Post on 30-Dec-2015
Different in CultureDifferent in Culture
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Chapter PreviewChapter Preview
Describe culture, and explain the significance of both
national culture and subcultures.
Identify the components of culture, and describe their
impact on business activities around the world.
Describe cultural change, and explain how companies
and culture affect one another.
Explain how the physical environment and technology
influence culture.
Describe the two main frameworks used to classify
cultures and explain their practical use.
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What is Culture?What is Culture?
Set of values, beliefs, rules and institutions held by a specific group of people
Cultural literacyDetailed knowledge of a culture that enables a person to function effectively within it
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EthnocentricityBelief that one’s own
ethnic group or culture is superior to
that of others
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Nations and CultureNations and Culture
National cultureNational culture
Nation states build museums and monuments to preserve the legacies of important events and people
SubcultureSubculture
Group of people that share a unique way of life within a larger culture
(language, race, lifestyle, attitudes, etc.)
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Components of CultureComponents of Culture
Physicalenvironments
Education
Personalcommunication
Religion
Social structure
Manners &customs
Values &attitudes
Aesthetics
CultureCulture
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AestheticsAesthetics
Music
Painting
Dance
Drama
Architecture
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Values and AttitudesValues and Attitudes
ValuesValuesValuesValues AttitudesAttitudesAttitudesAttitudes
Positive or negative Positive or negative evaluations, feelings and evaluations, feelings and tendencies people hold tendencies people hold toward objects or conceptstoward objects or concepts
The Ideas, beliefs and The Ideas, beliefs and customs to which customs to which people are emotionally people are emotionally attachedattached
• FreedomFreedom• ResponsibilityResponsibility• HonestyHonesty
• TimeTime• WorkWork• Cultural changeCultural change
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Manners and CustomsManners and Customs
Manners
Appropriate behavior, speech and dressing
in general
Customs
Traditional ways or behavior in specific
circumstances
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Social StructureSocial Structure
Social structureCulture’s groups, institutions, social
positions and resource distribution
Social stratificationProcess of ranking people into social layers
Social mobilityEase of moving up or down a culture's
"social ladder"
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World ReligionsWorld Religions
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Judaism
Shinto
Origin ofOrigin ofHuman ValuesHuman Values
Origin ofOrigin ofHuman ValuesHuman Values
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Language BlundersLanguage Blunders
Braniff Airlines’ English-language slogan “Fly in Leather” was
translated into “Fly Naked” in Spanish.
Sign in English on a Majorcan storefront read, “English well-talking”
and “Here speeching American.”
Sign for non-Japanese-speaking guests in a Tokyo hotel read, “You
are respectfully requested to take advantage of the chambermaids.”
English sign in a Moscow hotel read, “If this is your first visit to the
USSR, you are welcome to it.”
Japanese knife manufacturer labeled its exports to the United States
with “Caution: Blade extremely sharp! Keep out of children.”
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Mixed SignalsMixed Signals
"Okay"
"Vulgar gesture"
"It's a secret"
"Very nosey"
"Crazy"
"Very clever"
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EducationEducation
Cultures pass on traditions, customs, and values through schooling, parenting, group memberships, etc.
Education level
Well-educated attract high-paying jobs, while poorly educated attract low-paying manufacturing jobs
Brain drain
Departure of highly educated people from one profession, geographic region or nation to another
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Problem of IlliteracyProblem of Illiteracy
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Physical and Material CulturePhysical and Material CulturePhysical and Material CulturePhysical and Material Culture
These influence a culture’s development and pace of changeThese influence a culture’s development and pace of change
TopographyPhysical features characterizing the surface of a geographic region
TopographyPhysical features characterizing the surface of a geographic region
ClimateWeather conditions of a geographic region
ClimateWeather conditions of a geographic region
Material CultureTechnology used to manufacture goods and provide services
Material CultureTechnology used to manufacture goods and provide services
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Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck FrameworkFramework
Relation to natureRelation to nature
Time orientationTime orientation
Trust and controlTrust and control
Material or spiritualMaterial or spiritual
Responsibility to othersResponsibility to others
View of personal spaceView of personal space
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Hofstede FrameworkHofstede Framework
Individualism Individualism vs. collectivismvs. collectivismIndividualism Individualism
vs. collectivismvs. collectivismPowerPower
distancedistancePowerPower
distancedistance
UncertaintyUncertaintyavoidanceavoidance
UncertaintyUncertaintyavoidanceavoidance
AchievementAchievementvs. nurturingvs. nurturingAchievementAchievementvs. nurturingvs. nurturing
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Power Distance & Power Distance & IndividualismIndividualism
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Power Distance & Uncertainty Power Distance & Uncertainty AvoidanceAvoidance
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Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
• This chapter explains the significance of culture to international business. Culture is one of the most challenging elements that managers face in international business. Managers must have cultural literacy, or detailed knowledge about a culture that enables people to live and work within it. The main components of culture are aesthetics, values and attitudes, manners and customs, social structure, religion, personal communication, education, and physical and material environments. A culture’s aesthetics is important to formulating strategies, as are people’s values because they influence attitudes toward time, work, achievement, and cultural change. Knowledge of manners and customs is necessary for avoiding offensive behavior. Knowing the basics of other religions helps managers understand people’s behavior. The ability to speak the local language and understand unspoken language allows managers to understand a people. A culture’s educational aspects are important to a company, as is its material culture. Two tools to analyze and classify cultures include the Hofstede framework and the Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck framework.