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DIRECTORY OFCONTRIBUTORS
y= DECEASED
JON ABBINK
Leiden University, AfricanStudies CentreSenior Researcher
Warfare: Overview
ISMAIL H. ABDALLA
College of William and Mary,Department of HistoryProfessor
Healing and Health Care:Islamic Medicine
Islam: OverviewPilgrimages, Islamic
GARIBA ABDUL-KORAH
The College of Saint Rose,Department of History andPolitical ScienceAssistant Professor
Ghana: Geography andEconomy
WILLIAM M. ADAMS
University of Cambridge,Department of GeographyProfessor
Water and Irrigation
WILLIAM Y. ADAMS
University of Kentucky,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Nubia
AGBENYEGA TONY
ADEDZE
Illinois State University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Museums: Memory
MORADEWUN
ADEJUNMOBI
University of California, Davis,Department of AfricanAmerican and African StudiesAssociate Professor and Director
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Malagasy
OLUTAYO ADESINA
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of HistoryProfessor
Adama, ModibboDu Bois, W. E. B.IbadanNigeria: Society and Cultures,
Northwest Nigeria
CLEMENT EMENIKE
ADIBE
DePaul University, Department ofPolitical ScienceAssociate Professor
United Nations: Africa in theUnited Nations
ALI JIMALE AHMED
Queens College and theGraduate Center of the CityUniversity of New York,Department of ComparativeLiteratureProfessor
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Somali
ALI AHMIDA
University of New England,Department of Political ScienceChair and Professor
Libya: History and Politics
J. F. ADE AJAYI
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Crowther, Samuel AjayiJohnson, SamuelKano, Alhaji AminuMacaulay, Zachary
S. ADEMOLA AJAYI
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of HistorySenior Lecturer
qAli, Mohammed DuseFreetownHarris, William WadeKano
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
G. A. AKINOLA
University of Ibadan, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Colonialism and Imperialism:The African Experience
AKINTUNDE AKINYEMI
University of Florida, Departmentof African and Asian Languagesand LiteraturesAssociate Professor
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Yoruba
HEATHER MARIE AKOU
Indiana University, Departmentof Apparel Merchandising andInterior DesignAssistant Professor
Body Adornment andClothing: Trade
E. J. ALAGOA
University of Port Harcourt,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Historiography: Oral
ERDMUTE ALBER
University of Bayreuth,Department of EthnologyProfessor
Benin: Society and Cultures
PETER ALEGI
Michigan State University,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Sports: Overview
RICHARD ALLEN
Worcester, MAResearch Consultant
Mauritius: Geography andEconomy
Mauritius: Society andCultures
ReunionSeychelles: Geography and
Economy
Seychelles: History andPolitics
Seychelles: Society andCultures
TIM ALLEN
London School of Economics,Development Studies InstituteUniversity Reader
Aid and Development:Humanitarian Assistance
CLAUDE ALLIBERT
Centre d’Etude et de Recherchessur l’Ocean Indien occidentalDirector
Indian Ocean, Africa, Historyof (1000 BCE to 600CE)
EDWARD A. ALPERS
University of California, LosAngeles, Department of HistoryProfessor
Ivory
HOYT ALVERSON
Dartmouth College, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Names and Naming
IFI AMADIUME
Dartmouth College, Departmentof ReligionProfessor
Diop, Cheikh Anta
CHARLES H. AMBLER
University of Texas at El Paso,Department of HistoryProfessor
Stimulants and Intoxicants:Alcohol
Urbanism and Urbanization:Historic
DAVID AMBROSE
National University of LesothoAssociate Professor
Maseru
SAMIR AMIN
Third World ForumDirector
Neocolonialism
KHALID AMINE
Abdelmalek Essaa University,Department of EnglishSenior Professor
Theater: Northern Africa
KWASI AMPENE
University of Colorado-Boulder,College of Music, Department ofMusicologyAssociate Professor
Mensah, E. T.
KWAME ANTHONY APPIAH
Princeton University, Departmentof PhilosophyProfessor
Philosophy and the Study ofAfrica
ANDREW APTER
University of California, LosAngeles, Departments of Historyand AnthropologyProfessor
Festivals and Carnivals
CLAUDE ARDOUIN
British Museum, Department ofAfrica, Oceania, and theAmericas, Africa SectionCurator
Museums: History
NICOLAS ARGENTI
Brunel University, School of SocialSciencesResearch Lecturer
Youth: MovementsYouth: Rural
JOHN ARGYLE
University of Natal, Departmentof Social AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Dance: Social Meaning
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
MARY JO ARNOLDI
National Museum of NaturalHistory, Smithsonian Institution,Department of AnthropologyCurator
Masks and Masquerades:Sub-Saharan Africa
KELLY M. ASKEW
University of Michigan,Department of Anthropology andCenter for Afroamerican andAfrican StudiesAssociate Professor
Mongella, Gertrude I.Socialism and Postsocialisms
RALPH A. AUSTEN
University of Chicago,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Economic HistorySlave Trades: Northeastern
Africa and Red Sea
TOKUNBO AYOOLA
Tulane University, Department ofHistoryAssistant Professor
Transportation: Railways
MARIO AZEVEDO
Jackson State University,Department of Epidemiology andBiostatisticsProfessor
Bokassa, Jean-BedelCentral African Republic:
History and PoliticsChad: Geography and
Economy
CHUKWUMA AZUONYE
University of Massachusetts atBoston, Department of AfricanaStudiesProfessor
Literature: Modern Poetry
O. BABALOLA
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of AgronomyProfessor
Soils
TESSY D. BAKARY
Laval University, Department ofPolitical ScienceProfessor
Houphouet-Boigny, Felix
AIDA BAMIA
University of Florida, Departmentof African and Asian Languagesand LiteraturesProfessor Emeritus
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Arabic
MWESIGA BAREGU
University of Dar es Salaam,Department of Political ScienceProfessor
Nyerere, Julius KambarageTanzania: History and
Politics
LAWRENCE S. BARHAM
University of Liverpool, School ofArchaeology, Classics, andEgyptologyProfessor
Archaeology and Prehistory:Stone Age Societies
BAWURO M. BARKINDO
National Boundary Commission,Lagos
Kanemi, Muhammad al-Amin al-
NIGEL BARLEY
British Museum, Department ofEthnographyAssistant Keeper
Ceramics
ALAN BARNARD
University of Edinburgh,Scotland, School of Social andPolitical StudiesProfessor
Botswana: Society andCultures
Kinship and Descent
SANDRA T. BARNES
University of Pennsylvania,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
LagosNigeria: Society and
Cultures, SouthwestNigeria
TERESA BARNES
University of the Western Cape,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Harare
JOHNATHAN B. BASCOM
Calvin College, Department ofGeographyProfessor
Sudan: Geography andEconomy
IAN BAUCOM
Duke University, Department ofEnglishChair
Gordimer, NadineNwapa, FloraSchreiner, OliveSekhukhune ITutuola, Amos
ROBERT M. BAUM
University of Missouri, Columbia,Department of Religious StudiesAssociate Professor
Women: Women and Non-Islamic Religion
EDNA G. BAY
Emory University, GraduateInstitute of the Liberal Arts
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
ProfessorOuidahWestern Africa, Forest
Region, History of (1000to 1880)
CYNTHIA BECKER
Boston University, Department ofArt HistoryAssistant Professor
Masks and Masquerades:Northern Africa
HEIKE BEHREND
University of Cologne, Institute ofAfrican StudiesProfessor
Lakwena, AlicePhotography: Aesthetics and
Social Significance
T. O. BEIDELMAN
New York University, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Anthropology, Social, andthe Study of Africa
Kings and Kingdoms
MHAMMAD BENABOUD
Abdelmalek Essaadi University,Tetouan, Morocco, Faculty ofLetters, Department of HistoryProfessor
Tetouan
WOLFGANG BENDER
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat,Mainz, Institut fur Ethnologieund Afrika-StudienProfessor
Music, Modern Popular:Overview
F. JOHN BENNETT
Primary Health CareConsultant
Disease: Sexually TransmittedHealing and Health Care:
Hospitals and Clinics
PATRICK BENNETT
University of Wisconsin,Department of African StudiesProfessor Emeritus
Writing Systems: AfricanScripts
Writing Systems: Overview
MARLA C. BERNS
University of California, LosAngeles, Fowler MuseumDirector
Odundo, Magdalene
STEPHANIE F. BESWICK
Ball State University, Departmentof HistoryAssociate Professor
Sudan, Eastern, History of(1500 to 1880 CE)
J. JOOST BEUVING
Free University Amsterdam,Faculty of Social Sciences,Department of Social ResearchMethodologyUniversity Lecturer
Immigration and ImmigrantGroups: Lebanese
SURENDRA BHANA
University of Kansas, Departmentof HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Immigration and ImmigrantGroups: Indian
ANN BIERSTEKER
Yale University, Departments ofAfrican Studies and LinguisticsAssociate Professor
Farah, NuruddinLanguages: Malayo-
PolynesianLiterature: TranslationLiteratures in European
Languages: AnglophoneEastern Africa
Lopes, HenriMaathai, Wangari
DAVID BIRMINGHAM
University of Kent atCanterbury, Department ofHistoryProfessor Emeritus
Colonial Policies andPractices: Portuguese
WILLIAM BISSELL
Lafayette College, Department ofAnthropology and SociologyAssistant Professor
Architecture: Town PlanningZanzibar City
HELMUT BLEY
University of Hannover,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Colonial Policies andPractices: German
HARVEY BLUME
Independent ScholarBenga, Ota
NEMATA BLYDEN
George Washington University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Garvey, Marcus MosiahImmigration and Immigrant
Groups: AfricanAmerican
ALEX BOATENG
Gateway Community College,Department of HumanitiesInstructor
Theater: AnglophoneWestern Africa
BOUBACAR BOCOUM
World Bank, Department of Oil,Gas, Mining, and ChemicalsProject Officer
Production Strategies:Mining, Modern
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
MICHAEL BOLLIG
Institut fur Volkerkunde,Universitat zu Koln, Departmentof PhilosophyProfessor
Production Strategies:Peripatetic Production
GEORGE CLEMENT BOND
Columbia University, TeachersCollege, Program in Anthropologyand EducationProfessor
Lenshina, AliceProphetic Movements:
Central AfricaZambia: Geography and
EconomyZambia: Society and Cultures
MICHAEL E. BONINE
University of Arizona, Tucson,Department of GeographyProfessor
Tripoli
CHARLES BONN
University of Lyon, Department ofComparative LiteraturesProfesseur Emerite
Kateb, Yacine
ALAN R. BOOTH
Ohio University, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Sobhuza I and II
CHRISTO BOTHA
University of Namibia,Department of HistoryProfessor
Namibia: Geography andEconomy
JANE BOULDEN
Royal Military College of Canada,Department of Politics andEconomicsCanada Research Chair
United Nations: UnitedNations in Africa
MICHAEL BOURDILLON
University of Zimbabwe,Department of SociologyProfessor Emeritus
Labor: Child
LOUISE M. BOURGAULT
Northern Michigan University,Department of Communicationand Performance StudiesProfessor
Media: Overview
ARTHUR BOURGEOIS
Governors State University,Illinois, Department of ArtProfessor
Art, Regional Styles: CentralAfrica
CYNTHIA GRANT BOWMAN
Cornell University, School of LawProfessor
Women: Women and theLaw
STEVEN BRANDT
University of Florida, Departmentof AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Plants: Domestication
MICHAEL BRATTON
Michigan State University,Department of Political ScienceProfessor
Kaunda, Kenneth
DEBORAH BRAUTIGAM
American University, School ofInternational ServiceAssociate Professor
Immigration and ImmigrantGroups: Chinese
COLIN BREEN
University of Ulster, Centre forMaritime Archaeology
LecturerArchaeology and Prehistory:
Marine
NANA ARHIN BREMPONG
National Commission on Culture,GhanaDirector
Osei TutuPrempeh, Agyeman
CAROL BRENNAN
Freelance WriterZambezi River
LOUIS BRENNER
University of London, School ofOriental and Asian Studies,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Hamallah of NioroMukhtar, Sidi al-
