Post on 25-Dec-2015
Diplomacy and World War II
1929-1945Short Version
Hoover’s foreign policy-isolationist>economic sanctions
Japanese aggression-Manchuria (1931), defied open door policy and league of nations
Stimson Doctrine-Honor Nine-power Treaty(1922) by refusing to recognize Manchukuo
Latin America 1929, good will tour Arranged the departure of US troops in Nicaragua
(1933) Negotiate treaty with Haiti to remove all US troops
by 1934
FDR foreign Policy (1933-1938)
Good-neighbor Policy Dollar diplomacy-ineffective due to Great
Depression=lack of resource to invest Rise of militarist regimes (GER, ITA) prompts
desire for cooperation in regional defense
Montevideo, Uruguay
Pan-American Conference 1933, US delegates vow to end intervention in internal
affairs of Latin Amer. Repudiation of Roosevelt corollary
1936-FDR personally attended Pledged to submit further disputes to arbitration Warned against European aggression (GER)
Cuba 1934-nullification of Platt Amendment, retained right to
Guantanamo Bay Mexico
Reject corporate demands to seizure of oil properties by Lazaro Cardenas
Encouraged negotiation for settlement
Economic Diplomacy London Economic Conference (1933)
FDR withdrew support, b/c stabilization of currencies could hurt his own recovery plans
Recognized USSR 1933, recognition = increased US trade = economic boost
Philippines Tydings-McDuffie Act(1934)
Philippines independence (1946),gradual removal of US military presence
Election of New President (1935), New Constitution Reciprocal Trade Agreement
FDR favored lowering of tariff = increased international trade 1934, plan by Sec. State Cordell Hull, granted President
power to reduce tariff to 50% for Nations w/ reciprocated comparable reduction of US import
American Isolationists
Strong among Republicans, Midwest Revisionist history
Entrance into WWI mistake Sen. Gerald Nye (ND), 1934, committee conclude entrance was to serve
greed of bankers and arm manufacturers, influenced later isolationist legislation
Neutrality Acts Neutrality act 1935- Authorize president to prohibit arms shipment and US
citizen from traveling on ships of warring nations 1936, forbade extension of loan and credits 1937, forbade shipment of arms to opposing side in Spanish civil war(1936,
General Francisco France>forces of republicanism, royalists) America First Committee(1940)
React to pro-British policies of FDR Mobilize public opinion and engaged prominent people > WW2
Prelude to War
Appeasement Ethiopia (1935) Rhineland (1936) China (1937)-US gunboat Panay destroyed, Japanese
apology accepted FDR tested public opinion, quarantine speech (negative
reaction) Sudetenland, 1938
Munich conference, 1938 (broken March 1939) Preparedness
1938, increased military and naval budget by 2/3, some accepted, belief in that it would be used to attack aggression against western hemisphere
From Neutrality to War (1939-1941) Outbreak of War in Europe
1939, USSR and Germany = nonaggression pact Division of Poland
Invasion of Poland (September, 1939) Blitzkrieg (1940)
Scandinavia, France(1 week) Denmark and Norway surrender June 1940, Britain remains
Changing US policy
1940-acceptance of stronger US defense > aid to Britain
Cash and Carry 1939, less restrictive neutrality act
Warring nations, cash and carry, favored Britain Selective Service Act (1940)
Compulsory military service, 21-35, trained 1.2 mil/1 yr First peace time draft Isolationists outnumbered, people away from Strict
Neutrality Destroyers for Base
50 older US destroyers = military bases on Caribbean British islands
Election of 1940
Wendell Willkie (R) Criticize New Deal, agreed to preparedness and
aid to GB End of two term tradition
54% to FDR (popular) Strong recovery b/c defense purchases, instead
of Keynesian Fear of war, desire for strong leader
Arsenal of Democracy
Four Freedoms Nations dedicated to Free. Speech, Religion, from want, from
fear Jan 6, 1941. Speech to lend money for purchase of US war
material Lend-Lease (March 1941)
End cash and carry, allow obtaining all US arms on credit Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
Affirmed peace objectives, sound peace include self-determination, no territorial expansion, free trade
Shoot on Sight June 1941-extension of protection from submarines Escort ships carrying lend-lease to Iceland
Greer attacked by GER sub = attack all German vessel on sight
Disputes with Japan
1940, Axis alliance German success = Japanese aggression, Dutch East
Indies, British Burma, Indochina Economic Action
Prohibit export of Steel and scrap iron, ex. Britain and western hemisphere
1941-freeze all Japanese credit, cut off access to vital material, oil
Negotiations breaking down Pearl Harbor, 1 day later WAR
Stalin join with Democracies, Europe then Asia
World War II :Home Front
WPB-management of war industries OWM-set production priorities and controlled raw materials Cost-plus system, paid war contractors cost of production and certain %
