Post on 27-Oct-2021
1
Determining Success and Lessons Learned
Ryan A. Wymore, P.E., CDM
NEWMOA Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation Workshop
October 5October 5--6, 20106, 2010
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
ESTCPId h N ti l L b tIdaho National LaboratoryJoey Trotsky (NAVFAC-ESC)Mario Robles (U.S. EPA)Tamzen Macbeth (CDM)Kent Sorenson (CDM)Mike Lamar (CDM)Mike Lamar (CDM)Nathan Smith (CDM)Neil Smith (CDM)
2
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Introduction – focus on chlorinated ethenes
Case Study – Fast release electron donor
Case Study – Slow release electron donor
Case Study #1 Case Study #1 –– Fast Release Electron DonorFast Release Electron Donor
The passive treatment zone Inject DHC-containing bioaugmentation culture into passive injection wellsBacterial transport by ambient groundwater flow
The active recirculation treatment zone Groundwater continuously injected andGroundwater continuously injected and extractedDHC-containing bioaugmentation culture added through the reinjection wellsTransport occurs by forced advection
3
Selected Seal Beach Site 70 for demonstrationTCE source area has concentrations
Demonstration SiteDemonstration SiteNWS Seal Beach Site 70NWS Seal Beach Site 70
TCE source area has concentrations as high as 190 mg/L during demonstrationWater table occurs at 15 to 20 ft bgsShallow aquifer zone extends to 50 ft bgs; highest contamination concentrations present to ~35 ft bgsAmbient groundwater velocity ~25-30 ft/yrS lf t f 1 500 t 9 000 /LSulfate ranges from 1,500 to 9,000 mg/LScale-up area is centered within the source area and is ~ 400 ft by 150 ftBioremediation/bioaugmentation being implemented as the remedial action for this site
Treatment Cell ConstructionTreatment Cell Construction
4
Treatment Cell Injection System Treatment Cell Injection System --ConstructionConstruction
Perform “pre-conditioning” to t bli h i t destablish appropriate redox
conditions prior to bioaugmentationInjection strategy: approx. 3,000 gallons of 1% lactate into each treatment cellActive cell (started April 2008)
QQuarterly injections conducted until bioaugmentation (January 2009)
Passive cell (started September 2008)
Injections performed monthly
PrePre--conditioning Resultsconditioning Results
Active Cell SummaryModerately reducing conditions achieved nearModerately reducing conditions achieved near reinjection wells; cis-DCE increasing; sulfate decreasingDHC functional gene vcrA not present
Passive Cell SummarySignificant donor in all injection wells and in several monitoring wells; redox conditionsseveral monitoring wells; redox conditions moderately reducing; sulfate decreasingConcentrations of c-DCE lowDHC functional gene vcrA not present
5
Bioaugmentation ActivitiesBioaugmentation ActivitiesBioaugmentation performed week of January 12, 2009
Donor Injection performed week of January 5 in both cellsSDC-9TM culture used for inoculation80-L of SDC-9 inoculated into each cell, equally split between injection wells in each cell
Electron donor injection strategy modified in active cellWeekly injections performed beginning February 2009Injection mass and volume increased beginning June 25, 2009Injection mass and volume increased beginning June 25, 2009
– 3% lactate; 1,000 gallons/well
Monthly injections continued as planned in passive cellMonthly sampling from January through June; quarterly event late September / early October
Active Cell Electron Donor Results Active Cell Electron Donor Results AMW-1 (25’ upgradient)
AMW1‐ 25' BLS COD Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugmentation
AMW-2 (18’ downgradient)
AMW-4 33’ bgs (28’ downgradient)
CO
D (m
g/L)
CO
D (m
g/L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
COD Co
ncen
tration (m
g/L)
AMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (33' BLS)COD Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugmentation
CO
D (m
g/L)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
AMW2‐ 25' BLS COD Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugmentation
Collection Date
6
Passive Cell Electron Donor Results Passive Cell Electron Donor Results PMW-6 (8’ downgradient) PMW-8 (9’ crossgradient)
4000
PMW6 ‐ 25' BLS COD Donor Inj Bioaugmentation
7000
PMW8 ‐ 25' BLS COD Donor Inj Bioaugmentation
PMW-9 (13’ downgradient)
CO
D (m
g/L)
CO
D (m
g/L)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
PMW-4 34 ft bgs (18’)
CO
D (m
g/L)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
PMW9 ‐ 25' BLS COD Donor Inj Bioaugmentation
CO
D (m
g/L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
COD Con
centratio
n (m
g/L)
Collection Date
PMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (34' BLS)COD Donor Inj Bioaugmentation