MICHAEL BRETT
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of HistoryEmeritus Reader
Egypt, Early: IslamicImmigration and Immigrant
Groups: Arab
ROY C. BRIDGES
Aberdeen University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Livingstone, David
DAVID WARWICK
BROKENSHA
University of Cape Town,Department of SocialAnthropologyHonorary Professor
Energy: Domestic
GEORGE E. BROOKS
Indiana University atBloomington, Department ofHistoryProfessor Emeritus
Correia, Mae Aurelia
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
KENNETH L. BROWN
Mediterraneans /MediterraneennesFounding Editor
Rabat and Sale
L. CARL BROWN
Princeton University,Department of NearEastern StudiesProfessor Emeritus
Colonial Policies andPractices: French NorthAfrica
Northern Africa: HistoricalLinks withMediterranean
DEBORAH FAHY BRYCESON
Oxford University, AfricanStudies CentreResearch Associate
Peasants: Eastern Africa
LYNNE BRYDON
Centre of West African Studies,University of BirminghamSenior Lecturer
Education, School:Anglophone WesternAfrica
PHILIP BURNHAM
University College London,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Cameroon: Society andCultures
EDOUARD BUSTIN
Boston University, African StudiesCenterProfessor
Colonial Policies andPractices: Belgian
ANDREW BYERLEY
Stockholm University, Sweden,Department of Human GeographyResearcher
Uganda: Geography andEconomy
KATHARYN CALDERA
University of California atBerkeley, Department ofAnthropology
LuandaYaounde
JOHN C. CALDWELL
Australian National University,Canberra, Research School ofSocial Science, Demography andSociology ProgramProfessor Emeritus
Demography: PopulationData and Surveys
JEFFREY CALLEN
University of California at LosAngeles, Department ofEthnomusicologyPostdoctoral Fellow
Music, Modern Popular:Northern Africa
BRUCE CAMPBELL
Charles Darwin University, Schoolfor Environmental ResearchDirector
Plants: Varieties and Uses
GWYN CAMPBELL
McGill University, Indian OceanWorld Centre, Department ofHistoryCanada Research Chair
Madagascar and WesternIndian Ocean, History of(Early to 1500)
Slave Trades: Indian Ocean
MARIA CARDEIRA DA SILVA
Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Mauritania: Geography andEconomy
MARGRET CAREY
Independent scholarArts: BeadsArts: Sculpture
VINCENT CARRETTA
University of Maryland,Department of EnglishProfessor
Equiano, Olaudah
NEIL CARRIER
St Antony’s College, Centre forAfrican StudiesPostdoctoral Fellow
Stimulants and Intoxicants:Overview
REBECCA CASSIDY
Goldsmiths College, University ofLondon, Department ofAnthropologySenior Lecturer
Symbols and Symbolism:Animal
A. PETER CASTRO
Syracuse University, MaxwellSchool, Department ofAnthropologyAssociate Professor
Energy: DomesticForestry: Eastern Africa
ELIZABETH CHALLINOR
CRIA-Network Centre forAnthropological Research, Lisbon,PortugalResearcher
Cape Verde: Geography andEconomy
ERIC CHARRY
Wesleyan University, Departmentof MusicAssociate Professor
Ethnomusicology and theStudy of Africa
Keita, FodebaKeita, SalifN’Dour, Youssou
New Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume5 - Finals/9/11/2007 21:25 PM Page 419
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
DAVID CHIDESTER
University of Cape Town,Department of Religious StudiesProfessor
Religion and the Study ofAfrica
LUCY CHIPETA
University of Malawi,Department of Geography andEarth SciencesLecturer
Blantyre
DIANE CIEKAWY
Ohio University, Department ofSociology and AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Witchcraft: Witchcraft andProphetism
JULIA CLANCY-SMITH
University of Arizona,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Bin Shaykh, TawhidaBouhired, DjamilaDjebar, Assia
GILLIAN CLARK
University of Bristol, Departmentof Classics and Ancient HistoryProfessor
Augustine of Hippo, Saint
JOHN F. CLARK
Florida International University,Department of InternationalRelationsAssociate Professor
Congo, Republic of: Historyand Politics
DUNCAN CLARKE
Independent ScholarTextiles
TIMOTHY DALE
CLEAVELAND
University of Georgia,Department of History
Associate ProfessorWal�ata
REGINALD A. CLINE-COLE
University of Birmingham, Centreof West African StudiesSenior Lecturer
Forestry: Western Africa
JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK
Natural History Museum,London, Department of Zoology
Livestock: Domestication
JAMES R. COCHRANE
University of Cape Town,Department of Religious StudiesProfessor
Huddleston, Trevor
MICHELLE COCHRANE
University of California, Berkeley,Department of Public HealthPostdoctoral Fellow
Disease: HIV/AIDS,Medical Aspects
RONALD COHEN
University of Florida, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Government: HistoricalPolitical Systems
E. JOHN COLLINS
University of Ghana at Legon,School of Performing Arts,Department of MusicProfessor
Music, Modern Popular:Western Africa
ROBERT O. COLLINS
University of California, SantaBarbara, Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Nile RiverTransportation: River
BARBARA COOPER
Rutgers University, Departmentof HistoryDirector
Niger: Society and Cultures
FREDERICK COOPER
New York University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Colonialism and Imperialism:Overview
Decolonization
JEREMY COOTE
University of Oxford, Pitt RiversMuseumJoint Head of Collections
Art, Regional Styles: EasternAfrica
R. L. COPE
University of the Witwatersrand,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Cetshwayo
ELISABETH COPET-
ROUGIERyCollege de FranceProfessor Emeritus
Marriage Systems
DAVID B. COPLAN
University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Popular Culture: SouthernAfrica
CATHERINE COQUERY-
VIDROVITCH
Universite Diderot-Paris-7,Laboratoire SEDET/CNRS(Societes en Developpement dansl’Espace et le Temps)Professor Emerita
Colonial Policies andPractices: French Westand Equatorial Africa
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Gender: OverviewProduction Strategies:
OverviewWomen: Overview
RAYMOND CORBEY
Leiden University, Department ofArchaeologyProfessor
Heritage, Cultural: Trade
DENNIS D. CORDELL
Southern Methodist University,Clements Department of HistoryProfessor
Demography: Overview
ANTONIO CORREIA E SILVA
University of Cape VerdeDirector
Cape Verde: Society andCultures
LOUISE CRANEyDurham, NC
Games
EVE L. CROWLEY
Rural Institutions andParticipation Service, Departmentof Sustainable DevelopmentSenior Officer
Cape Verde: Society andCultures
Guinea-Bissau: Society andCultures
DONALD CRUMMEY
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department ofHistoryProfessor Emeritus
Production Strategies: PlowFarming
Tewodros
JAMES CURREY
James Currey PublishersChair
Media: Book Publishing
NORBERT CYFFER
University of Vienna, Institute forAfrican StudiesProfessor
Languages: Nilo-Saharan
M. E. KROPP DAKUBU
University of Ghana, Institute ofAfrican StudiesProfessor
Ghana: Society and Cultures
PAUL DARBY
University of Ulster atJordanstown, School of SportsStudies, Faculty of Life andHealth SciencesSenior Lecturer
Sports: Football
BASIL DAVIDSON
Bristol UniversityIndependent Scholar
Cabral, Amılcar LopesMachel, Samora MoisesMondlane, Eduardo
ChivamboNationalismNeto, AgostinhoPereira, Aristides Maria
DIANA K. DAVIS
University of Texas at Austin,Department of Geography and theEnvironmentAssistant Professor
Morocco: Geography andEconomy
NATALIE ZEMON DAVIS
Princeton University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor Emerita
Leo Africanus
FILIP DE BOECK
Catholic University of Leuven,Africa Research Centre,Department of Social andCultural AnthropologyProfessor
Kinshasa
EMILIE DE BRIGARD
FilmResearch, Higganum, CTIndependent Scholar
Film and Cinema
WILLY DE CRAEMERyUniversity of PennsylvaniaAssociate Professor Emeritus
Tempels, Placied
JOHN W. DE GRUCHY
University of Cape Town,Department of Religious StudiesSenior Research Associate
Tutu, Desmond Mpilo
LUC DE HEUSCH
Universite Libre de Bruxelles,Center for CulturalAnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Kingship
PIERRE DE MARET
Universite Libre de Bruxelles,Department of Archaeology andAnthropologyProfessor
Prehistory: Central Africa
ALEX DE WAAL
Social Science Research CouncilProgram Director
Disease: HIV/AIDS, Socialand Political Aspects
Famine
CHRIS DE WET
Rhodes University, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Peasants: Southern Africa
HILARY JOHN DEACON
University of Stellenbosch, CapeTown, Department of ArchaeologyProfessor
Prehistory: Southern Africa
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
CHRISTOPHER DECORSE
Syracuse University, Departmentof AnthropologyChair and Professor
Prehistory: Western Africa
MARK W. DELANCEY
University of South Carolina,Department of Government andInternational StudiesProfessor Emeritus
Ahidjo, El Hajj Ahmadou
MARIE-BENEDICTE
DEMBOUR
University of Sussex, Schoolof LawProfessor
Congo Independent State
FASSIL DEMISSIE
DePaul University, Department ofPublic Policy StudiesAssociate Professor
Urbanism and Urbanization:Colonial
ADEL P. DEN HARTOG
Wageningen University, TheNetherlands, Division of HumanNutritionProfessor Emeritus
Food: Nutrition
FRANCIS M. DENG
Sudan Peace Support ProjectDirector
Slavery and ServileInstitutions: Sudan
LARAY DENZER
Independent ScholarCummings-John, Constance
AgathaRansome-Kuti,
OlufunmilayoStevens, Siaka
BILL DERMAN
Michigan State University,Department of Anthropology andAfrican Studies CenterProfessor
Peasants: Western Africa
RENE DEVISCH
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Africa Research CenterProfessor Special Emeritus
Divination and Oracles
ROBERT DEWAR
University of Cambridge,McDonald Institute forArchaeological ResearchFellow
Madagascar: Early Settlement
MIALA DIAMBOMBA
Universite Laval, Faculty ofEducation SciencesProfessor
Education, School:Francophone CentralAfrica
GERRIT J. DIMMENDAAL
University of Cologne, Institute ofAfrican StudiesProfessor
Linguistics, Historical
JESSE A. DIZARD
Southwest Oregon CommunityCollege
BanguiHararPort-Louis
JACQUELINE COGDELL
DJEDJE
University of California, LosAngeles, Department ofEthnomusicologyProfessor
Nketia, J. H. Kwabena
AIDAN DODSON
University of Bristol, Departmentof Archaeology and ArchaeologyResearch Fellow
Egypt, Early: New Kingdom
EMMANUEL DONGALA
Simon’s Rock College of Bard,Natural Sciences ProgramChair
Pointe-Noire
MARY DOUGLASyUniversity of London, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Taboo and Sin
SUSAN DRUCKER-BROWN
Cambridge University,Department of Sociology andAnthropologyProfessor
Food: Preparation andCuisines
BRIAN M. DU TOIT
University of Florida, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Immigration and ImmigrantGroups: European
MYRON ECHENBERG
McGill University, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Burkina Faso: Geography andEconomy
Burkina Faso: History andPolitics
ROBERT EDGAR
Howard University, Departmentof African StudiesProfessor
Lesotho: Geography andEconomy
Lesotho: History and Politics
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
CHRISTOPHER EHRET
University of California, LosAngeles, Department of HistoryProfessor
Early Human Society,History of (c. 50,000 BPto 19,000 BCE)
Technological SpecializationPeriod, History of (c.19.000 to 5000 BCE)
SIMEON EHUI
World Bank Africa Region,Sustainable DevelopmentDepartmentSector Leader
Agriculture: World Markets
DALE F. EICKELMAN
Dartmouth College, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
qAli, MuhammadBen Barka, MehdiBin Ali, Zine el-AbidineCasablancaEducation, University and
College: Northern AfricaFezHasan II of MoroccoIbn Khaldun, Abd al-RahmanMorocco: History and
PoliticsMorocco: Society and
CulturesMubarak, HusniMuhammad VINasser, Gamal AbdelPolitical Systems: Islamic
ANDREW EISENBERG
Northwestern University,Department of Music
Music, Modern Popular:Eastern Africa
MAUREEN N. EKE
Central Michigan University,Department of EnglishProfessor
