0,00 0,00
Azonic Fuels 0,18 0,01
Non Wildland Fuels 279,29 17,18
Non Fuel 57,25 3,52
Agroforestry 2,12 0,13
TOTAL 1625,65 100,00
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 19
VALIDATION
VALIDATION APPROACH GIS layers -based validation
VALIDATION PLAN:1ST iteration validating the discrimination between deciduous and evergreen species. This was done using the field plots from the National Forest Inventory.2nd iteration validating the discrimination of vegetation assemblages. This was done using the information on vegetation assemblages contained in SIOSE (1:10.000) and the Vegetation Map of Andalusia (1:10.000).
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 20
VALIDATION
1ST iteration Deciduous VS Evergreen.
3rd National Forest Inventory Training area Plots every
1kmx1km Total of 163
IFN3 plots
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 21
VALIDATION
1ST iteration Deciduous VS Evergreen spp. 3rd National Forest Inventory
Training area Plots every 1kmx1km Total of 163 IFN3 plots
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 22
VALIDATION
1ST iteration Shrubs VS Grasslands
3rd National Forest Inventory Training area Plots every
1kmx1km Total of 163
IFN3 plots
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 23
VALIDATION
2nd iteration SOURCES:i) The LUCAS (Land Use / Cover Area Frame Statistical
Survey) dataset (2009 campaign) Multipurpose field survey that estimates the area occupied
by different LULC types on the basis of observations taken at more than 250.000 sample points throughout the EU.
ii) The Integrated product (1:10.000, 2005) “SIOSE” (LULC map of Spain) + “Vegetation map of Andalucía”
iii) Aerial orthophotos 2008
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 24
VALIDATION
2nd iteration The Integrated product (1:10.000) “SIOSE” plus “Vegetation map of Andalucía” (2005)
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 25
VALIDATION
2nd iteration A) Selection of valid plots The following LUCAS plots were eliminated Plots close to 2 or more Arcfuel classes border Plots showing incoherence examined individually
When LUCAS differed from the SIOSE, priority was given to the latter (higher detail).
B) Validation1. Over the sub-sample of valid LUCAS plots 2. For each valid plot the information among the different
sources was compared, and correctly classified plots and errors were labeled accordingly.
3. Basic statistics were derived per ArcFuel fuel type class
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 26
LC1 LUCAS LEGEND (LC1)
ARCF ID ARCFUEL FUEL TYPES LUCAS CLASSES
A11 Buildings with 1 to 3 floors
1 Broadleaved Evergreen Scrub OK OK- OK
A13 Greenhouses
C10 D10 E10 A21 Non built up area features
2 Broadleaved Evergreen Open
OK OK- OK A22 Non built up linear features
C10 D10 E10
B11 Common wheat
3 Broadleaved Evergreen Dense OK
B12 Durum wheat
C10 B13 Barley
4 Broadleaved Deciduous Scrub
OK OK OK B14 Rye
C10 D10 B74
B15 Oats
5 Broadleaved Deciduous Open OK OK- OK
B16 Maize
C10 E10 B74 B23 Other root crops
6 Broadleaved Deciduous Dense
OK OK B31 Sunflower
C10 B74
B34 Cotton
7 Coniferous Evergreen Scrub OK OK
B37 Other non permanent industrial crops
C20 D10 B41 Dry pulses
8 Coniferous Evergreen Open
OK OK- OK B42 Tomatoes
C20 D10 E10
B43 Other fresh vegetables
9 Coniferous Evergreen Dense OK
B74 Nuts trees
C20 B75 Other fruit trees and berries
10 Coniferous Deciduous Scrub
B76 Oranges
B77 Other citrus fruit
11 Coniferous Deciduous Open B81 Olive groves
B82 Vineyards
12 Coniferous Deciduous Dense
C10 Broadleaved forest
C20 Coniferous forest
13 Mixed Evergreen Scrub
OK OK C30 Mixed forest
C30 D10
D10 Shurbland with sparse tree cover
14 Mixed Evergreen Open OK OK- OK
D20 Shurbland without tree cover
C30 D10 E10 E10 Grassland with sparse tree/shrub cover
15 Mixed Evergreen Dense
OK E20 Grassland without tree/shrub cover
C30
E30 Spontaneously vegetated surfaces
16 Mixed Deciduous Scrub OK OK
F00 Bare land
C30 D10
LUCAS ArcFUEL
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 27
VALIDATION
2nd iteration steps1. Selection of valid plots
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 28
VALIDATION2nd iteration Entire AOI (Córdoba and Málaga) SIOSE & Vegetation map integrated
product: 2005 CORINE Land cover: 2006 JRC Forest Types: 2006 LUCAS: 2009 Arcfuel classification based on
Landsat TM scenes: 2011
Of the 1442 LUCAS plots 1198 were identified as “non-pure”
plots and thus were eliminated by using a the 50m radius criterion.
73 plots were eliminated on a one-by-one basis.
Correct
classifi
Classific
errors
%
corre
ct
Broadleaves
Deciduous Scrub0 1 0%
Broadleaves
Evergreen
Dense
4 0 100
%
Coniferous
Deciduous
Dense
0 2 0%
Coniferous
Evergreen
Dense
25 1 96%
Grasses 8 4 67%Shrubs 98 11 90%
Remaining 171 valid plots: 136 of them were correctly
classified (80%) 35 were errors (20%).