for profit End of depression, unemployment virtually ends by 1944 1944, US 2> 1 Axis industrial output OPA- regulation of civilian life-freeze price, wages, rents and rationing Unions-Agreement of no strike (John L. Lewis broke)
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike act (1943)-empowered government to take over war-related business threatened by strike
Financials of the War Increase in spending, 100 bil in 1945
Increased income tax, 1945 automatic deduction from paycheck Selling war bonds Borrow money, sell 145 bil war bonds Shortage = savings
The War’s impact on society
Leave rural areas in Midwest to pacific coast (California), defense installations in S (warm, low labor cost)
African American 15 mil left S, 1 mil join armed force
Faced discrimination and segregation, summer of 1943, race riot in NY and Detriot Double V
V > fascism, V > inequality Increased NAACP members CORE, militant movement for African interest Smith vs. Allwright (1944)
Mexican Americans 300000 in military, many in defense industries 1942 agreement-Braceros enter US in harvest season neglecting
immigration procedures Summer 1943, LA soot suit riots, battle between whites and Mexicans
Native Americans -25k in military, more in defense industries. /2 never returned to reservations
Japanese American 20k served in Military 1942, l fear/racism prompts government to order 100k on
west coast to leave for internment camps. Korematsu v. US (1944) , policy upheld
Women- 200k served in non-combat role Acute labor shortage 5 mil enter work force, industrial jobs in shipyards and
defense plants Rosie the Riveter, pay <
Propaganda Maintain morale Encourage sacrifice and conservation Increase war production Office of war information-news about troop movement and
battle Movie, Radios, music
The Election of 1944
FDR (D) and Truman, FDR’s medical health ?
Thomas Dewey (R) FDR, 53% popular vote, 432-99 electoral
World War II: Battlefronts
Fighting Germany Defense at sea, attack by air
Battle of the Atlantic From North Africa to Italy
Operation Torch (NOV 1942), May 1943 success Summer 1943, Sicily.
From D day to VE day June 6, 1944. Doomsday. Belgium December 1944, battle of the bulge
German Surrender, Holocaust discovery April 30, 1945-Hitler suicide. Unconditional surrender of German
army, May 7 6 million Jewish people perished, genocide on Hitler’s part
Fighting Japan
1942- Korea, Philippines, eastern China, British Burma and Malaya, French Indochina , Dutch east Indies, most pacific islands west of Midway
Turning point, 1942 Battle of Coral Sea (may 7-8), invasion of Australia ended June 4-7, Battle of Midway,
destruction of 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes Island Hoping (Chester Nimitz) Major Battle
Leyte Gulf (October 1944)-virtual destruction of Japanese Navy First usage of kamikazes
Battle of Okinawa (April –June 1945)- 50k US deaths, 100k Japanese Atomic bombs
Manhattan project (1942) J. Robert Oppenheimer, 100k people and 2 bil spent Successful test, June 16, 1945, Alamogordo, New Mexico August 6, Hiroshima August 9, Nagasaki 250k Japanese died immediately or after prolonged suffering August 16, Jpanese surrender. Emperor retained as titular head of state but renounced Divinity Formally received on September 2, 1945 aboard Missouri in Tokyo
Wartime Conferences
Casablanca (Jan 1943)- FDR and Churchill agreed to invade Sicily and demand unconditional surrender from Axis
Teheran-Big three in Iranian city, November 1943, Drive to liberate France in spring of 1944, Soviet would invade Germany and eventually join in war against Japan
Yalta, February 1945-black sea coast of USSR Germany divided into occupation zones Free election in liberated eastern Europe USSR enter war >Japan (August 8, 1945) USSR control southern half of Sakhalin island and Kurile island in Pacific, special
concessions in Manchuria New world peace organization formed in San Francisco
Roosevelt’s death April 12, 1945- sudden death Truman becomes president
Potsdam Late July, Churchill replaced by Clement Attlee, Stalin remain
In Germany (July 17-August 2, 1945) Warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally War-crime trials of Nazi leaders
The War’s Legacy
Cost 300k Americans died, 800k wounded
Most deadly after Civil War 320 bil spent, immense amount of defecit spending. 1000% increase in federal spending, 1939-1945. 250 bil national debt
UN 1944, Dumbarton Oaks, Allied representatives from US, USSR,
GB, and CN proposed on the organization. April 1945, 50 nations sent delegates to assemble in San
Francisco, 8 weeks to draft charter. October 24, 1945- UN is borne
Expectations-USSR, A-bomb 1945-US strongest and most prosperous
I got lazy and didn't feel like putting more pictures, it got problematic as I had to search for so many pictures when I could just condense the entire chapter into note form.
Be happy you didn't get the other version, which had 50 slides.
G Luck and stuff on your finals, AP exam/s, Regents, and Summer