Soyinka, Wole
ABOULKACEM AFULAY EL
KHATIR
Institut Royal de la CultureAmizighe, Center forAnthropological and SociologicalStudiesResearcher
Popular Culture: NorthernAfrica
MOHAMED EL MANSOUR
Mohammed V University, Rabat,Department of HistoryProfessor
MarrakeshMorocco and Sub-Saharan
Africa
IVANA ELBL
Trent University, Department ofHistoryAssociate Professor
Travel and Exploration:European (Pre-1500)
MANSOUR O. EL-KIKHIA
University of Texas at SanAntonio, Department of PoliticalScience and GeographyChair
Qadhdhafi, Muammar
NNAMDI ELLEH
University of Cincinnati, Collegeof Design, Architecture, Art, andPlanningAssociate Professor
Architecture: ContemporaryArchitecture: MonumentalYamoussoukro
KAROLA ELWERT-
KRETSCHMER
Graduate Institute ofDevelopment Studies, Geneva,Switzerland
Benin: Geography andEconomy
Vodun
MOHA ENNAJI
University of Fez, Morocco,Department of EnglishProfessor
Allal al-FassiBouabid, AbderrahimMekki, AichaMohammed VZayani, Moha ou Hammou
VEIT ERLMANN
University of Texas at Austin,School of MusicProfessor
Ladysmith Black MambazoMusic, Modern Popular:
Southern Africa
MANASSE
ESOAVELOMANDROSO
University of Antananarivo,Madagascar, Department ofHistory
Madagascar and WesternIndian Ocean, History of(1500 to 1895)
MARTIN EVANS
University of Leicester,Department of GeographyResearch Associate
Military Organizations:Guerrilla Forces
PABLO B. EYZAGUIRRE
International Plant GeneticResources Institute (IPGRI),RomeSenior Scientist
Plantation Economies andSocieties
MARCEL FAFCHAMPS
Oxford University, Department ofEconomicsProfessor
Economics and the Study ofAfrica
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
J. D. FAGEyUniversity of Birmingham,Institute of West African StudiesProfessor Emeritus
Dike, Kenneth Onwuka
LAURA FAIR
Michigan State University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Mohammed, Bibi TitiSaad, Siti binti
FRANCIS FALCETO
French Center of EthiopianStudies, Addis AbabaAssociate Searcher
Music, Modern Popular:Ethiopia
TOYIN FALOLA
University of Texas at Austin,Department of HistoryProfessor
Awolowo, ObafemiTinubu, Madame
RICHARD FARDON
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of Anthropology andSociologyProfessor
Knowledge: Traditional
FRANK FARQUHARSON
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,Wallingford, Water ResourcesGroupFellow
Hydrology
RODOLFO FATTOVICH
University of Naples L’Orientale,Department of African andArabian StudiesProfessor
Prehistory: Ethiopia and theHorn
FRANCOIS-XAVIER
FAUVELLE-AYMAR
National Center for ScientificResearch, France, French Centerfor Ethiopian Studies, AddisAbabaDirector
Ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibnAbdullah
DERICK FAY
Union College, Department ofAnthropologyVisiting Assistant Professor
Land: Reform
GILLIAN FEELEY-HARNIK
University of Michigan,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Death, Mourning, andAncestors
Madagascar: Religion in
ROQUINALDO FERREIRA
University of Virginia,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Benguela
EDDA L. FIELDS-BLACK
Carnegie Mellon University,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Guinea: Society and Cultures
RUTH FINNEGAN
Open University, Faculty of SocialSciencesProfessor
Literature: Oral
NIALL FINNERAN
School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, Department of ArtHistory and ArchaeologyHonorary Research Associate
AksumArchaeology and Prehistory:
Christian
Northeastern Africa, ClassicalPeriod, History of (1000BCE to 600 CE)
Travel and Exploration:Chinese
KATHERINE FISHBURN
Michigan State University,Department of EnglishProfessor Emeritus
Emecheta, Buchi
C. F. FISIY
World Bank, Department of SocialDevelopment in East AsiaSector Manager
Research: Scholarly Ethics
JEFFREY FLEISHER
Rice University, Department ofAnthropologyAssistant Professor
Urbanism and Urbanization:Prehistoric
WILLIAM J. FOLTZ
Yale University, Department ofPolitical ScienceProfessor Emeritus
Chad: History and PoliticsGovernment: MilitarySenegal: History and Politics
JOSHUA BERNARD FORREST
University of Pittsburgh,Graduate School of Public andInternational AffairsAdjunct Faculty
Nujoma, Samuel Shafiishuna
ODILE FRANK
International LabourOrganization, Geneva, Researchand Policy Analysis UnitSenior Research and Policy Adviser
Demography: Fertility andInfertility
Demography: Mortality
ROSALIND FREDERICKS
University of California, Berkeley,Department of Geography
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Doctoral CandidateNiger River
G. S. P. FREEMAN-
GRENVILLEyIndependent Scholar
AzaniaBushiri ibn SalimChingulia, Dom JeronimoGama, Vasco da
MICHAEL FRISHKOPF
University of Alberta, Canada,Department of Music, Faculty ofArtsAssociate Professor
Music: Islamic
CHRISTOPHER FYFE
University of EdinburghBlyden, Edward WilmotHorton, James Africanus
Beale
C. MAGBAILY FYLE
Ohio State University,Department of African Americanand African StudiesProfessor
Sierra Leone: Geography andEconomy
SAMBA GADJIGO
Mount Holyoke College,Department of FrenchProfessor
Sembene, Ousmane
GARY GAILE
University of Colorado-Boulder,Department of GeographyProfessor
Boundaries, Colonial andModern
CHRISTRAUD M. GEARY
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,African and Oceanic ArtCurator
Art: MarketsNjoya, Ibrahim MbomboPhotography: History
PAULUS GERDES
Research Center for Mathematics,Culture and Education, Maputo,MozambiqueProfessor
Arts: Basketry and MatMaking
GeometriesMathematicsNumber Systems
PETER GESCHIERE
University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam School for SocialScience ResearchProfessor
Witchcraft: Overview
TREVOR R. GETZ
San Francisco State University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Eunuchs
JAN-BART GEWALD
Leiden University, AfricanStudies CentreSenior Researcher
Energy: Internal CombustionEngine
Maherero, SamuelWitbooi, Hendrik
DAVID GIBBS
University of Arizona,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Cold War
PAUL GIFFORD
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department for the Study ofReligionsProfessor
Christianity: Africa andWorld Christianity
SIMON GIKANDI
Princeton University, Departmentof EnglishProfessor
Literature: Overview
MICHELLE GILBERT
Sarah Lawrence College,Department of Art HistoryProfessor
Douglas Camp, SokariQueens and Queen Mothers
TAMARA GILES-VERNICK
University of Minnesota,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Forestry: Central Africa
MICHAEL H. GLANTZ
National Center for AtmosphericResearch, Center for CapacitiyBuildingSenior Scientist
Desertification, Modern
KENT GLENZER
Emory University, Center for theStudy of Public ScholarshipResearch Associate
Mali: History and Politics
ODILE GOERG
University of Paris, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Colonialism and Imperialism:ConcessionaryCompanies
Guinea: Geography andEconomy
Guinea: History and PoliticsToure, Sekou
ALEXANDER GOLDMAN
Freelance ResearcherEboue, Adolphe-Felix-
SylvestreMugabe, RobertOlympio, Sylvanus EpiphanioVan Riebeeck, Jan
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
HELLE V. GOLDMAN
Norwegian Polar Institute, PolarEnvironmental Centre, Tromsø,NorwayChief Editor
Zanzibar
LAMECK K. H. GOMAyUniversity of ZambiaChancellor
Education, University andCollege: Central Africa
CH. DIDIER GONDOLA
Indiana University-PurdueUniversity Indianapolis,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Congo, Republic of: Societyand Cultures
YVES GONZALEZ-QUIJANO
University of Lumiere Lyon,Maison de l’Orient et de laMediterranee, Department ofArabic Studies
Mahfouz, NaguibSalih, Tayeb
JACK GOODY
St. John’s College, Cambridge,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Kinship and Affinity
ROBERT J. GORDON
University of Vermont,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Namibia: Society andCultures
CHARLES GORE
University of London, School ofOriental and African StudiesLecturer
Popular Culture: WesternAfrica
CANDICE GOUCHER
Washington State University,Vancouver, Department of HistoryProfessor
Metals and Minerals: Iron
JOHN A. J. GOWLETT
University of Liverpool,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Archaeology and Prehistory:Tools and Technologies
APOLLOS GOYOL
North Carolina CentralUniversity, School of Education,Curriculum Instruction andProfessional StudiesAssistant Professor
Education, School:Francophone Westernand Indian Ocean Africa
DAVID GRAEBER
University of London, GoldsmithsCollegeReader
Madagascar: Society andCultures
BRIAN GRAHAM
University of Ulster, School ofEnvironmental SciencesProfessor
Transportation: Air
RAOUL GRANQVIST
Umea University, Department ofModern LanguagesProfessor
Literature: Popular Literature
MIRIAM GRANT
University of Calgary,Department of GeographyAssociate Professor
Bulawayo
NANCY E. GRATTON
New Haven, CTIndependent Editorial Consultant
Annan, KofiAsmaraBourguiba, Habib bin qAliButhelezi, MangosuthuFugard, AtholJohnson-Sirleaf, EllenMasekela, HughMutebi IITaylor, Charles GahnhayTaytu, Empress
RICHARD GRAYyUniversity College London,School of Oriental and AfricanStudiesProfessor Emeritus
Gordon, Charles GeorgeMvemba Nzinga
STEPHEN GRAY
University of Johannesburg,Department of EnglishProfessor
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: AnglophoneCentral and SouthernAfrica
BEVERLY GRIER
Clark University, Department ofGovernment and InternationalRelationsAssociate Professor
Children and Childhood:Status and Roles
JOHN GRIMSHAW
Royal Botanic Gardens, KewHonorary Research Associate
Ecosystems: MontaneEnvironments
MARK GRUBER
St. Vincent College, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Christianity: Coptic Churchand Society
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
ELLEN GRUENBAUM
California State University,Fresno, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Initiation: Clitoridectomyand Infibulation
PAULINE GUEDJ
Universite Paris X Nanterre/Laboratoire d’Ethnologie et deSociologie Comparative (CNRS)Doctor in Anthropology
Diasporas: Re-Africanization
CATHERINE GUIMOND
University of California, Berkeley,Department of GeographyGraduate Student
Liberia: Geography andEconomy
DAVID GUTELIUS
Stanford University, Departmentof HistoryVisiting Scholar
Western Sahara
JEFF GUY
University of Kwazulu-Natal,Department of HistoryProfessor
Colenso, John William
JANE I. GUYER
Johns Hopkins University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emerita
Food: Supplies andDistribution
Household and DomesticGroups
Money: CommodityCurrencies
Peasants: Overview
GETATCHEW HAILE
Saint John’s University, HillMuseum and Manuscript LibraryProfessor
Christianity: EthiopianChurch
EzanaGondarLalibalaLiteratures in African
Languages: EthiopicMassawaMenelik II
BRUCE S. HALL
Johns Hopkins University,Department of HistoryPostdoctoral Fellow
Historiography: Islamic
C. R. HALLPIKE
McMaster University, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Time Reckoning andCalendars
PETER HALLWARD
Yale UniversityBeti, MongoKourouma, Ahmadou
CAROLYN HAMILTON
University of the Witwatersrand,Department of AnthropologyResearcher
Shaka Zulu
RUSSELL HAMILTON
Vanderbilt University,Department of Spanish andPortugueseProfessor Emeritus
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: Lusophone
KAREN TRANBERG HANSEN
Northwestern University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Labor: DomesticYouth: Overview
HOLLY HANSON
Mount Holyoke College,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Mwanga, Kabaka
JOHN W. HARBESON
City University of New York,Department of Political ScienceProfessor
Government: Presidential
REBECCA HARDIN
University of Michigan,Department of AnthropologyAssistant Professor
Central African Republic:Society and Cultures
JOHN D. HARGREAVES
University of Aberdeen,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Colonial Policies andPractices: British WestAfrica
Lewis, Samuel K.
