Post on 10-Dec-2021
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Enhancing Energy Efficiency via Building Design
Technical Topic Webinar
Thursday 29 April
Dr. Ana EvangelistaEIT Lecturer, Civil & Structural Engineering
Presented By
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Introductions
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Dr. Ana EvangelistaCivil Engineering Lecturer
Ana is a passionate Civil Engineer and is currently a Lecturer and Work Integrated Learning Coordinator at EIT. Her research in Australia has been focused on sustainability in construction and engineering materials and her PhD research was mostly concentrated on non-destructive tests to evaluate concrete structures.
In 1997, she started her academic career coordinating and teaching units at the School of Civil Engineering at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Additionally, she managed the Construction Materials Laboratory providing external consultancy to the Construction Engineering sector.
In 2008, she joined the Environmental Engineering Program at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) conducting research and supervising higher degree students investigating eco-friendly engineering materials. From 2016 to 2019 she worked as a visiting research fellow in the area of recycled concrete at Western Sydney University / School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics. Also, she worked as a casual academic teaching Engineering and Construction Management Units.
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1 Welcome
2 Green Building certificates
3 Energy Efficiency
4 Life cycle building phases
5 BIM-LCA integration
6 Q & A
Agenda
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Green Building Certifications
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Business
• New markets
• Reduction of environmental accidents
• Increase credibility
Clients
• Reduce pollution
• Promote cleaner products and processes
Environment
• Conservation of natural resources
• Encourage recycling
•Green Star
•NABERS
•NatHERS,
•LEED
•BREEAM
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Energy Efficiency
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Buildings sector energy intensity in selected regions in the Sustainable Development Scenario
Africa, Latin America and Asia,changes in buildings sectorenergy intensity have beenspurred by a shift away fromtraditional solid biomass use.
Almost 2/3 of countries lacked mandatory
building energy codes in 2019 meaning more than 5 billion m2 were built in 2020 without mandatory
performance requirements
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Energy Efficiency
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Heating
Cooli
ng
Space cooling was responsible for
emissions of about 1 GtCO2 and nearly 8.5% of total final electricity consumption in 2019.
Most consumers purchase AC units that are two tothree times less efficient. To put cooling on track withthe SDS, energy efficiency standards need to beimplemented to improve AC energy performancemore than 50% by 2030
IEA (2020), Tracking Buildings 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-buildings-2020
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Energy Efficiency
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Lighting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2025 2030
Lighting sales by type in the SDS , 2010-2030
LED Fluorescent Other
• Maximise daylighting, avoid
glare and then use efficient
lighting layouts and fixtures
• Skylights where appropriate
• LED or compact fluorescent
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Life cycle building phases
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1. Pre-building phase starts by extracting raw materials, manufacturing and transporting to the site. 2. Building phase includes the construction and the operation and maintenance periods of buildings. 3. Post-building phase means the end of life and demolition of buildings
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BIM + LCA
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• building type, • location,• thermal properties, • project phase,• building envelope, • building zone and spaces, • building surfaces and openings, • building operating schedule, • HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning),• and outdoor air information
Green Building Studio Open LCA
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Operating energy efficiency and cooling loads
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Office buildings
Case (A) Case (B)
Subsystemapplied
Material Quantity Subsystem applied Material Quantity
Basic Structure reinforced concrete structure
cement 118,750 kg steel structure; steel beams
steel beams 324,580 kg
steel 28,858 kg
Walls masonry; brick blocks
brick 589,615 kg drywall partitions; gypsum, plaster, and foam
drywall 211,019 kg
Finishing ceramics ceramics 170,785 kg clay plaster clay plaster 14,673 kg
Windows window frame; wood
wood 260 m2 curtain wall; aluminum and glass
glazing 1,440 m2
Aluminum 98,352 kg
Table 1. Subsystems and associated construction materials
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Operating energy efficiency and cooling loads
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Office buildings in Brazil
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Estimating Heat Energy Loss
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Heat energy loss (HEL) is the process of thermal exchange that occurs through walls, floors, roofs, and windows of buildings
Assessing HEL in buildings helps designing the passive and active systems that are required to sustain sufficient thermal building conditions and minimize the consumption of natural resources
It occurs in buildings through a fabric heat loss (FHL) and ventilation heat loss (VHL)
The main factor to consider when assessing HEL is the building envelope, where heat exchange occurs from the warmer indoor environment to the cooler outer environment
CQQQ VTH ).(
BS EN 12831-1:2017
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Estimating Heat Energy Loss
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Mathematical equations are formulated and
applied to the various design factors in
order to calculate the total FHL and VHL
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Estimating fabric heat loss of construction components ( FHL =QT)
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CSUQT )..(
Source:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:U-value.jpg
QT - FHL (W); U - U-value of each building component (W/ m2. K); S - area of each building component (m2); and - the difference of air temperature between the inside and outside environment (oC).
