Post on 29-Dec-2015
Bell Ringer• Do you agree or disagree with the concept of
mercantilism?• Defend your answer with proof, examples, or other
logically based support• You may use your phones to review mercantilism and
generate your idea
The Collision of CulturesChapter 1
America Before Columbus• How did North
American become populated?
• Why did these people migrate?
• What caused them to create settlements?• Agricultural Revolution
Europe Looks Westward• Who discovered America?• If you said Columbus you have fallen for the oldest lie in our country!• Leif Eriksson was the first on record to get a glimpse
• Europeans began exploring in the 1400s for two reasons:1. Huge population booms led to overcrowding and social issues as
well as the Black Death2. Drive for commerce after the Black Death
• Commerce led to a desire for new markets and new products• India and Southeast Asia were perfect to for that purpose due to
their large populations and plentiful, unusual resources
• Since the roads to Asia were difficult, especially as Muslims took control of those areas, Europeans began seeking a sea route that was safer
Europe Looks Westward• Portugal was the first to test the waters• Prince Henry the Navigator, seeking gold and to develop a Christian
empire in Africa explored the African coast• His explorations led to Bartholomeu Diaz getting to the Cape of Good
Hope and Vasco da Gama getting all the way around and up to India
• There is one explore who is more famous then all the others• Christopher Columbus sought to find a quicker path to Asia by selling
west• Unable to convince Portugal, Columbus was able to get Queen
Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition• Believing the world to be much smaller, he was not surprised when
he found “Japan” (which was really the Bahamas), and then “China” (when he got to Cuba)• The Native Americans are called Indians because Columbus thought
they were the people of India
Columbus’ Discoveries
Europe Looks Westward• While Columbus did not discover “America” he did
create a desire in Spain to explore the areas he landed on• Amerigo Vespucci, America’s namesake, was the one to
recognize America as a new continent• Ferdinand Magellan’s crew was the first to circumnavigate
the globe
• Eventually the Spaniards decided to stop looking for routes to Asia and start exploring the new world• Spain claimed all of North and South America as theirs
except Brazil (reserved for Portugal)• Spanish conquistadores were sent over to explore for gold
and treasures as well as to enslave Natives
Europe Looks Westward• Hernando Cortés was the most brutal of the
conquistadors• He attempted to enslave Natives in the islands, but had
little success• His next attempt was to control Mexico and the Aztecs• This was met with a much greater success since the
Europeans had unknowingly (at first) introduced small pox which killed off many Natives
• Spanish America came to be in three phases:1. Discovery and exploration2. Age of Conquest (brutal, used biological warfare)3. Ordinance of Discovery (laws banning brutal conquests)
led to the Age of Colonization (more peaceful)
Europe Looks Westward• While the America’s were first treated as military
conquests, they soon become religious conquests as well• Spain had many Catholic missionaries in the Americas
• Spain’s most famous American city today is St. Augustine (first permanent European settlement)
• Santa Fe was founded by Don Juan de Oñate who issued encomiendas, or licenses for Spaniards to legally force Natives to provide labor and pay “tributes”• The colony struggled to hold on due to poor relations between
Spaniards and Natives, but things did improve over time to include many conversions to Christianity and increased trade• The Spaniards did not find gold—the Pueblo’s economy was
based on cattle and sheep
Pueblo Revolt—1680• The Pueblos were being prevented from
conducting tribal rituals that conflicted with Catholic values• They revolted, killing hundreds of Europeans and
removing the Spaniards from their region for 12 years
• When the Spaniards returned, they came back with a new attitude• It is too expensive to be at odds with the Pueblos so they
decided to 1) assimilate the Natives and 2) lighten up the restrictions and allow land ownership again• They would eventually have intermarriage between the
two groups as well• This worked so well they became allies against the
Apache and Navajo
Europe Looks Westward• As the Europeans began settling the land, they
needed massive amounts of labor• There were two systems: slavery or wage system• The wage system is only slightly better than slavery
regarding how you were treated/paid
• The slave system was in such high demand their were not enough Natives to enslave—thus they began to look to Africa for the supply of labor needed• Africa, before the slave trade, was civilized and fairly well
developed• As the demand increased for slaves, Europeans bargained
with Africans who had captured other tribes to sell their prisoners to the Europeans as slaves, which they did
The Arrival of The English• England’s first explore was John Cabot (under
Henry VII)• The New World offered fresh starts in an “utopian”
environment as presented in Thomas More’s Utopia• Economic woe had befallen on England and thus the
people were looking for new opportunities to survive
• England’s first colony in the New World would land in an area of modern-day North Carolina called Roanoke• This colony did not survive• Left behind as John White went back to England to bring
back supplies, etc.; when he returned the colony was lost and the all he found was a tree with the word “Croatoan” (name of a tribe)• This colony is referred to as the “Lost Colony”
Mercantilism• Some worked for chartered companies like the
East India Company• These charters made its investors large profits and caused
a desire to expand to new markets
• The belief that there is only so much wealth in the world and the only way to get more wealth is to take it from others who have it• Under this theory you wanted to import very little and
export a large quantity of goods• Of course, colonies made ascertaining wealth very easy—
thus the push to colonize the New World
Puritans• A group of dissatisfied British Protestants became
the Puritans when they began declaring that the Church needed purifying since the Protestant Reformation didn’t generate enough reforms• Some of them defected to the Netherlands, who
immediately booted them out• Faced with returning to England where they had no power
to correct the issues of the Church, many became “Separatists” and moved to the New World
French and Dutch in America• England’s rival in North America was no the
Spaniards—rather England found themselves toe to toe with their long-time enemy, France• France settled Quebec in 1608 (1 year after the British
settled Jamestown)• The French had a strong advantage in America—they
personally interacted with the Natives by developing trade relations with the British did everything they could to avoid the Natives• Coureurs de Bois, or fur traders/trappers, developed
prosperous trade for the French economy• The relationships developed here would change the
course of the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)
French and Dutch in America• The Dutch were here too…• They had settled in the area of modern day New York• The area was called New Amsterdam• When England got serious about mercantilism, New
Amsterdam became New York
Assessment• Read p. 26-27 “Mercantilism and Colonial
Commerce”• Using what you learned today plus the article to
back you up please answer the questions on p. 37 (#1-3)
• Due at end of period