Electron Donor SummaryElectron Donor Summary
Active Cell Passive CellGood electron donor distribution along cell axis to at least 28 feet downgradientLittle increase in electron donor observed beyond 25-30 ft from injection
Electron donor increased following lactate injections in CMT wells at least 25 feet from injection wellElectron donor increased in downgradient wells with consistent monthly25-30 ft. from injection
wellsHighest concentrations in the deep zone
consistent monthly injectionsElectron donor is order of magnitude higher in middle zone of CMT wells compared to deepest zone
7
Active Cell Electron Acceptor Results Active Cell Electron Acceptor Results AMW-1 (25’ upgradient)
100005)
AMW1 ‐ 25' BLSNO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment SO42‐
AMW-2 (18’ downgradient)
AMW-4 33’ bgs (28’ downgradient)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
1
2
3
4
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4Co
ncen
trations (mg/L)
Collection Date
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
1
2
3
4
5
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4Co
ncen
trations (mg/L)
AMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (33' BLS)NO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment SO42‐
Collection Date
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0
1
2
3
4
5
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4Co
ncen
trations (mg/L)
Collection Date
AMW2 ‐ 25' BLSNO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment SO42‐
Passive Cell Electron Acceptor Results Passive Cell Electron Acceptor Results PMW-6 (8’ downgradient) PMW-8 (9’ crossgradient)
30005L)
PMW8 ‐ 25' BLSNO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Bioaugment SO42‐
35005L)
PMW6 ‐ 25' BLSNO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Bioaugment SO42‐
PMW-9 (13’ downgradient)PMW-4 34 ft bgs (18’ downgradient)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
1
2
3
4
5
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4concen
trations (mg/L
Collection Date
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
1
2
3
4
5
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4concen
trations (mg/L
Collection Date
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
2
4
6
8
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4concen
trations (mg/L)
Collection Date
PMW9 ‐ 25' BLSNO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Bioaugment SO42‐
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
1
2
3
4
5
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
NO3‐, Fe2
+ and CH
4concen
trations (mg/L)
Collection Date
PMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (34' BLS)NO3‐ Fe2+ CH4 Donor Bioaugment SO42‐
8
Electron Acceptor SummaryElectron Acceptor Summary
Active Cell Passive CellActive CellSulfate reducing to methanogenic conditions achieved 25-30 feet down-gradient of injection wells
Passive CellSulfate reducing conditions achieved in upgradient portion of cellMethanogenic conditions achieved
Redox conditions relatively unchanged downgradient of CMT wells
in downgradient portion of cell
Active CellActive Cell
AMW-1 (25’upgradient)
AMW-4 33’ bgs(28’ downgradient)
AMW-2 (18’downgradient)
VO
C M
oles
/L/L
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CVOC Co
ncentration (μmol/L)
Collection Date
AMW1 ‐ 25' BLSPCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CVOC Co
ncentration (μmol/L)
Collection Date
AMW2 ‐ 25' BLS
PCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
CVOC Co
ncentration (μmol/L)
Collection Date
AMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (33' BLS)
PCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Wkly Donor 1% Wkly Donor 3% Bioaugment
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10AMW1 ‐ 25' BLS ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
1 E 08
1.E+09
1.E+10AMW2 ‐ 25' BLS ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA 1 E 08
1.E+09
1.E+10AMW4 ‐ Zone 1 (33' BLS) ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
DH
C (c
ells
/
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
All distances from AMW-1/AMW-2
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E 08
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
bvcA
vcrA
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
bvcA
vcrA
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
bvcA
vcrA
9
Passive CellPassive CellPMW-6 (8’downgradient) PMW-8 (9’crossgradient)
PMW8 ‐ 25' BLSPCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Bioaugment
PMW6 ‐ 25' BLSPCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Bioaugment
VO
C M
oles
/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CVOC Co