ROBERT HARMS
Yale University, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Congo River
ELIZABETH HARNEY
University of Toronto,Department of ArtAssistant Professor
Art, Genres and Periods:Contemporary
Diasporas: Arts
BARBARA HARRELL-BOND
American University in Cairo,Department of Forced Migrationand Refugee StudiesDistinguished Adjunct Professor
Refugees
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N E W E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A F R I C A 427
D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
JOSEPH E. HARRIS
Howard University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Diasporas: Overview
KELSEY HARRISON
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,Nigeria, Department of ObstetricsHead
Childbearing
ADAM HASSAN
University of Cologne, Institutefor African StudiesLecturer
Shaaban Robert
FEKRI A. HASSAN
University College, London,Institute of ArchaeologyProfessor
Egypt, Early: Predynastic
ADRIAN HASTINGSyUniversity of Leeds, Department ofTheologyProfessor Emeritus
FasiladasGalawdewosKimbangu, SimonKiwanuka, JosephSusenyosZara Yaqiqob
MARTHA HANNAN
International DevelopmentExchange
Djibouti CityMonrovia
TEMPLE HAUPTFLEISCH
University of Stellenbosch, Centrefor Theatre and PerformanceStudiesDirector
Theater: Southern Africa
PHILIP HAVIK
Instituto de InvestigacaoCientıfico Tropical (IICT),
Centro de Estudos Africanos eAsiaticos (CEAA)Researcher
Bissau
CHRISTOPHER HAYDEN
Northwestern University,Department of HistoryPh.D. Candidate
Conakry
PRISCILLA HAYNER
International Center forTransitional Justice,International Policymakers UnitDirector
Truth Commissions
JONATHAN HAYNES
Long Island University, BrooklynCampus, Department of EnglishProfessor
Media: Cinema
EDWIN HEES
University of Stelllenbosch,Department of Drama
Theater: Southern Africa
BEATRIX HEINTZE
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frobenius InstitutEthnologist
Njinga Mbandi Ana de Sousa
DAVID HENIGE
University of Wisconsin-Madison,Memorial LibraryBibliographer
Historiography: EuropeanKing Lists and ChronologiesResearch: Historical
Resources
EUGENIA HERBERT
Mount Holyoke College,Department of HistoryProfessor Emerita
Metals and Minerals: Copperand Alloys
STEFANIE HERRMANN
National Center for AtmosphericResearchPostdoctoral Research Fellow
Desertification, Modern
ANDREW HILL
Yale University, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Human Evolution: Patternsof Evolution
Leakey, Louis and Mary
DANNY HOFFMAN
University of Washington,Department of AnthropologyAssistant Professor
Military Organizations:Militias
JARITA HOLBROOK
University of Arizona, Bureau ofApplied Research in AnthropologyAssistant Research Scientist
Astronomies
ALCINDA HONWANA
Open University, InternationalDevelopment CentreChair
Children and Childhood:Soldiers
NICHOLAS S. HOPKINS
American University in Cairo,Department of Sociology,Anthropology, Psychology, andEgyptologyProfessor Emeritus
CairoEgypt, Modern: Geography
and EconomyEgypt, Modern: History and
PoliticsTunisia: Geography and
EconomyTunisia: History and Politics
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
MARK HORTON
University of Bristol, Departmentof Archaeology and AnthropologyReader
Archaeology and Prehistory:Islamic
Archaeology and Prehistory:Overview
Egypt, Early: Roman andByzantine
Islam: Eastern and CentralAfrica
JAMES HOUSEFIELD
Texas State University,Department of Art and DesignDistinguished Teaching Professor
Art, Regional Styles:Northern Africa
RHODA E. HOWARD-
HASSMANN
Wilfrid Laurier University,Canada, Department of GlobalStudies and Political ScienceCanada Research Chair inInternational Human Rights
Human Rights
JOHN HUNWICK
Northwestern University,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Abu Bakr, Muhammed ibnBaba, AhmadBello, MuhammadIlori, Adam Abdullahi al-Maghili, Muhammad ibn
qAbd al-Karim al-Sunni qAliTijani, Ahmad
GORAN HYDEN
University of Florida, Departmentof Political ScienceDistinguished Professor
Civil Society: Forms of CivilSociety
Political Science and theStudy of Africa
Research: Research Funding
MOHAMED HYDER
University of Nairobi, College ofBiological and Physical SciencesProfessor Emeritus
Ecology: Human RolesResearch: Biological Sciences
JACQUES LOUIS HYMANS
University of San FranciscoSenghor, Leopold Sedar
DYMITR IBRISZIMOW
Bayreuth University, Departmentof Languages and LiteraturesChair, Professor
Languages: Afro-Asiatic
BARBARA INGHAM
University of Salford, School ofManagementLecturer
World War I
KENNETH INGHAM
University of Bristol, Departmentof HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Smuts, Jan Christiaan
JOSEPH E. INIKORI
University of Rochester, FrederickDouglass Institute, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Slave Trades: Atlantic,Western Africa
SEAN JACOBS
University of Michigan,Department of CommunicationStudiesAssistant Professor
Media: Politics
PHILIP J. JAGGAR
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of AfricaProfessor
Languages: Overview
WENDY JAMES
Oxford University, Institute ofSocial and Cultural AnthropologyProfessor
Sudan: Society and Cultures
JONATHAN JANSEN
University of Pretoria, Faculty ofEducationProfessor
Education, University andCollege: Southern Africa
WILLY JANSEN
Radboud University Nijmegen,Institute for Gender StudiesProfessor
Women: Women and Islamin Northern Africa
JOHN M. JANZEN
University of Kansas-Lawrence,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Healing and Health Care:African Theories andTherapies
RACHEL JEAN-BAPTISTE
University of Chicago,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Domitien, Elizabeth
M. C. JEDREJ
University of Edinburgh, School ofSocial and Political StudiesAssociate Dean
Secret Societies
RICHARD JEFFRIES
University of London, School ofOriental and African StudiesTeaching Fellow
Rawlings, Jerry
VILLIA MARIA JEFREMOVAS
Queen’s University, Departmentof Global Development StudiesCanada Research Chair
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N E W E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A F R I C A 429
D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Rwanda: Geography andEconomy
Rwanda: History and Politics
SHAMIL JEPPIE
University of Cape Town,Department of Historical StudiesSenior Lecturer
Colonial Policies andPractices: Egyptian
BOGUMIL JEWSIEWICKI
Universite Laval, Department ofHistoryCanada Research Chair
Mami WataPopular Culture: Political
IdeologySamba, Cheri
D. M. JOHN
Natural History Museum,London, Department of Botany
Ecosystems: CoastalEnvironments
ADAM JONES
Universitat Leipzig, Institut furAfrikanistikProfessor
Travel and Exploration:European (1500 to1800)
Travel and Exploration:European (Since 1800)
HILARY JONES
University of Maryland, CollegePark, Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
DakarSaint-Louis
JOHN N. JONES
Yale UniversityBiko, Steve
CEDRIC JOURDE
University of Ottawa, School ofPolitical StudiesAssistant Professor
Mauritania: History andPolitics
NANTANG JUA
South Carolina State University,Department of Social SciencesAssistant Professor
Cameroon: Geography andEconomy
Cameroon: History andPolitics
BENNETTA JULES-ROSETTE
University of California, SanDiego, Department of SociologyProfessor
Maranke, John
JOHN KAKONGE
Yale University, School of Forestryand Environmental StudiesAssociate Research Scholar
Aid and Development:Environmental Impact
Forestry: Overview
FRANK KALESNIK
Orange County CommunityCollege, Department of GlobalStudiesAssistant Professor
Military Organizations:National Armies
Warfare: Liberation
PETER KALLAWAY
University of the Western Cape,Faculty of EducationSenior Professor
Education, School:Anglophone Central andSouthern Africa
DANIEL M. KAMMEN
University of California, Berkeley,Energy and Resources Group andGoldman School of Public PolicyProfessor
Energy: Electrification
TABITHA KANOGO
University of California, Berkeley,Department of HistoryProfessor
Kenyatta, Jomo
STEVEN KAPLAN
Hebrew University of Jerusalem,Faculty of HumanitiesProfessor
Judaism in Africa
LIDWIEN KAPTEIJNS
Wellesley College, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Hasan, MuhammadqAbdallah
NELSON KASFIR
Dartmouth College, Departmentof GovernmentProfessor
Museveni, Yoweri
SIDNEY L. KASFIR
Emory University, Department ofArt HistoryProfessor
Art, Genres and Periods:Tourist
ELAINE NATALIE KATZ
University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg, School of SocialSciences, Department of HistorySenior Research Fellow
Johannesburg
PETA KATZ
University of North Carolina atCharlotte, Department ofSociology and Anthropology
South Africa, Republic of:Society and Cultures
MICHAEL KEVANE
Santa Clara University,Department of EconomicsAssociate Professor
Economic Systems
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
EDMOND J. KELLER
University of California at LosAngeles, Department of PoliticalScienceProfessor
Mengistu, Haile Mariam
SINDANI KIANGU
University of Kinshasa, Faculty ofLetters and Human Sciences,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor and Head
Congo, Democratic Republicof the: Geography andEconomy
JAMES P. KIERNAN
University of Natal, Departmentof Social AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Prophetic Movements:Southern Africa
Shembe, Isaiah
DAVID KILLINGRAY
University of London, GoldsmithsCollege, Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Military Organizations:Colonial Armies
JOHN KINGyBBC Arabic ServiceProgram Executive
qAbd al-Q�adir
CHARLES KIRUBI
University of California, Berkeley,Energy and Resources GroupGraduate Student
Energy: Electrification
ANTHONY KIRK-GREENE
University of Oxford, SaintAnthony’s CollegeEmeritus Fellow
Barth, HeinrichBello, AhmaduGowon, YakubuTafawa Balewa, Abubakar
MARTIN KLEIN
University of Toronto,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
GoreeHistory of Africa:
Nineteenth andTwentieth Centuries
History of Africa: Sixteenthto Nineteenth Century
Slavery and ServileInstitutions: Colonial
Sudan, Western and Central,History of (1500 to 1880CE)
PERI KLEMM
California State University,Northridge, Department of ArtAssistant Professor
Body Adornment andClothing: Cosmetics andBody Painting
KAIRN KLIEMAN
University of Houston,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Kongo, Angola, and WesternForests, History of (1500to 1880)
INES KOHL
Austrian Academy of Sciences,Centre for Studies in AsianCultures and SocialAnthropologyUniversity Lecturer
Libya: Society and Cultures
IGOR KOPYTOFF
University of Pennsylvania,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
FrontiersSlavery and Servile
Institutions:AnthropologicalPerspectives
SUE KOSSEW
University of New South Wales,School of English, Media, andPerforming ArtsAssociate Professor
Coetzee, J. M.
