Management of Aftermath: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after a Disaster

Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem HossainDirector of Centre for Disaster and Vulnerability Studies ProfessorDepartment of Sociology University of Dhaka

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THE END-A NEW BEGINNING

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Outline of the Presentation Recovery Stage Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Difference between Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Factors/Aspects of Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Requirement of good management of

rehabilitation and reconstruction Need assessment, Sectors and Losses Actors involved in the Rehabilitation &

Reconstruction• Existing Management at Local Level in

Bangladesh

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Outline of the Presentation

• Institutions Involved in Management• Other Agencies’ Activities • Role of Union Parishad at rehabilitation

stage• Available of Resource• Relationship to other stages of DM • Guiding Principles• CDMP’s contribution to

Rehabilitation/Reconstruction• Case study: Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction after Sidr & Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District

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Recovery Stage

Returning to the community to normal Decisions and issues closely relate to

emergency response, preparedness, mitigation and long term development planning.

Combination of social, psychological, cultural, economic, architectural and political processes.

Mitigation reduces the probability of disaster occurrence

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Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Rehabilitation refers to theaction taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to resume functioning,assist victims’ self-helf efforts of repair physical damage and community facilities, revive economic activities and provide support for the psychological and social well being of the survivors (UNDP/UNDRO).

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Defining Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Reconstruction refers to the full restoration of all services, and local infrastructure, replacement of damaged physical structures, the revitalization of economy and the restoration of social and cultural life (UNDP/UNDRO).

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Difference between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

SL No

Rehabilitation Reconstruction

1 Focuses on enabling the affected population to resume more-or- less normal (pre-disaster) patterns of life.

Damaged structures and services may not necessarily be restored in their previous form or location.

2 Considered as a transitional phase between immediate relief and more major, long-term development.

It may include the replacement of any temporary arrangements established as part of emergency response or rehabilitation.

3 Essential services needed to continue to function. Example: Recovery of power line after a cyclone.

To rebuild the rehabilitated system to a higher or safer standard than before so that the future risk to the power lines from a similar damaging event would be reduced.

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Difference between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION

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Factors/Aspects of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Nature of the disaster Scale of the damage Location of the event Sectors affected Resulting losses –(direct and indirect) Available human and material

resources including institutional and local capacities

Political commitment

Requirement of Good Management at Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Wide range of skills Planning Technical sectoral experiences Resources Successful Recovery relates to the

combination of -Physical -Social

-Psychological

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Need Assessment Immediate and consequential losses Help to prioritize the rehabilitation and

reconstruction actions Initial assessment of a disaster naturally focuses

on emergency needs Met by the local communities, various ministries,

local authority departments, NGOs and sometimes international donors and agencies.

Works jointly, or separately, Some assessment of the situation initially for

relief response and eventually for rehabilitation and reconstruction decisions.

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Sectors and Losses Vulnerable to disaster impact- Buildings Infrastructure Economic assets (including formal and informal

commercial sectors, industrial and agricultural activities)

Administrative and political Psychological Cultural Social and Environmental

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Actors involved in the Rehabilitation & Reconstruction

Ministries Local Authorities Armed Forces International Government/UN agencies NGOs Media Professional, Commercial sector Communities

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Actors involved in the Different Stages

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Existing Management at Local Level in Bangladesh Follow the Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) Assess the loss and damages by the all concerned

department/agency at local level (D form:SOD) Name of Upazila, Affected Union, Affected Area Number of affected people and families Number of house damaged-totally, partially Loss of livestock, crops, salt, shrimps Educational Institutions destroyed, mosques/temples Roads, embankments destroyed Damaged power lines, forests, telecommunications,

industrial concerns Damaged tub wells, water reservoir, boat/trawler,

fishing nets, loom and others

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Institutions Involved in Management

Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation

Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Extension

Ministry of Fisheries and livestock Local Government Division

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)

Public Health Engineering Directorate (DPHE)

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Institutions Involved in Management

Ministry of Education Ministry of Land Ministry of Water Resource

Bangladesh Water Development Board

Ministry of Health & Family WelfareDirectorate of Health

Bangladesh Betar and Television Armed Forces Division

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Other Agencies’ Activities

NGOs Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Participate in reconstruction and rehabilitation programme in special circumstances

Provide assistance to the local authority in any possible way for relieving the distress of people.

Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP)

Assist in coordinating the activities of NGO

Vaccination, prevention medicines and other health measures

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RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATIONThe reconstruction program has been designed to

address the needs of beneficiaries comprehensively...

