Post on 17-Dec-2015
Disease, Symptom, and causal agent of plant diseases
Dr. Hadiwiyono
Schematic representation of the basic function in a plant (left) and the interference with this function (right) caused by general type of disease
PLANT DISEAE CONCEPT
Disease• “Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results
from continues irritation by a pathogen or environmental factor and leads to development to symptom (Agrios, 2005)”
• Adanya sel dan jaringan inang yang malfungsi sebagai akibat dari iritasi yang terus-menerus oleh suatu agens patogen atau faktor lingkungan dan mengarah pada berkembangnya gejala
• What is the healthy plant?
Disease based on the causal agents
• Infectious disease
= pathogenic disease
= parasitic disease
= parasite disease
= biotic disease• non-infectious disease
= non pathogenic disease
= non parasitic disease
= non parasite disease
= physiologic disease
= abiotic disease
TerminologyPathogen: organism-causal agents of diseaseParasite: organism life in/on other organism.
Facultative Parasite: saprophyte being bale to life as parasite. Obligative parasite: just life as parasite or true parasite
Fisiopat, physiopath: causer from abiotic factorsSaprofit, saprophyte: organism life in/on organism
residue or debries. Obligative saprophyte: true saprophyte or jast life as saphrophyte
Inang, Host: organism where the parasite or pathogen life.
Perentan, Suscept: host of pathogen and condicuve to establish a disease. Rentan, susceptible: host character by which the disease to be conduce for disease occur><tahan, resistant.
Terminology( continued )
Toleran, tolerant: suitable as host but the disease is very mildPatogenisitas, pathogenisity: capability of parasitic organism as pathogenVirulensi, keganasan, virulence: capability of pathogen to produce the diseaseNekrotrof, necrotroph: parasite by which life and obtain their food from dead tissueBiotrof, biotroph: parasite by which life and obtain their food from life tissue
DISEASE SYMPTOM
Symptoms:
“are the expressions by suscept or host of a pathogenic condition by which a particular plant disease may be distinguished from other diseases” (Ilag, 1987).
• Adalah kenampakan perentan atau inang dari suatu keadaan patogenik sehingga suatu penyakit tertentu dapat dibedakan dari penyakit lain
Based on the type of symptom:1. Hyperplasic; hypertrophic
hyper=high, tooplastic= changetroph = growth
2. Hypoplastic; hypotrophichypo= low, lack
3. Necrotic and necrotrophic Necrotic= dead or killing tissue
Hyperplastic Symptom: Club root caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae on
cabbage
hiperplastic
Spore of pathogenWilting sysmptom
Root knot nematode damage to tomato in the fields
Galls on tomato roots caused by Root-knot Meloidogyne spp.
Root-knot nematode-affected root system on left, healthy on right.
Roots of a legume. Nitrogen-fixing nodules are attached only to the sides of roots.
Hiperplastic
Crown gall of Mark apple rootstock (Courtesy A.L. Jones).
Crown gall tumour on an elm tree.
Crown gall symptoms on organically grown tomato (cv. Dometica)
Hyperplastic
Hipoplastic, Banana bunchy to virus
Hypoplastic: RICE GRASSY STUNT VIRUS
Hipoplastik: Tomato Stunted Curly Top Virus
Mosaic Virus symptoms on Rose
Pea enation mosaic virus
Aple mosaic virus
Hypoplastic
Maize chlorotic mottle virus
Strawberry mottle virus
Bean pod mottle virus on soybean
Hypo-Hyperplastic
Oak leaf blister caused by Taphrina caerulescens
Tea leaf blister caused by Exobasidium vexans
Hyperplasic
Symptom of basal rot of garlic cased by F.o. fsp. cepae
Necrotic symptom
Symptom and conidia of Alterneria porrii on
A. Gejala bercak ungu (purple spot) of leek; B. Conidia under stereo microscope; C. Conidia under compound mikrosocpe
Nekrotic
Leaf rot of petsai
caused Rhizoctonia
solani
Necrotic symptom
Necrotic: Anthracnose on avocado caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Setae of acervulli
Necrotic: leaf spot of cabbage caused by Alternaria brassicae
leaf blight, Phytophthora infestan of tomato is also referred to as buckeye rot because of the characteristic lesions on the fruit.