DIRK KOTZE
University of South Africa (UNISA),Department of Political SciencesAssociate Professor
Mbeki, Thabo
BERTIN KOUADIO
Florida International University,Department of InternationalRelationsLecturer
Cote d’Ivoire: Society andCultures
CORINNE A. KRATZ
Emory University, Center for theStudy of Public ScholarshipCo-director
Initiation: Overview
KAI KRESSE
University of St. Andrews,Department of AnthropologyLecturer
Knowledge: Overview
MARGARET KROMA
Cornell University, Department ofEducationAssistant Professor
Education, University andCollege: Western Africa
GERHARD KUBIK
University of Vienna, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor
Music: OverviewMusic: Structures
CHAPURUKHA M. KUSIMBA
Field Museum of Natural History,Chicago, Department ofAnthropology
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Associate CuratorHeritage, Cultural:
Management andPreservation
Metals and Minerals:Metallurgy
MATTHEW KUSTENBAUDER
Yale University Graduate School,Council on African StudiesGraduate Student
Islam: Western AfricaProphetic Movements:
Eastern AfricaProphetic Movements:
Western Africa
STEVEN KYLE
Cornell University, Department ofApplied Economics andManagementInternational Professor
Energy: Petroleum andDerivatives
GARY KYNOCH
Dalhousie University, Departmentof HistoryAssociate Professor
Youth: Gangs
JAMES LA FLEUR
College of William & Mary,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Plants: Imported Species
GEORGE M. LA RUE
Clarion University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Slave Trades: Northern Africaand Sahara
PAUL LANE
University of York, HistoricalEcologies of East AfricanLandscapesDirector
Archaeology and Prehistory:Historical
J. AYODELE LANGLEY
Howard University, Departmentof African StudiesProfessor
Organization of AfricanUnity
LORNE LARSON
Independent ScholarKinjikitile
PIER M. LARSON
Johns Hopkins University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
AndrianampoinimerinaRadama I
MURRAY LAST
University College London,Department of SocialAnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
qUthman dan Fodio
ROBERT LAUNAY
Northwestern University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Education, School: MuslimAfrica
ADRIA LAVIOLETTE
University of Virginia,Department of AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Eastern African Coast,History of (Early to1600)
BABATUNDE LAWAL
Virginia CommonwealthUniversity, Department of ArtHistoryProfessor
Azikiwe, Benjamin NnamdiIfe (Ile-Ife)
BENJAMIN LAWRANCE
University of California, Davis,Department of History
Assistant ProfessorTogo: Geography and
EconomyTogo: History and PoliticsTogo: Society and Cultures
ETIENNE LE ROY
Universite de Paris I, Centred’etudes des mondes africains,LaboratoireProfessor
Land: Tenure
MARIE-NATALIE LEBLANC
Concordia University,Department of Sociology &AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Youth: Youth and Islam
MATHILDE LEDUC-
GRIMALDI
Royal Museum for CentralAfrica, Belgium, Department ofHistoryScientific Attache
Schnitzer, Eduard
SONIA LEE
Trinity College, Department ofModern LanguagesProfessor
Hampate Ba, AmadouLiterature: Women Writers,
Sub-Saharan AfricaSaadawi, Nawal el-
SUSANNA LEE
Georgetown University,Department of FrenchAssociate Professor
La Guma, Alex
RENE LEMARCHAND
University of Florida, Departmentof Political ScienceProfessor Emeritus
Tombalbaye, Francois-Ngarta
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
CAROLA LENTZ
Johannes Gutenberg University,Mainz, Germany, Department ofAnthropology and African StudiesProfessor
Colonial Traditions andInventions
Ethnicity: Overview
LORI LEONARD
Johns Hopkins School of PublicHealth, Department of Health,Behavior, and SocietyAssociate Professor
Chad: Society and Cultures
MARK LEOPOLD
University of Sussex, Departmentof AnthropologyLecturer
Refugees
DEBORAH K. LETOURNEAU
University of California, SantaCruz, Department ofEnvironmental StudiesProfessor
Agriculture: Pests and PestControl
MICHAEL L. LEVINE
New York CityFreelance Writer and Editor
Aggrey, JamesAlexandriaBa, MariamaBashir, Omar Ahmed el-Bouteflika, AbdelazizDeby Itno, IdrissGbagbo, Laurent KoudouGidada, NegassoKibaki, MwaiLesotho: Society and
CulturesMkapa, BenjaminPohamba, HifikepunyeRavalomanana, MarcSaro-Wiwa, KenSassou-Nguesso, DenisToure, Amadou Toumani
ROBERT A. LEVINE
Harvard University, GraduateSchool of EducationProfessor Emeritus
Children and Childhood:Infancy and EarlyDevelopment
Education, School: Overview
IOAN M. LEWIS
London School of Economics,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Somalia: History and PoliticsSomalia: Society and
Cultures
SIMON KEITH LEWIS
College of Charleston, Departmentof EnglishAssociate Professor
Paton, AlanSerote, Mongane
DAVID LEWIS-WILLIAMS
University of the Witwatersrand,Rock Art Research Institute, SouthAfricaProfessor Emeritus
Art, Genres and Periods:Rock Art, SouthernAfrica
VICTOR MORALES
LEZCANO
Open University, Madrid,Research InstituteProfessor
Canary Islands
OLGA F. LINARES
Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstituteSenior Research Staff
Production Strategies:Agriculture
Senegal: Geography andEconomy
STAFFAN I. LINDBERG
University of Florida, Departmentof Political Science and Center forAfrican StudiesAssistant Professor
Government: Parliamentary
MAX LINIGER-GOUMAZ
Commercial High School,Switzerland, School of Economicsand Business AdministrationProfessor Emeritus
Equatorial Guinea:Geography and Economy
Equatorial Guinea: Historyand Politics
RICHARD LOBBAN
Rhode Island College, Departmentof AnthropologyChair
Kerma
THOMAS LODGE
University of the Witwatersrand,Department of Political ScienceProfessor
Luthuli, Albert JohnMavumbi
PAUL E. LOVEJOY
York University, Ontario,Department of HistoryDistinguished Research Professor
Lugard, Frederick JohnDealtry
Slavery and ServileInstitutions: Overview
JON LOVETT
University of York, Centre forEcology, Law and Policy,Environment DepartmentSenior Lecturer
Ecosystems: Tropical andHumid Forests
KENYETTA LOVINGS
University of Chicago,Department of Anthropology
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Graduate StudentMedia: Comic Art
UTE LUIG
Institut fur Ethnologie, BerlinProfessor
Spirit Possession: Modernity
CHRISTIAN LUND
Roskilde University, Denmark,Department of Society andGlobalisationProfessor
Niger: Geography andEconomy
CLEMENS LUTZ
University of Groningen, TheNetherlands, Department ofStrategy and BusinessEnvironmentCoordinator
Food: Marketing
GHISLAINE LYDON
University of California, LosAngeles, Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Sahara Desert: Caravan Routes
DAVID MABEY
London School of Hygiene andTropical Medicine, Department ofInfectious and Tropical DiseasesProfessor
Disease: Viral and Infectious
WILLIAM MABEY
University of Leeds, Department ofHistory
Disease: Viral and Infectious
AKIN L. MABOGUNJE
Development Policy Centre,Ibadan, Nigeria, DevelopmentPolicy CentreProfessor Emeritus
Nigeria: Geography andEconomy
Obasanjo, OlusegunUrbanism and Urbanization:
Independence Era
WYATT MACGAFFEY
Haverford College, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Art: OverviewFetish and Fetishism
ELIZABETH MACGONAGLE
University of Kansas, Departmentof HistoryAssistant Professor
Mozambique: History andPolitics
Southeastern Africa, Historyof (1600 to 1910)
BEVERLY MACK
University of Kansas, Departmentof African and African AmericanStudiesProfessor
Asmapu, NanaLiteracyLiterature: IslamicLiteratures in African
Languages: Hausa
GREGORY H. MADDOX
Texas Southern University,Department of History,Geography, and EconomicsProfessor
Tanzania: Society andCultures
DRISS MAGHRAOUI
Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane,Morocco, School of Humanitiesand Social SciencesAssistant Professor
Northern Africa: HistoricalLinks with Sub-SaharanAfrica
ZINE MAGUBANE
Boston College, Department ofSociologyAssociate Professor
Postcolonialism
SLOAN MAHONE
University of Oxford, Departmentof History/History of MedicineUniversity Lecturer
Healing and Health Care:Medicine and Drugs
DONNA MAIER
University of Northern Iowa,Department of HistoryProfessor
Kumasi
DANIEL MAINS
Washington University, Africanand African American StudiesProgramPostdoctoral Research Fellow
Ethiopia, Modern: Societyand Cultures
CHRISTIAN JOHNS
MAKGALA
University of Botswana,Department of HistorySenior Lecturer
Khama, SeretseKhama III
FOUAD MAKKI
Cornell University, Department ofDevelopment SociologyAssistant Professor
Eritrea: History and Politics
DOMINIQUE MALAQUAIS
Centre National de la RechercheScientifique (CNRS), Centred’Etudes des Mondes Africains(CEMAf)Senior Research Fellow
Douala
COLLEEN MANASSA
Yale University, Department ofNear Eastern Languages andCivilizationsAssistant Professor
Writing Systems: Egyptian
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434 N E W E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A F R I C A
D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
TAKYIWAA MANUH
University of Ghana, Institute ofAfrican StudiesDirector
Afua KobiGhana: History and Politics
HAROLD G. MARCUSyMichigan State University,Department of HistoryProfessor
Haile Selassie I
RICHARD R. MARCUS
University of California, LongBeach, International StudiesProgramAssistant Professor
Babangida, IbrahimGbadamosi
Margai, Milton AugustusStriery
PETER MARK
Wesleyan University, Departmentof History of ArtProfessor
Architecture: Colonial
JONATHAN MARKS
University of North Carolina atCharlotte, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Human Evolution: HumanBiological Diversity
SHULA MARKS
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of HistoryProfessor Emerita
Healing and Health Care:Medical Practitioners
DENIS-CONSTANT MARTIN
Centre for International Researchand Studies (CERI-FNSP, Paris)Senior Research Fellow
Diasporas: Music
BARBARO MARTINEZ-RUIZ
Stanford University, Center forAfrican Studies
ProfessorCartography
FIDELIS T. MASAO
Open University of TanzaniaProfessor
Art, Genres and Periods:Rock Art, Eastern Africa
ADELINE MASQUELIER
Tulane University, Department ofAnthropologyAssociate Professor
Rouch, JeanSpirit Possession:
MediumshipWitchcraft: Witchcraft and
Islam
JOSEP LLUIS MATEO DIESTE
Universitat Autonoma deBarcelona, Spain, Department ofSocial and Cultural AnthropologyProfessor
Colonial Policies andPractices: Spanish
J. LORAND MATORY
Harvard University, Departmentsof Anthropology and African andAfrican American StudiesProfessor
Diasporas: Religions
BENEDICTE MAUGUIERE
University of Louisiana atLafayette, Department of ModernLanguagesProfessor
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: FrancophoneIndian Ocean Africa
DAVID MAXWELL
Keele University, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Christianity: AfricanInstituted Churches
Christianity: Overview
ALAMIN MAZRUI
Rutgers University, Departmentof Africana StudiesProfessor
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Islamic
Media: Language
ALI A. MAZRUI
State University of New York,Binghamton, Institute of GlobalCultural StudiesDirector
Slavery and ServileInstitutions: Reparations
JOSEPH MBELE
St. Olaf College, Department ofEnglishProfessor
Literature: Epics and EpicPoetry
PATRICK MCALLISTER
University of Canterbury, NewZealand, Department of Sociologyand AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Ethnicity: Southern Africa
E. ANN MCDOUGALL
University of Alberta, Departmentof History and ClassicsProfessor
Mauritania: History and PoliticsSalt
JAMES MCDOUGALL
Princeton University, Departmentof HistoryAssistant Professor
Algeria: Society andCultures
THOMAS F. MCDOW
Yale University, Department ofHistoryDean
Addis AbabaAmin Dada, idi
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