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Estimating ventilation heat loss in buildings (VHL =QV )
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Ventilation in buildings
CVQ mafV ..34,0
QV- VHL (W); 0.34 - the Specific heat of air (W/ m2. K); Vmaf - minimum airflow rate (m3/h); and - temperature difference between the inside and outside (oC).
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Case study
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Three basic climates: tropical climates, dry climates, and
moist subtropical mid-latitude climates. These climates
cover more than 60% of the global surface area, including
large regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, America,
and South America
Letter
symbol
Climate classification Average air temperature of the cooling Period
A Tropical climates greater than 18 oC
B Dry climates between 20 and 35 oC
C Moist subtropical mid-latitude climates between -3 and 18 oC
D Moist continental mid-latitude climates less than -3 oC
E Polar climates lowest temperature ever recorded is -89.2 oC
Table 2: Köppen classification climates and average air temperature of cooling period
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Case study
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FHL at various climates VHL at various climates
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Case study
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Maximum and minimum total heat lossThe percentage breakdown of the FHL of
construction components
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BIM to Improve Energy Performance of Construction Projects
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Building Information Modeling (BIM)
dimensions
Level of importance of BIM dimensions over the entire life-
cycle phases
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BIM to Improve Energy Performance of Construction Projects
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EUI articulates the energy efficiency in buildings as a function of its size or other
characteristics such as the building function and occupation density and
daily and yearly using periods
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BIM to Improve Energy Performance of Construction Projects
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The majority of energy consumption in buildings is caused by heating, cooling and lighting purposes
Building form and typology within the built environment, considering the interaction of people and the
evolution of the concept of building design from the first conception to production
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Decision Support Analysis
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Decision Support Analysis
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Validating the Methodological Framework in a Single-Family House
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City Climate Group Sub-Type Classification
Dubai Dry Climates Hot desert climate (BWh)
Kuala Lumpur Tropical Climates Tropical rainforest climate (Af)
Moscow Continental ClimatesWarm-summer humid continental
climate (Dfb)
Mount Wellington
Polar Climates Tundra climate (ET)
Porto Mild Temperate ClimatesWarm-summer Mediterranean
climate (Csb)
Rio de Janeiro Tropical Climates Tropical savanna climate (Aw or As)
2D plan of the single-family house
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Validating the Methodological Framework in a Single-Family House
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Wall (CW) Roof (CR)Window-to-Wall Ratio
(CWR)Insulated
Concrete
Form (ICF)
wall, 10-inch-
thick form.
Insulated
Concrete
Form (ICF)
wall, 14 inch
thick form.
Continuous
Deck Roof
with Code
Compliant
Insulation.
Continuous
Deck Roof
with Super
High
Insulation.
15%
30%
40%
50%
65%
The applied alternatives of construction objects
Energy Use Intensity (EUI) results of the case study
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Validating the Methodological Framework in a Single-Family House
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Seq. Factorial Design
Wall Roof Window-to-Wall Ratio CW CR CWR
1 1 1 1 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 15%
2 1 1 2 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 30%
3 1 1 3 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 40%
4 1 1 4 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 50%
5 1 1 5 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 65%
6 1 2 1 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 15%
7 1 2 2 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 30%
8 1 2 3 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 40%
9 1 2 4 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 50%
10 1 2 5 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 65%
11 2 1 1 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 15%
12 2 1 2 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 30%
13 2 1 3 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 40%
14 2 1 4 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 50%
15 2 1 5 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 65%
16 2 2 1 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 15%
17 2 2 2 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 30%
18 2 2 3 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 40%
19 2 2 4 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 50%
20 2 2 5 ICF wall, 14 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 65%
1. Adopting a building where the CRW is 30% instead of 15%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 20.28% and 24.53% in Dubai;14.40% and 15.20% in Kuala Lumpur; 33.80% and 43.97% in Moscow; 34.78% and45.47% in Mount Wellington; 19.77% and 21.62% in Porto; and 20.58% and 24.76%in Rio de Janeiro.