ncentration (µmol/L)
Collection Date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CVOC Co
ncentration (µmol/L)
Collection Date
1.E+10PMW6 ‐ 25' ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
1.E+10PMW8 ‐ 25' ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
DH
C (c
ells
/L)
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
Passive CellPassive CellPMW-9 (13’downgradient)
PMW9 ‐ 25' BLSPCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Bioaugment
PMW-4 34’ bgs (18’ downgradient)PMW4 ‐ ZONE 1 (34' BLS)
PCE TCE DCE VC Ethene Donor Bioaugment
VO
C M
oles
/L
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
CVOC Co
ncentration (µmol/L)
Collection Date
1.E+10PMW9 ‐ 25' ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
CVOC Co
ncentration (µmol/L)
Collection Date
1.E+10PMW4 ‐ Zone 1 (34' BLS) ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
DH
C (c
ells
/L)
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
10
Active Cell SummaryActive Cell SummaryDHC distribution rapid (observed at ~30 ft downgradient within 1 month)Difficult to distribute donor > 30 ft downgradient
Lactate injection modified in June to increase electron donor in cell
Primarily sulfate reducing conditions where donor distributedDHC growth correlates with donor distribution (30 ft) g ( )Complete transformation to DCE and VC with some ethene 30 feet downgradient less than 3 months after bioaugmentationNo dechlorination beyond 30 feet downgradient
Passive Cell SummaryPassive Cell SummaryTCE present at higher concentrations in deepest zone of treatment cellEffective lateral donor distribution throughout cell; vertical distribution to deeper zones is not uniformFull dechlorination to ethene in downgradient part of cell
Good electron donor distribution and methanogenic conditionsDHC (and vcrA) not observed until February 2009, but populations of DHC/vcrA have been sustained since then
Little dechlorination occurring in upgradient portion of cell despite presence of DHC and vcrA, and methanogenic conditions
Possible inhibition due to co-contaminants
11
ConclusionsConclusions
Similar electron donor distribution achieved in
DHC was distributed to similar distances from
both passive and active cells
More donor was required and more operational issues were encountered with active approach
similar distances from injection points in both treatment cells, and populations were sustained as a function of donor distributionBetter overall distribution throughout the treatmentapproach
Dechlorination to ethene observed in both treatment cells as a function of donor distribution
throughout the treatment cell was achieved using the passive approach
CASE STUDY #2CASE STUDY #2
12
Site mapSite map
Site Hydrogeology - RI
Water table generally encountered at 25 30Water table generally encountered at 25-30 ft bgsSand and gravel zones present to 35-40 ftClay aquitard present below sand and gravel unit; laterally continuous and up to 20 ft thickSeparate sand/gravel aquifer unit belowSeparate sand/gravel aquifer unit below clay, which was not contaminated
13
Insert cross section figure from ROD andInsert cross section figure from ROD and from
HatchCo PropertySite
Site MapSite Map
N
14
Full Scale Design Full Scale Design –– ROD Selected ROD Selected RemedyRemedy
Treat >200 µg/L total chlorinated solvents using enhanced anaerobic bioremediationusing enhanced anaerobic bioremediation (EAB)Treat remainder of plume with monitored natural attenuationSource area treatment using grid pattern of injection wellsDowngradient plume treatment - installationDowngradient plume treatment - installation of one to three biobarriersPre-drilling characterization to refine well design
Full Scale DesignFull Scale DesignN
15
PrePre--RA Characterization Results: RA Characterization Results: Contaminant DistributionContaminant Distribution
MIP results showed responses atMIP results showed responses at depths greater than 40 ft throughout the source area and downgradient plumeDPT sampling confirmed MIP results as source concentrations greater than 15,000 ppb were found below 40 ftppDowngradient concentrations were greater than 3,000 ppb in one location
PrePre--RA Characterization: RA Characterization: HydrogeologyHydrogeology
Clay layer at 35 ft bgs was found to beClay layer at 35 ft bgs was found to be laterally discontinuousModified DPT/EC approach was used to investigate hydrogeology below 60 ft.Below 35 ft, layers of sand and gravel exist to 80 feet bgs, with intermittent thin clay layers present in some areas.thin clay layers present in some areas. A several foot thick clay layer was found at depths of approximately 80 ft throughout the source area.