AntananarivoDar es SalaamKadalie, ClementsKhartoumKigaliLilongweLobengulaLusakaMiramboMogadishuMombasaMzilikaziNairobiNkrumah, Francis Nwia KofiObote, Milton
MONTGOMERY MCFATE
U.S. Institute of Peace,Jennings Randolph FellowshipProgramSenior Fellow
Military Organizations:Mercenaries
RODERICK J. MCINTOSH
Yale University, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Desertification, Reactions to,History of (c. 5000 to1000 BCE)
SUSAN KEECH MCINTOSH
Rice University, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Jenne and Jenne-jenoKoumbi-SalehNianiWestern Desert and Margins,
History of (1000 BCE to600 CE)
FATIMA MEER
University of Natal, Institute forBlack ResearchDirector
Nelson Mandela
SHEILA MEINTJES
University of the Witwatersrand,Department of Political StudiesAssociate Professor
Joseph, HelenMandela, Winnie
PETER KARIBE MENDY
Rhode Island College, Departmentof HistoryAssociate Professor
Guinea-Bissau: Geographyand Economy
Guinea-Bissau: History andPolitics
Law: Lusophone Africa
RONALD MESSIER
Vanderbilt University,Department of HistorySenior Lecturer
Sijilmasa
CLAIRE METELITS
Washington State University,Department of Political Scienceand CriminalAssistant Professor
Warfare: Civil Wars
BIRGIT MEYER
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,Department of Social andCultural AnthropologyProfessor
Witchcraft: Witchcraft andChristianity
DOROTHY MIDDLETONyRoyal Geographical Society
Stanley, Henry Morton
JOHN MIDDLETON
Yale University, Departmentsof Anthropology and ReligiousStudiesProfessor Emeritus
Anthropology, Social, andthe Study of Africa
Benin CityReligion and Ritual
Research: OverviewSaint HelenaTippu TipTourismTribe and Tribalism
CHRISTOPHER L. MILLER
Yale University, Department of
FrenchProfessor
Camara LayeDiop, Alioune
JOSEPH C. MILLER
University of Virginia,
Department of HistoryProfessor
Angola: History and PoliticsCapitalism and
Commercialization:Overview
Congo, Democratic Republicof the: Society andCultures
GaboroneHistoriography: Western and
African ConceptsHistory, World: Africa inSlave Trades: Atlantic,
Central Africa
DAVID MILLS
University of Oxford, Department
of EducationLecturer
Education, University andCollege: Eastern Africa
CELESTIN MONGA
World Bank, Office of the Senior
Vice President and Chief
EconomistLead Economist
Aid and Development:Balance of Payments
Aid and Development:Overview
Civil Society: PoliticalAccountability
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Debt and Credit:International Trade
Family: EconomicsInternational Monetary FundLaw: Francophone Western,
Equatorial, and IndianOcean Africa
World Bank
JAMIE MONSON
Carleton College, Department ofHistoryAssociate Professor
China in African History
JOAO MONTEIRO
Eastern University, Department ofSociologyAssociate Professor
Evora, Cesaria
SALLY FALK MOORE
Harvard University, Departmentof AnthropologyProfessor Emerita
Law: OverviewResearch: Social Sciences
MARISSA MOORMAN
Indiana University, Departmentof HistoryAssistant Professor
Angola: Society and CulturesCabinda, Angola
MARY H. MORAN
Colgate University, Department ofSociology and AnthropologyProfessor
Liberia: Society and CulturesPerry, Ruth Sando
ELISABETH MUDIMBE-BOYI
Stanford University, Departmentsof French/Italian andComparative LiteratureProfessor
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: FrancophoneCentral Africa
SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE
University of Chicago,Department of LinguisticsProfessor
Languages: Creoles andPidgins
CAROL MULLER
University of Pennsylvania,Department of MusicAssociate Professor
Makeba, Miriam
JACOB MUNDY
University of Exeter, Institute ofArab and Islamic StudiesPh.D. Candidate
Western and Saharan Africa,History of (600 to 1600CE)
MWELWA MUSAMBACHIME
University of Zambia, Lusaka,School of Humanities andSocial Sciences, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Zambia: History and Politics
P. MUSILA MUTISYA
North Carolina CentralUniversity, School of Education,Curriculum Instruction, andProfessional StudiesProfessor
Education, School:Francophone Westernand Indian Ocean Africa
EVAN MWANGI
Northwestern University,Department of EnglishAssistant Professor
Achebe, ChinuaNgugı~wa Thiong’o
E. WAYNE NAFZIGER
Kansas State University,Department of EconomicsDistinguished Professor
Capitalism andCommercialization:Privatization
SYLVESTRE NDAYIRUKIYE
University of Burundi, Faculty ofLetters and Human Sciences,Department of GeographyProfessor
Burundi: Geography andEconomy
BASILE NDJIO
University of Buea, Cameroon,Department of Social Sciences andManagementAssociate Professor
Witchcraft: Witchcraft andWealth
ELAVIE NDURA
George Mason University,Initiatives in EducationalProgramAssociate Professor
Burundi: History and Politics
GHIRMAI NEGASH
Ohio University, Department ofEnglish/African StudiesAssistant Professor
Writing Systems: Ethiopic
NICI NELSON
University of London, GoldsmithsCollege, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor Emerita
Urbanism and Urbanization:Housing
ANITRA CATHERINE
ELIZABETH NETTLETON
University of the Witwatersrand,South Africa, Wits School of ArtsProfessor
Art, Regional Styles:Southern Africa
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
RODERICK P. NEUMANN
Florida International University,Department of InternationalRelationsProfessor
Tanzania: Geography andEconomy
Wildlife: National Parks
DAVID NEWBURY
Smith College, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Rwabugiri
SASHA NEWELL
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department ofAnthropologyPostdoctoral Fellow
Person, Concepts ofPopular Culture: Central
Africa
DJIBRIL TAMSIR NIANE
Societe Africaine d’EditionFounder
Mansa MusaSundjata Keıta
ISAK NIEHAUS
University of Natal, School ofAnthropology and PsychologyLecturer
Dreams and DreamInterpretation
GlobalizationWitchcraft: Witchcraft and
Politics
KIMANI NJOGU
Twaweza Communications,Nairobi, KenyaDirector
Communications: OralLanguage: SlangLanguage: SociolinguisticsPopular Culture: Eastern
AfricaTheater: Anglophone Central
and Eastern Africa
INSA NOLTE
University of Birmingham, Centreof West African StudiesLecturer
Political Systems:Chieftainships
WILL NORMAN
ESRO (Ethnographic SocialResearch), LondonDirector
Mozambique: Geographyand Economy
Mozambique: Society andCultures
APOLO R. NSIBAMBI
Government of UgandaPrime Minister
Kagwa, Apolo
BALAM NYEKO
University of Swaziland,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Labor: Industrial and MiningSwaziland: Geography and
EconomySwaziland: History andPoliticsSwaziland: Society and
Cultures
ANTHONY NYONG
International DevelopmentResearch Centre, Climate ChangeAdaptation in Africa ProgramSenior Program Specialist
Disease: Climate and Disease
R. S. O’FAHEY
University of Bergen, Centre forMiddle Eastern and IslamicStudiesProfessor
Idris, Ahmad ibnTurabi, Hasan qAbd Allah al-
IBRAHIM OGACHI OANDA
Kenyatta University, Nairobi,School of EducationLecturer
Education, School:Anglophone EasternAfrica
CHRISTINE OBBO
Independent AnthropologistHIV and Gender Education andPolicy Consultant
EntebbeKampalaUganda: Society and
Cultures
R. A. OBUDHO
University of Nairobi, Center forUrban ResearchProfessor Emeritus
Urbanism and Urbanization:Overview
MOSES E. OCHONU
Vanderbilt University,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Nigeria: Society andCultures, Central Nigeria
DAVID ODDEN
Ohio State University,Department of LinguisticsProfessor
Linguistics and the Study ofAfrica
E. S. ATIENO ODHIAMBO
Rice University, Department ofHistoryProfessor
Ogot, Grace
THOMAS P. OFCANSKY
Private ResearcherWildlife: Preservation and
Destruction
C. OGBOGBO
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of HistoryLecturer I
BamakoCalabar
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Ja Ja, KingLibrevilleOgunde, Hubert AdedejiSarbah, John Mensah
OLATUNJI OJO
Syracuse University,Maxwell School, Departmentof HistoryAssistant Professor
AbeokutaMacaulay, Herbert Samuel
HeelasMacaulay, Thomas
BabingtonN’DjamenaNiameyPorto Novo
GODFREY OKOTH
Maseno University, Kenya,Department of HistoryProfessor
Kabarega
RASHEED OLANIYI
University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Department of HistoryLecturer
Livestock: Species
ROLAND OLIVER
University of London, Schoolof Oriental and African StudiesProfessor Emeritus
History and the Study ofAfrica
BAMIDELE OLOWU
Obafemi Awolowo University,Department of PublicAdministrationProfessor Emeritus
Government: Local
KENNETH OLSON
SIL International, Department ofInternational LinguisticsAssociate Coordinator
Languages: Niger-Congo
AYODEJI OLUKOJU
University of Lagos, Nigeria,Department of History andStrategic StudiesProfessor
Labor: TransportTransportation: Shipping and
Ports
VALERIE ORLANDO
University of Maryland, CollegePark, School of Languages,Literatures and Cultures,Department of French and ItalianAssociate Professor
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: FrancophoneNorthern Africa
IZABELA ORLOWSKA
University of Edinburgh, School ofHistory and ClassicsPostdoctoral Fellow
Ethiopia, Modern:Geography and Economy
Ethiopia, Modern: Historyand Politics
HARRIET JOSEPH
OTTENHEIMER
Kansas State University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Comoro Islands: Geographyand Economy
Comoro Islands: History andPolitics
Comoro Islands: Society andCultures
MARTIN OTTENHEIMER
Kansas State University,Department of Sociology,Anthropology, and Social WorkProfessor Emeritus
Comoro Islands: Geographyand Economy
Comoro Islands: History andPolitics
Comoro Islands: Society andCultures
ABDEL WEDOUD OULD
CHEIKH
University of Metz, Department ofPhilosophy, Sociology, SocialAnthropology
Mauritania: Society andCultures
OYEKAN OWOMOYELA
University of Nebraska,Department of EnglishProfessor
Language: Choice in WritingLiterature: Proverbs and
Riddles
DAVID OWUSU-ANSAH
James Madison University,Department of HistoryProfessor
Asantewa, YaaCape CoastOsei Bonsu
ADEBAYO OYEBADE
Tennessee State University,Department of HistoryProfessor
Liberia: History and PoliticsNigeria: History and Politics,
Southern Nigeria
RANDALL PACKARD
Johns Hopkins University, School ofMedicine, Department of Historyof MedicineProfessor
Disease: Industrial
STEPHAN PALMIE
University of Chicago,Department of AnthropologyAssociate Professor
Diasporas: Institutions
DAVID PARKIN
University of Oxford, Institute ofSocial and Cultural AnthropologyProfessor
Ethnicity: Eastern Africa
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
JACK PARSON
College of Charleston, Departmentof Political ScienceProfessor
Botswana: History andPolitics
HELMA PASCH
Institut fur Afrikanistik,Universitat zu KolnResearch Fellow
Languages: SurrogatesWriting Systems: African
Languages in RomanScripts
DAVID PEACOCK
University of Southampton,Department of ArchaeologyProfessor Emeritus
Adulis
J. D. Y. PEEL
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of Anthropology andSociologyProfessor
Oshitelu, Josiah Olunowo
JEFF PEIRES
University of Transkei,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
NongqawuseSoga, John Henderson
DEBORAH PELLOW
Syracuse University, MaxwellSchool, Department ofAnthropologyProfessor
Gender: Gender RolesSexual Behavior
PAULINE E. PETERS
Harvard University, John F.Kennedy School of Government,Department of AnthropologyLecturer
Family: Organization
DEREK PETERSON
University of Cambridge, Facultyof HistoryLecturer
Language: Government andMission Policies
JOHN PHILIPS
Hirosaki University, Japan,College of Humanities,International SocietyProfessor
Writing Systems: AfricanLanguages in ArabicScripts
JOHN PICTON
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of Art andArchaeologyProfessor Emeritus
Art History and the Study ofAfrica
JIMMY PIETERSE
University of Pretoria, Centre forthe Study of AIDSResearcher