2. Adopting a building where the CRW is 40% instead of 30%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 14.58% and 17.36% in Dubai; 9.54%and 11.53% in Kuala Lumpur; 18.24% and 21.96% in Moscow; 20.97% and 24.57%in Mount Wellington; 15.57% and 22.10% in Porto; and 12.58% and 14.68% in Riode Janeiro.
3. Adopting a building where the CRW is 50% instead of 40%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 12.37% and 14.25% in Dubai; 8.26%and 11.27% in Kuala Lumpur; 15.56% and 18.17% in Moscow; 17.54% and 19.77%in Mount Wellington; 16.54% and 19.32% in Porto; and 10.99% and 14.65% in Riode Janeiro.
4. Adopting a building where the CRW is 65% instead of 50%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 15.28% and 17.66% in Dubai;12.32% and 14.30% in Kuala Lumpur; 19.95% and 22.55% in Moscow; 22.07% and24.28% in Mount Wellington; 21.74% and 24.28% in Porto; and 16.24% and 19.31%in Rio de Janeiro.
The proportional impact of the exterior openings on the EUI
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Validating the Methodological Framework in a Single-Family House
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CWR
EUI (MJ/m2/year)
Dubai Kuala Lumpur MoscowMount
WellingtonPorto Rio de Janeiro
15%Lowest 471.2 489.3 955.4 616.2 476.9 439Highest 497.1 502.7 1091.7 679.6 517 462.2
Proportional Impact 5.50% 2.74% 14.27% 10.29% 8.41% 5.28%
30%Lowest 586.5 562.1 1375.5 896.4 580 547.7Highest 597.9 575.7 1460.7 916 619.2 558.1
Proportional Impact 1.94% 2.42% 6.19% 2.19% 6.76% 1.90%
40%Lowest 685.1 626.9 1677.6 1103.9 708.2 627.3Highest 688.4 630.7 1727.2 1120.9 715.6 629
Proportional Impact 0.48% 0.61% 2.97% 1.54% 1.04% 0.27%
50%Lowest 770 681.4 1982.4 1299.3 832.1 696.5Highest 786.4 698.2 1995.9 1341.2 847 720.7
Proportional Impact 2.12% 2.47% 0.68% 3.23% 1.79% 3.47%
65%Lowest 888.1 765.4 2393.4 1587.5 1013.8 809.7Highest 925.3 797.3 2430.7 1665 1051.6 859.5
Proportional Impact 4.19% 4.17% 1.56% 4.88% 3.73% 6.15%
The proportional impact of the construction components of walls and roofs on the EUI in the case
study based on window-to-wall ratio
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Insights
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Climate classification : 33–50% in energy levels when constructing the same building in continental climates and
in polar climates, respectively, compared to other climate classifications such as dry climates, tropical climates and
mild temperate climates;
Case study showed that the sub-type climate classifications have a minor role in influencing energy consumption
in buildings;
Building components of the exterior walls and roofs have an impact on the energy efficiency in buildings,
however, the space area of openings remains a significant factor among the other building components that are
highly influencing the consumption of energy.;
Strong relation between the openings and the EUI;
There is a growing interest in using BIM to
improve energy efficiency in buildings. It is
considered an ideal procedure for empowering the
sustainability and decision-making process in the
construction sector.
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Insights
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Passive design reduces or eliminates the need for auxiliary heating or cooling, which accounts for about 40% (or much morein some climates) of energy use in the average Australian home (https://www.yourhome.gov.au/);
Ceilings and roof spaces account for 25–35% of winter heat loss and must be well insulated.
Photovoltaic (solar energy) systems (shown as ‘grid-connected distributed’ in the graph) have become the dominant renewable energy technology installed for domestic systems ;
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We are currently finalizing our technical topic webinar for next month, Digital Twins in Manufacturing, which is being delivered
by one of our Mechanical and Civil Engineering lecturers, Dr. Milind Siddhpura, on the 13th of May.
The link to our next Technical Topic webinar will be provided when we send the slides and recording of this webinar to you.
Check our events page regularly here:https://www.eit.edu.au/news-events/events/
Upcoming EIT Technical Topic Webinars
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Q&A