16
Emulsified Oil InjectionsEmulsified Oil Injections
Target injections of 1,500 gal 2% EOS into each of 121 i j ti l ti121 injection locations
Source area – 37 paired wells and 12 individual wellsBiobarrier – 12 paired wells and 11 individual wellswells
Injections conducted from December 2008 through February 2009Manifold system in heated trailer allowed for injection Manifold system in heated trailer allowed for injection in up to 12 wells simultaneouslyin up to 12 wells simultaneously
17
BioaugmentationBioaugmentation
Pilot study area had active ydechlorinating cultureFollowing completion of emulsified oil injections, original plan was to transfer culture from pilot area to wells throughout the source area and biobarrier in phasesAft li i t fAfter preliminary transfers were completed, it was determined that dechlorinating bacteria were growing following biostimulation alone in most areas
18
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400CO
D Con
centration
(mg/L)
OSMUCOD
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
4 0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
CH4, and
Fe2
+ concen
trations (mg/L)
OSMU
NO3‐Fe2+CH4 (mg/l)SO42‐
0
200
Collection Date
0
50
100
0.0
2.0
4.0
NO3‐, C
Collection Date
200
250
600
700
800
g/L)
OSMUPCE TCE c‐DCE VC ethene
1 E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10OSMU ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
0
50
100
150
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ethene
Con
centration
(µg
CVOC Co
ncen
tration (µg/L)
Collection Date
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
vcrA
ND
50
100
150
200
250
COD Con
centration
(mg/L)
SLMUCOD
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
CH4, and
Fe2
+ concen
trations (mg/L)
SLMUNO3‐Fe2+CH4 (mg/l)SO42‐
0
50
Collection Date
0
50
100
0.0
2.0
NO3‐, C
Collection Date
250
300
500
600
g/L)
SLMUPCE TCE c‐DCE VC ethene
1 E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10SLMU ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
0
50
100
150
200
0
100
200
300
400
Ethene
Con
centration
(µg
VOC Co
ncen
tration (µg/L)
Collection Date
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
vcrA
ND
19
100
150
200
250
300CO
D Con
centration
(mg/L)
HMW‐15SCOD
100
150
200
250
300
350
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
CH4, and
Fe2
+ concen
trations (mg/L)
HMW15S
NO3‐Fe2+CH4 (mg/l)SO42‐
0
50
Collection Date
0
50
0.0
2.0
NO3‐, C
Collection Date
120
140
1200
1400
g/L)
HMW‐15SPCE TCE c‐DCE VC ethene
1 E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10HMW‐15S ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ethene
Con
centration
(µg
CVOC Co
ncen
tration (µg/L)
Collection Date
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
vcrA
ND
50
100
150
200
250
COD Con
centration
(mg/L)
HMW‐18DCOD
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
SO42
‐(m
g/L)
CH4, and
Fe2
+ concen
trations (mg/L)
NO3‐Fe2+CH4 (mg/l)SO42‐
HMW18D
0
50
Collection Date
0
20
40
0.0
2.0
NO3‐, C
Collection Date
200
250
4000
4500
5000
g/L)
HMW‐18DPCE TCE c‐DCE VC ethene
1 E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10HMW‐18D ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
0
50
100
150
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Ethene
Con
centration
(µg
CVOC Co
ncen
tration (µg/L)
Collection Date
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
vcrA
ND
20
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500CO
D Con
centration
(mg/L)
HMW‐17DCOD
0
50
100
Collection Date
600
700
800
25,000
30,000
g/L)
PCE TCE c‐DCE VC ethene
HMW‐17D
1 E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10HMW‐17D ‐ qPCR Results for Dehalococcoides
16S rDNA
tceA
bvcA
vcrA
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Ethene
Con
centration
(µg
VOC Co
ncen
tration (µg/L)
Collection Date
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
gene
cop
ies/L
Collection Date
vcrA
ND
Summary of ResultsSummary of Results
Complete dechlorination occurring in many ti f th ft 15 thportions of the source area after 15 months
Injection of EOS likely mobilized previously sorbed contaminants, especially in area of HMW-17DHigh concentrations of Dehalococcoides in many areas of the site (many naturally-occurring)L t f TCE l d d d dLarge percentages of TCE already degraded throughout the source areaObserved degradation as fast as 40 day half life, even with slow release electron donor
21
Path ForwardPath Forward
Sodium lactate was injected in hotspot near HMW-17DSecond EOS injection was completed in June-July 2010 for source area and first biobarrierDesign and construction of downgradient biobarriers to start early 2011
Challenge for installation is progression toward artesian conditions for downgradient areaAlternative emplacement methods may be needed
Questions and AnswersQuestions and Answers
Ryan A. WymoreCDM555 17th St Suite 1100Denver, CO 80202720-264-1110720 264 1110wymorera@cdm.com