Philip, John
INNOCENT PIKIRAYI
University of Pretoria,Department of Anthropology andArchaeologySenior Lecturer
History of Africa: To SeventhCentury
Southern Africa, History of(1000 BCE to 1600 CE)
Zimbabwe, Great
EMMANUEL PINTO
MOREIRA
World Bank Headquarters, AfricaRegion and Latin America andCaribbean RegionSenior Economist
Economic Community ofWest African States(ECOWAS)
CHARLES PIOT
Duke University, Department ofAfrican and African-AmericanStudiesAssociate Professor
Ethnicity: Western Africa
GORDON H. PIRIE
University of the Western Cape,Department of GeographyProfessor
Transportation: Overview
JANE PLASTOW
University of Leeds, School ofEnglish, Workshop TheatreProfessor
Women: Women andTheater
EDITHA PLATTE
University of Frankfurt am Main,Frobenius-InstitutSenior Researcher
Lake Chad SocietiesMaiduguriNigeria: Society and
Cultures, NortheastNigeria
OLIVIER PLIEZ
CNRS (National Center ofScientific Research, France)Researcher
Libya: Geography andEconomy
JOHAN POTTIER
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of Anthropology andSociologyProfessor
Rwanda: Society andCultures
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
JOEY POWER
Ryerson University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Malawi: Society and CulturesZomba
LABELLE PRUSSIN
Independent ScholarArchitecture: DomesticMetals and Minerals: Gold
and Silver
JEAN-AIME
RAKOTOARISOA
Institut de Civilisations,AntananarivoDirector
Madagascar: Geography andEconomy
SOLOFO RANDRIANJA
University of Toamasina,Department of HistoryProfessor
Madagascar: History andPolitics (1895-2006)
SUSAN J. RASMUSSEN
University of Houston,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Myth and Cosmology
RICHARD RATHBONE
University of London, Schoolof Oriental and AfricanStudies, Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Busia, Kofi A.World War II
EVA RATHGEBER
Carleton University, Institute ofWomen’s StudiesAdjunct Research Professor
Communications: Electronic
JAMES READ
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of LawProfessor Emeritus
Law: Anglophone EasternAfrica
Law: Anglophone WesternAfrica
Law: Southern Africa
RICHARD REID
University of Durham,Department of HistoryLecturer
Colonial Policies andPractices: British CentralAfrica
Eritrea: Society and CulturesInterlacustrine Region,
History of (1500 to1900)
Malawi: History and Politics
ELISHA P. RENNE
University of Michigan,Department of Anthropology andCenter for Afroamerican andAfrican StudiesAssociate Professor
Body Adornment andClothing: Fashion
Symbols and Symbolism:Overview
PAMELA REYNOLDS
Johns Hopkins University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Youth: Urban
JESSE C. RIBOT
World Resources Institute,Institutions and GovernanceProgramSenior Associate
Forestry: Western Africa
JEREMY RICH
Middle Tennessee State University,Department of History
Associate ProfessorCentral African Republic:
Geography and EconomyGabon: History and Politics
PAUL RICHARDS
Wageningen University andResearch Centre, Department ofSocial SciencesProfessor
Ecology: Modern IssuesWarfare: Internal Revolts
UTE RITZ-MULLER
Independent ScholarBurkina Faso: Society and
Cultures
RICHARD ROBERTS
Stanford University, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Toure, Samori
CLAIRE ROBERTSON
Ohio State University,Departments of History andWomen’s StudiesProfessor
Women: Women and SlaveryWomen: Women and Trade
MELINDA B. ROBINS
Emerson College, Department ofJournalismAssociate Professor
Media: Journalism
DAVID ROBINSON
Michigan State University,Department of HistoryDistinguished Professor
qUmar ibn Saqid Tal (al-Hajj)
STEVEN J. ROCKEL
University of Toronto,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Transportation: Caravan
JON ROHDE
EQUITY Project
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Senior Health AdvisorHealing and Health Care:
Hospitals and Clinics
ERIC ROSS
Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane,Morocco, School of Humanitiesand Social SciencesAssociate Professor
Africa, History of the NameAfrocentrismAlgiersCarthageGaoMoors in African HistoryNouakchottTangierTimbuktuTravel and Exploration: ArabTunis
ROBERT ROSS
Leiden University, Department ofAfrican Languages and CulturesProfessor
Cape Colony and Hinterland,History of (1600 to 1910)
Kok, Adam, III
ROBERT I. ROTBERG
Harvard University, John F.Kennedy School of GovernmentAdjunct Professor
Rhodes, Cecil John
JOHN A. ROWE
Northwestern University,Department of HistoryVisiting Professor Emeritus
Mutesa I
CHRISTOPHER ROY
University of Iowa, School of Artand Art HistoryProfessor
Art, Regional Styles: WesternAfrica
YAKUBU SAAKA
Oberlin College, African-American Studies Department
ChairKufuor, John
LISA SABBAHY
American University in Cairo,Department of Sociology,Anthropology, and EgyptologyAssistant Professor
Egypt, Early: Old and MiddleKingdoms
HANAN SABEA
University of Virginia,Department of AnthropologyAssistant Professor
Labor: Plantation
MARGARET ALISON SABIN
Freelance ResearcherBrazzavillePretoria
FATIMA SADIQI
University of Fez, Morocco,Department of EnglishProfessor
Abouzeid, LeilaKahenaLiterature: Women Writers,
Northern AfricaLiteratures in African
Languages: BerberMernissi, FatimaN’Ait Atiq, Mririda
ABDOULAYE SAINE
Miami University, Ohio,Department of Political ScienceAssociate Professor
Gambia, The: History andPolitics
ABDI ISMAIL SAMATAR
University of Minnesota,Department of GeographyProfessor
Botswana: Geography andEconomy
Somalia: Geography andEconomy
SALOMON SAMEN
World Bank, Sector and ThematicPrograms-Trade GroupSenior Economist
Money: Colonial CurrenciesTrade, National and
International Systems
MAXINE SAMPLE
Virginia State University,Department of Languages andLiteratureAssociate Professor
Head, Bessie Emery
BONNY SANDS
Northern Arizona University,Department of EnglishAdjunct Assistant Professor
Languages: Khoesan andClick
S. N. SANGMPAMySyracuse University, Departmentof Political ScienceAssociate Professor
Lumumba, PatriceTshombe, Moıse Kapenda
LAMIN SANNEH
Yale University, School of DivinityProfessor
Braide, Garrick SokariChristianity: Missionary
EnterpriseQuaque, Philip
SANDRA SANNEH
Yale University, African Programin African LanguagesSenior Lector II
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: SouthAfrican Languages
JAMES N. SATER
Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane,Morocco, School of Humanitiesand Social SciencesAssistant Professor
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
Algeria: Geography andEconomy
Algeria: History and PoliticsMorocco, History of (1000
to 1900)
PAUL KHALIL SAUCIER
Northeastern University,Department of SociologyLecturer
CapeVerde:HistoryandPolitics
CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS
University of Cape Town,Department of Historical StudiesProfessor
Cape TownSouth Africa, Republic of:
Geography and EconomySouth Africa, Republic of:
History and Politics(1850-2006)
TIMOTHY SCARNECCHIA
Kent State University,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Zimbabwe: History andPolitics
HAROLD SCHEUB
University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of AfricanLanguages and LiteratureProfessor
Literature and the Study ofAfrica
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: Afrikaans
Literatures in EuropeanLanguages: AnglophoneWestern Africa
DAVID SCHOENBRUN
Northwestern University,Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Interlacustrine Region,History of (1000 BCE to1500 CE)
R. J. SCHOLES
Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, Departmentof Natural Resources andEnvironmentFellow
Ecosystems: Savannas
MAREIKE SCHOMERUS
London School of Economics,Development Studies Institute(DESTIN)Doctoral Candidate
Sudan: Wars
DOROTHEA SCHULZ
Indiana University, Departmentof Religious StudiesAssistant Professor
Mali: Society and CulturesMedia: ReligionWomen: Women and Islam
in Sub-Saharan Africa
PAMELA SCULLY
Emory University, Department ofWomen’s Studies and Institute ofAfrican StudiesAssociate Professor
Baartman, Sara
GERHARD SEIBERT
Tropical Research Institute(IICT), Lisbon, Portugal,Department of Human SciencesResearcher
Equatorial Guinea: Societyand Cultures
Sao Tome e Prıncipe:Geography and Economy
Sao Tome e Prıncipe: Historyand Politics
Sao Tome e Prıncipe: Societyand Cultures
EMAD EL-DIN SHAHIN
American University in Cairo,Department of Political ScienceAssociate Professor
Sadat, Anwar al-
ROSALIND SHAW
Tufts University, Department ofAnthropologyAssociate Professor
Sierra Leone: Society andCultures
KATHLEEN SHELDON
University of California, LosAngeles, Center for the Study ofWomenResearch Scholar
AminaDiogo, Luısa DiasKimpa Vita, Dona BeatrizMachel, GracaMaputoRamphele, MamphelaSuzman, HelenWomen: WidowsWomen: Women and
UrbanismWomen: Women in African
History
GEORGE SHEPPERSON
University of Edinburgh,Department of HistoryProfessor
Chilembwe, John
ABDUL SHERIFF
Zanzibar Indian Ocean ResearchInstituteExecutive Director
Barghash Ibn SaqidEastern Africa and Indian
Ocean, History of (1500to 1800)
Zanzibar Sultanate
PARKER SHIPTON
Boston University, Department ofAnthropologyAssociate Professor
Debt and Credit:Entrustment
Money: Overview
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ANDRE N. SIAMUNDELE
Wells College, Department ofForeign Languange andLiteraturesAssistant Professor
Theater: Francophone Africa
OWEN SICHONE
Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi, Centre for West Asianand African Studies
Peasants: Central Africa
DANIEL SIFUNA
Kenyatta University, Departmentof Education FoundationProfessor
Education, School:Anglophone EasternAfrica
AHMAD ALAWAD
SIKAINGA
Ohio State University,Department of HistoryProfessor
Ahmad, Mahdi MuhammadLabor: Trades Unions and
AssociationsRabih bin FadlallahSudan: History and PoliticsZubayr, Rahma Mansur al-
ZELINDA MARIA SILVA
COHEN CORREIA E SILVA
Ministry of Culture, Institute ofCultural Investigation andPatrimony, Cape VerdeResearcher
Cape Verde: Society andCultures
RAYMOND A. SILVERMAN
University of Michigan,Department of the History of ArtProfessor
Art, Regional Styles: Ethiopia
PAUL SILVERSTEIN
Reed College, Department ofAnthropology
Associate ProfessorEthnicity: Northern Africa
ALICE NICOLE SINDZINGRE
National Centre for ScientificResearch (CNRS), Paris, andUniversity Paris-10Research Fellow
Aid and Development:Consequences
DAVID SMETHURST
University of California, Berkeley,Department of GeographyVisiting Scholar
ClimateMetals and Minerals:
ResourcesNongovernmental
Organizations
FRED T. SMITH
Kent State University, Schoolof ArtProfessor
Body Adornment andClothing: Overview
NEAL SOBANIA
Pacific Lutheran University,Department of HistoryProfessor
CandaceKenya: Geography and
EconomyKenya: History and PoliticsKenya: Society and Cultures
GENESE SODIKOFF
Rutgers-Newark, State Universityof New Jersey, Department ofSociology and AnthropologyAssistant Professor
Labor: Conscript and Forced
ALIKO SONGOLO
University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of AfricanLanguages and LiteratureProfessor
Armah, Ayi Kwei
Cesaire, AimeRabemananjara, Jacques
ELISEE SOUMONNI
National University of Benin,Abomey-Calavi, Department ofHistory and ArchaeologyAssistant Professor
Benin: History and Politics
AIDAN SOUTHALL
University of Wisconsin–Madison,Department of AnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Stratification, Social
PAUL SPENCER
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of Anthropology andSociologyProfessor Emeritus
Age and Age Organization
DEBRA SPITULNIK
Emory University, Department ofAnthropologyAssociate Professor
Media: Radio and TV
GUY STANDING
University of Bath, Department ofSocial PolicyProfessor
Capitalism andCommercialization:Employment andUnemployment
ANDREW ELLIAS STATE