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 29
ARCFUEL FUEL TYPE SCHEME Vegetation description ECOREGIONS JRC FUEL TYPE SCHEME Group
FT No
0 Ground fuels Ground fuels ALL Peat bogs
Ground 1
Wooded peatbogs 2
1 Mediterranean grasslands and steppes Grasses 10,11,12,13,14,15
Mediterranean grasslands and steppes/Pastures/Sparse grasslands
Grasses
3,4,5
2 Northern, Alpine and Temperate grasslands
Grasses 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Temperate, Alpine and Northern grasslands//Pastures/Sparse grasslands 6
3 Deciduous broadleaved shrubs Shrubs Deciduous ALL Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
Shrubs
11
4 Evergreen Mediterranean shrublands Shrubs Evergreen Medium & Dense
10,11,12,13,14,15
Mediterranean moors and heathlands 7 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous) 10
5 Northern, Alpine and Temperate low shrubs
Shrubs Evergreen Medium & Dense
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands 8
6 Open Mediterranean shrublands Shrubs Evergreen Open (Scrub) 10,11,12,13,14,15
Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous) 9
7 Alpine and Northern conifer scrublands Shrubs Evergreen Open (Scrub) 1,2,3,4,5.6,7,8,9
Shrublands in Alpine and Northern conifer forests
Transitional
19
8 Thermophilous broadleaved scrublands Broadleaved Deciduous Scrub 10,11,12,13,14,15
Shrublands in thermophilous broadleaved forests 16
9 Northern broadleaved forests scrublands Broadleaved Deciduous Scrub 1,2,3
Northern open shrublands in broadleaved forests 18
10 Deciduous Broadleaved scrublands Broadleaved Deciduous Scrub 6,7,8,9 Shrublands in beech and mesophytic broadleaved forests 17
11 Mediterranean sclerophylous forests scrubland Broadleaved Evergreen Scrub ALL
Shrublands in Mediterranean sclerophylous forests 14
12 Mediterranean montane conifer scrublands
Coniferous Evergreen Scrub 11,12,15 Shrublands in Mediterranean montane conifer forests 15
13 Mediterranean conifers scrublands Coniferous Evergreen Scrub 10,13,14 Shrublands in Mediterranean conifer forests 13
14 Northern, Alpine and Temperate shrublands
Coniferous Evergreen Scrub 2,3,6,7,8,9 Shrublands in Alpine and Northern conifer forests 19
15 Alpine conifer scrublands Coniferous Evergreen Scrub 1,4,5 Alpine open shrublands (conifers) 12
16 Evergreen Broadleaved forest Broadleaved Evergreen forest ALL
Thermophilous broadleaved forest
Broadleaved
30 Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved forest 29
17 Deciduous Broadleaved forest Broadleaved Deciduous forest 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15
Beech forest 32
Mesophytic broadleaved forest 31
Montane beech forest 33 18 Boreal Deciduous Broadleaved forest Broadleaved Deciduous forest 2,3 White birch boreal forest 34
19 Mediterranean Evergreen Conifers Conifers Evergreen forest 13,14,15
Mediterranean long needled conifer forest (mediterranean pines)
Conifers 20
Mediterranean scale-needled open woodlands (juniperus, cupressus) 21
20 Mediterranean and montane evergreen Conifers Evergreen forest 8,9,10,11,12 Mediterranean montane long 22
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 30
DISCUSSIONThis work assessed the performance of the ArcFuel methodology, up to level 4, in the Spanish study area
Within the pilot area (Sierra de las Nieves) a first assessment was performed, consisting of comparing Arcfuel classification with the NFI dominant (tree, shrubs and grasses) species.
The 96% of overall accuracy obtained for Deciduous/ Evergreen classification and the 87% of overall accuracy obtained for the Shrubs/ Grassess classification are deemed as very good results.
A second assessment was performed within the entire study area at the points marked by the existence of a LUCAS plots.
Approached considered (local sources) containing information on the specific vegetation assemblages, much closer to the concept of forest fuel types.
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 31
DISCUSSIONInconsistencies were observed between LUCAS / SIOSE+Vegetation / EU layers defining the first levels of Arcfuel classification It was decided to proceed with the validation only in those points where
consistency existed.Results yielded an overall 80% of correctly classified plot which is a satisfactory performance. The analysis per fuel type class showed particularly good results for the Shrubs
(90%) and Coniferous Evergreen Dense class (96%). The plots in the Broadleaves Evergreen Dense, and specifically those in
deciduous classes (incorrectly classified) were not enough in number to draw any conclusion.
Validation was considered very positive, but incomplete without the ffield work (later performed by Meteogrid).
ArcFUEL Final Workshop “Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries” 32
Thank you!!Ana Sebastián
Senior Project Manager
Remote Sensing Applications and Services Division
asebastian@gmv.com
GMV
Isaac Newton, 11
P.T.M. Tres Cantos
E-28760 Madrid
Tel. +34 91 807 21 00
Fax +34 91 807 21 99
www.gmv.com