Holistic Reconstruction &

Rehabilitation

Health

Urban/Rural Reconstructi

on

Physical Infrastruct

ure

Social & Economic

Rehabilitation

Livelihood Rehabilitati

on Educatio

n

Housing

Capacity Building

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Role of Union Parishad at Rehabilitation/Reconstruction stage

Conduct rescue and relief operations round the clock (24 hrs) with the help of volunteers and UDMC

Arrange for a rapid survey in the affected areas and send reports of loss and damage to the UNO

Receive emergency relief materials from Upazila Headquarters

Ensure proper, fair and quick distribution of relief materials, houses, cash, and house blinding grants

Prepare rehabilitation schemes for affected areas through Test Relief, Food for works Programme, Vulnerable Group Feeding

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Available of Resource

Balancing between needs and resourceThe bottlenecks for speedy recovery Funds and the appropriate mechanisms for

channeling them to the survivors and the necessary sectors.

Energy and power sources required for transport, communications, industrial production and functioning of the critical facilities

Land is likely to become a scare resource -affected communities landless

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Available of Resource

The bottlenecks for speedy recovery Human resources to plan, co-ordinate

and implement rehabilitation and reconstruction

Adequate and relevant information to act upon

Administrative structure and organizations to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities

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Relationship to other stages of DM

Mitigation into reconstruction Construction code (building Code) Land-use changes Decentralization Diversification of the economy

Reconstruction and development- positive and negative influence

Reconstruction and preparedness plans Emergency relief into rehabilitation

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Dilemmas and Alternatives

Decision makers face in planning Rapid damage survey versus accurate

technical survey Repairs versus rebuilding Safety standards versus rapid

reconstruction Relocation versus reconstruction on

the same site Participation versus rapid response Public versus private investment

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Guiding Principles

The planning of recovery needs to be fully integrated;

A balance between of reform and conservatism;

Reconstruction should not be delayed;

Economic recoveries should be prerequisite for rapid physical recovery;

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Guiding Principles contd-

Reconstruction introduces to reduce future risks;

The relocation is usually not effective;

Recovery can be regarded as a therapeutic process;

The availability and maintenance of an adequate flow of cash and credit needed;

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Guiding Principles contd-

Successful reconstructions are linked to land ownership;

To maximize the use of local resources;

Physical recovery is dependent local institutions, training and leadership;

Political commitments are vital to ensure effective recovery.

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CDMP’s contribution to Rehabilitation/Reconstruction

Hazard resilient house reconstructed-101(Shatkhira, Faridpur, Jessor)

Hazard resilient house constructed-287(Shatkhira, Rajshahi)

75 km Brick Flat Soiling(BFS) roads-six Sidr affected districts

Embankment raising of pond, installation of hand deep tube well, rain water harvesting

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Build Back Better

What went wrong? Why it went wrong? And then to determine how it

can be built back better to prevent it Government, development partners and donors

must look Beyond brick and cement “replacement solutions”

to also include a comprehensive Understanding of the risk environments within

which people live and work Development, social, environmental and

economic safety nets to sustain Infrastructure, life and livelihoods be established.

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Case study: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Sidr

More than 8.9 million people in 1,950 unions of 200 upazilas under 30 districts were affected by

Cyclone Sidr. Official reports indicated an increasing death toll over 3,406 people, with 1,001

Missing and 55,282 injured. Total damage is estimated to 2.3 billion US Dollars.

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Source: CEGIS

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Loss AssessmentSl. Item Quantity (no/km)

1 Affected Households 2,064,026

2 Affected People 8,923,259

3 Fully damaged Crops (ha) 300,940

4 Partially damaged crops (ha) 700,533

5 Fully & Partially damaged house 564,967 & 957,110

6 Fully & partially damaged Educational Institution 4,231 & 12,723

7 Partially damaged Road (km) & Damaged bridge/ culverts (No.)

6,361 & 1,850

8 Damaged embankment (km) 1,875

9 Damaged Trees (No.) 4,065,316

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Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District

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Case study: Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District

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Case study: Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali DistrictCyclone SIDR

GR cash, House building grant, Programme for 100 days

2000House building by Saudi Govt, Japanese Barrack

19 Building of Cyclone Shelter, 25km Repairing road

1Constructionof Bridge, 8 Reconstruction of bridge/culvert 232 Repairing of Primary School

73 Reconstruction of College, School, and Madrasa73 Supply of furniture to the College, School, and Madrasa

Cyclone Aila: GR cash, House building grant

Source:UNO office, Galachipa, Patuakhali

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Types of Cyclone Shelter

BDRCS BRAC Saudi

Cabinet Division European Union German

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Types of Cyclone Shelter

Grameen Bank JICA-I JICA-II

LGED-I LGED-II (PEDP-II Union Parishad

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