Makerere University, Departmentof SociologyLecturer
Uganda: History and Politics
GEORG STAUTH
Bielefeld University, Departmentof Transnationalisation andDevelopmentProfessor and Reader
Egypt, Modern: Society andCultures
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
NANCY RHEA STEEDLE
Yale University, Program ofAfrican StudiesGraduate Student
Djibouti, Republic ofNiger: History and PoliticsNigeria: History and Politics,
Northern NigeriaNigeria: Society and
Cultures, SoutheastNigeria
Sierra Leone: History andPolitics
EDWARD STEINHART
Texas Tech University,Department of HistoryProfessor
Wildlife: Hunting, Sport
ROBERT STOCK
University of Saskatchewan,International Programs Unit,College of Arts and ScienceInternationalization Coordinator
Production Strategies:Artisan Production
DAVID STONE
Florida State University,Department of ClassicsAssistant Professor
Northwestern Africa,Classical Period, Historyof (1000 BCE to 600 CE)
KARL STRIEDTER
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt,Frobenius-InstitutResearcher
Art, Genres and Periods:Rock Art, Saharan andNorthern Africa
CHRIS STRINGER
Natural History Museum,London, Department ofPalaeontologyProfessor
Human Evolution: Origins ofModern Humans
JOHN E. G. SUTTON
British Institute in Eastern AfricaHonorary Research Fellow
Agriculture: Beginnings andDevelopment
PATRICE TALLA TAKOUKAM
World Bank, Environment andInternational Law Unit (LEGEN)Counsel
Law: Anglophone CentralAfrica
JEAN-CLAUDE
TCHATCHOUANG
World Bank, Office of theExecutive DirectorSenior Advisor
Money: Exchange RateSystems
VIJAYA TEELOCK
University of Mauritius,Department of History andPolitical ScienceSenior Lecturer
Mauritius: History and Politics
MUSSIE TESFAGIORGIS
University of Hamburg,Department of HistoryIndependent Researcher
Eritrea: Geography andEconomy
MOSES KANGMIEVE TESI
Middle Tennessee State University,Department of Political ScienceProfessor
Cote d’Ivoire: Geographyand Economy
MOTLATSI THABANE
National University of Lesotho,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Moshoeshoe I
JORN THIELMANN
Kompetenzzentrum Orient-Okzident Mainz KOOM,Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityMainzManaging Director
Farouk, King of EgyptFuad, King of EgyptIslam: Northern AfricaLaw: IslamicMuslim Northern Africa,
History of (641 to 1500CE)
Ottoman Northern Africa,History of (1500 to1850)
ANNE ELISE THOMAS
Jefferson CenterEducational ProgramCoordinator
Music, Modern Popular:Egypt
DOMINIC THOMAS
University of California at LosAngeles, Department of Frenchand Francophone StudiesChair
Sony Labou Tansi
STEVEN THOMSON
Pacific Lutheran University,Department of AnthropologyAssistant Professor
Gambia, The: Society andCultures
ALEC C. THORNTON
University of Otago, New
Zealand, Division of
Humanities, Department of
Geography
Postdoctoral Research FellowAngola: Geography and
EconomyCongo, Republic of:
Geography and Economy
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
JOHN K. THORNTON
Boston University, AfricanAmerican Studies ProgramProfessor
Military Organizations:History of MilitaryOrganizations
GARY THOULOUIS
Brooklyn, NYBrazza, Pierre Francois
Camille Savorgnan deCasely-Hayford, Joseph
EphraimChitapankwa, Mutale MutakaDanquah, Joseph Kwame
Kyeretwi BoakyeEyadema, Gnassingbe
(Etienne)
DIANE THRAM
Rhodes University, InternationalLibrary of African MusicDirector
Tracey, Hugh
DAVID W. THROUP
Center for Strategic andInternational Studies,Washington, DC, Africa ProgramSenior Associate
Colonial Policies andPractices: British EastAfrica
FAROUK TOPAN
University of London, School ofOriental and African Studies,Department of AfricaProfessor Emeritus
Literatures in AfricanLanguages: Swahili
Saqid bin Sultan
ANDREW TRACEY
Rhodes University, InternationalLibrary of African MusicFounder
Musical Instruments
ALESSANDRO TRIULZI
Oriental University, Naples,Department of African and ArabStudiesProfessor
Colonial Policies andPractices: Italian
CHARLES TSHIMANGA-
KASHAMA
University of Nevada, Reno,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Music, Modern Popular:Central Africa
MATTHEW TURNER
University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of GeographyProfessor
Ecosystems: Deserts andSemi-Deserts
THOMAS TURNER
Virginia CommonwealthUniversity, School of Governmentand Public AffairsAdjunct Professor
Congo, Democratic Republicof the: History andPolitics
Kisangani
MICHAEL TWADDLE
University of London, Institute ofCommonwealth StudiesEmeritus Reader
Kakungulu, SemeiLwakirenzi
ROBERT UTTARO
University of Florida, Departmentof Political Science
Banda, Ngwazi HastingsKamuzu
Fanon, FrantzTubman, William Vacanarat
Shadrach
GOOLAM VAHED
University of KwaZulu-Natal,Department of HistoricalStudiesAssociate Professor
Islam: Southern Africa
SARAH VALDEZ
Freelance ResearcherAbidjanAccraAgajaAhmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
(Ahmad Gran)BanjulDingiswayoGungunyanaKruger, PaulMapondera, Paitando
KadungureMoi, Daniel arapMswati IIPlaatje, SolSavimbi, JonasShyaam aMbul aNgoongThuku, HarryVerwoerd, Hendrik Frensch
JUDITH IMEL VAN ALLEN
Cornell University, Institute forAfrican DevelopmentResearch Fellow
Dow, UnityKhama, Tshekedi
WIM M. J. VAN BINSBERGEN
University of Leiden, Netherlands,Faculty of Social and BehavioralSciencesProfessor
Ethnicity: Central Africa
AAD VAN TILBURG
Wageningen University,Netherlands, Marketing andConsumer Behaviour GroupAssociate Professor
Food: Marketing
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
JACQUES VANDERLINDEN
Universite de Moncton, NewBrunswick, Faculty of LawProfessor Emeritus
Law: Burundi, Congo, andRwanda
BRUCE VANDERVORT
Virginia Military Institute,Department of HistoryProfessor
Warfare: Colonial
JAN VANSINA
University of Wisconsin–Madison,Departments of History andAnthropologyProfessor Emeritus
Bantu, Eastern, Southern, andWestern, History of(1000 BCE to 1500 CE)
History of Africa: Seventh toSixteenth Century
Kagame, AlexisPolitical Systems: States
MICHAEL VEAL
Yale University, Department ofMusicAssociate Professor
Ade, SunnyKuti, Fela
DENIS VENTER
Africa Consultancy and Research,PretoriaIndependent Researcher
De Klerk, Frederik Willem
FRANCOISE VERGES
Goldsmiths College, London,Centre for Cultural StudiesReader
Creoles
KEES VERSTEEGH
University of Nijmegen, Instituteof the Middle EastProfessor
Languages: Arabic
ULF VIERKE
Bayreuth University, AfrikanistikPhotography:
Photojournalism
HENRIK VIGH
Research and RehabilitationCentre for Torture Victims,CopenhagenSenior Researcher
Youth: Soldiers
KNUT VIKØR
University of Bergen, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Islam: Sufi OrdersSahara Desert: Geography
and HistorySanusi, Muhammad ibn
qAli al-
LEONARDO VILLALON
University of Florida, Center forAfrican StudiesDirector
Diouf, AbdouSenegal: Society and Cultures
MARY VOGL
Colorado State University,Department of Foreign Languagesand LiteraturesAssociate Professor
Art, Regional Styles: Egypt
MICHELE WAGNER
University of Minnesota,Department of HistoryAssistant Professor
Burundi: Society and Cultures
PETER WALKER
University of Oregon, Departmentof GeographyAssociate Professor
Aid and Development:Structural Adjustment
Forestry: Southern AfricaMalawi: Geography and
Economy
MARION WALLACE
British Library, AfricanCollectionsCurator
Namibia: History andPolitics
RICHARD WALLER
Bucknell University, Departmentof HistoryAssociate Professor
Production Strategies:Pastoralism
GRETCHEN WALSHyBoston University, African StudiesLibraryHead
Libraries
KEITH WALTERS
University of Texas at Austin,Department of LinguisticsProfessor
Tunisia: Society andCultures
IAN WATTS
University of Cape Town,Department of ArchaeologyProfessor
Bujumbura
MICHAEL J. WATTS
University of California, Berkeley,Department of GeographyProfessor
Geography and the Study ofAfrica
LubumbashiPort Harcourt
JENNIFER WEIR
Murdoch University, Australia,Teaching Learning CentreSenior Lecturer
Nandi
BRAD WEISS
College of William & Mary,Department of Anthropology
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
ProfessorModernity and
Modernization:Antimodern andPostmodern Movements
DAVID JOHN WELSH
University of Cape Town,Department of Political ScienceProfessor Emeritus
Apartheid
TOBIAS WENDL
University of Bayreuth, Institutefor Africa StudiesDirector
Photography: Aesthetics andSocial Significance
FRED WENDORF
Southern Methodist University,Department of AnthropologyProfessor
Prehistory: Sahara andNorthern Africa
LUISE WHITE
University of Florida, Departmentof HistoryProfessor
Prostitution
BENSON FUNK WILDER
University of Colorado-Boulder,Department of GeographyDoctoral Candidate
Boundaries, Colonial andModern
GAY WILENTZyEast Carolina University,Department of EnglishProfessor
Aidoo, Ama Ata
DRID WILLIAMS
Journal for the AnthropologicalStudy of Human Movement(JASHM)Co-editor
Dance: Aesthetics
JAMES WILLIAMS
Johns Hopkins University,Department of AnthropologyGraduate Student
Youth: Urban
MIRYAM EHRLICH
WILLIAMSON
Independent ScholarGabon: Geography and
EconomyGabon: Society and Cultures
EDWIN N. WILMSEN
University of Texas at Austin,Department of AnthropologySenior Lecturer
Kalahari DesertProduction Strategies:
Hunting and Gathering
PENELOPE WILSON
Durham University, Departmentof ArchaeologyDoctor
Cleopatra VIIEgypt, Early: Late and
Ptolemaic
KWASI WIREDU
University of South Florida,Department of PhilosophyDistinguished University Professor
Philosophy
JOSEPH MALLORY WOBER
Michigan State University,Department ofTelecommunication, InformationStudies, and MediaAdjunct Professor
Psychology and the Study ofAfrica
DWAYNE WOODS
Purdue University, Department ofPolitical ScienceAssociate Professor
Cote d’Ivoire: History andPolitics
DOROTHY WOODSON
Yale University Library, AfricanCollectionCurator
Mbabane
STEPHEN WOOTEN
University of Oregon, Departmentof Anthropology andInternational Studies ProgramAssistant Professor
Mali: Geography andEconomy
ERIC WORBY
University of the Witwatersrand,School of Social SciencesHead
Zimbabwe: Geography andEconomy
Zimbabwe: Society andCultures
DAVID WORTH
University of Cape Town, Centrefor Higher EducationDevelopmentFaculty Finance Manager
Archaeology and Prehistory:Industrial
CAROLINE WRIGHT
University of Warwick,Department of SociologySenior Lecturer
Labor: Migration
DAVID K. WRIGHT
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department ofAnthropologyPostdoctoral Research Associate
Prehistory: Eastern Africa
DONALD R. WRIGHT
SUNY, Cortland, Department ofHistoryDistinguished Teaching Professor
Gambia, The: Geography andEconomy
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D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
NANCY G. WRIGHT
New York CityIndependent Researcher
Ranavalona, Mada
JAMES WUNSCH
Creighton University, Department
of Political Science and
International RelationsProfessor
Government: Local
LARRY YARAK
Texas A&M University,
Department of HistoryAssociate Professor
Elmina
CRAWFORD YOUNG
University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Department of Political Science
Professor EmeritusMobutu Sese Seko
PHILIP ZACHERNUK
Dalhousie University, Department
of HistoryAssociate Professor
Independence and Freedom,Early African Writers
I. WILLIAM ZARTMAN
Johns Hopkins University, School ofAdvanced International Studies,Conflict Management ProgramDirector
Warfare: National andInternational
MALIKA ZEGHAL
University of Chicago, DivinitySchool
Associate ProfessorIslam: IslamismIslam: Modernism
PAUL TIYAMBE ZELEZA
University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of African-AmericanStudiesProfessor
Education, University andCollege: Overview
BAHRU ZEWDE
Addis Ababa University,Department of HistoryProfessor Emeritus
Ethiopia and the Horn,History of (1600 to 1910)
Ethiopia and Vicinity,History of (600 to1600 CE)