Nekrotic
Algal leaf spot (red rust) on mango and many other tropical fruit crops is caused by the green alga, Cephaleuros virescens. The algal thallus is orange to rust colored and develops below the host cuticle under wet conditions.
SPICIFIC SYMPTOM1. Kelayuan, wilting2. Etiolasi, etiolation3. Klorosis, chlorosis4. Mosaik, mosaic5. Belang, mottling6. Pemucatan urat daun, Vein clearing7. Penggelapan urat daun, Vein
banding8. Pembusukan, rotting9. Bercak, spot10.Hawar, blight11. Lobang tembak, Shot hole12.Kanker, cancer13.Pemumian, mummification14.Mati pucuk, die-back15.Roset, Rosetting16.Peruntuhan, Abscission17.Keriting, Curling
18.Kudis, Scab19.Bergaris, Streak or stripe20.Kerdil, Stunting21.Rebah semai, damping off22.Fasiasi, fasciation23.Blast24.Karat, rust25.Pustul, Pustule 26.Kalus, Callus27.Salah bentuk, Malformation28.Tilosis, tylosis29. Puru, Gall30.Filodi, phylody31.Sarkodi, Sarcody32.EmbunTepung, powdery mildew33.Embun upas, Donwny mildew34.Antrak, antractnose35.Cacar, blister
Specific symptom caused by some virus
A. cucumber mozaic virus on lettuce, B. Beet yellow stunt virus on crisphead lettuce (Davis et al. 2002), C. Zucchini yellow mozaic virus pada Summer squash (Zitter et al.,1998)
A B C
Examples of symptom caused by toxic herbicide being like symptom caused
by virus
A. Leaf of squash is damaged by 2,4-D, B. Glyphosate
Examples of symptom caused by mites being like symptom caused by virus
A. Symptom of cucumber leaf attacked by spider mites, B. Spider mites, Tetranychus sp.
DISEASE SIGN
Pathogen structure associating cell, tissue, organ of infected plant
As indicator of the disease where the infection occur on/in the cell, tissue, organ of infected plant
Some disease signs need microscopic observation
Whitish myselia and Sclerotia looking the seed of brasicae
Disease sign and specific structure Sclerotium rolsii
Disease sign of blood disease of banana
a. Ooze coming out from vascular system of dipped tissues,b. Fogy water after shaking the dipped tissues c. Ooze exuded from cross section of banana peduncled. Ooze exuded by the bract of banana flower
a b-1 b-2 c d
Disease sign- bacterial ooze coming out from the vascular system
A
B
A. Sticky strand test on cut stem with bacterial streaming (oozing) from xylem vessels of melon infected Ervinia tracheiphila, causing bacterial wilt B. Oozing test , showing bacterial mass coming out from vascular tissue
Disease sign: specific structure of virus in infected tissue
• Potyviridae producing ‘pinwheel’ inclusions
Powdery mildew on Oak leaf Powdery mildew on melon caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum
Assignment I: explain what type of the symptoms and give a sample of each. Do with hand writing!
1. Kelayuan, wilting2. Etiolasi, etiolation3. Klorosis, chlorosis4. Mosaik, mosaic5. Belang, mottling6. Pemucatan urat daun, Vein clearing7. Penggelapan urat daun, Vein
banding8. Pembusukan, rotting9. Bercak, spot10.Hawar, blight11. Lobang tembak, Shot hole12.Kanker, cancer13.Pemumian, mummification14.Mati pucuk, die-back15.Roset, Rosetting16.Peruntuhan, Abscission17.Keriting, Curling
18.Kudis, Scab19.Bergaris, Streak or stripe20.Kerdil, Stunting21.Rebah semai, damping off22.Fasiasi, fasciation23.Blast24.Karat, rust25.Pustul, Pustule 26.Kalus, Callus27.Salah bentuk, Malformation28.Tilosis, tylosis29. Puru, Gall30.Filodi, phylody31.Sarkodi, Sarcody32.EmbunTepung, powdery mildew33.Embun upas, Donwny mildew34.Antrak, antractnose35.Cacar, blister