Determining If an Unknown Metal is Vanadium Through a Comparison of

Intensive Properties

By Ben Sikorski – Lake ShoreAnd

Kristian Wilks – Lake Shore

http://www.gmem.biz/vanadium.html

1. Background2. Purpose3. Hypothesis4. Procedures5. Data

6. Conclusion7. Errors8. Applications/Further

Research9. Acknowledgements10. Sources

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Overview

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Thermodynamics: the branch of chemistry that deals with work, heat, and energy on a system

1st Law of Thermodynamics: energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transferred

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Background Science

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Kinetic Molecular Theory: •Increase in temperature = increase in movement speed of molecules•Energy between molecules/atoms is transferred when they collide so no energy is lost

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Background Science

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Background Science

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Background Science

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wererewerweerwerwerwerwererwerewrererwrmm/°C

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Background

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Background

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Vanadium Extraction Reaction:Vanadium Ore + Na2CO3 + Heat (850 °C) NaVO3

NaVO3 + H2O V2O5

V2O5 + Ca V

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Background

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Vanadium Electron Configuration:•1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

– 5 valence electrons in 4s2 and 3d3 subshells– Close to having 8 valence electrons so a large amount of

energy is required to remove electrons

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• Uses of Vanadium– Ferrovanadium (steel/Vanadium alloy)• Jet Engines• Rocket Thrusters• Car Axles• Cutting Tools

Background

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http://www.mycleansky.com/greenhouse.php

http://www.flickr.com/photos/7698273@N08/444608693/

http://ls1tech.com/forums/gen-5-camaro-drivetrain-tech/1530261-dss-working-new-1000hp-axles-2010-2012-camaro.htmlhttp://home.comcast.net/~alloy-artifacts/

craftsman-early-tools-p4.html

• Problem Statement– To Determine if the unknown metal is

Vanadium or not using…• Specific Heat• Linear Thermal Expansion

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Purpose

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Hypothesis

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Specific Heat Materials

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Specific Heat Procedures

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Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot Known Metal Normal Probability Plot

Data – Specific Heat

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• Unknown Metal– Average Specific Heat Calculated: 0.400 J/g* °C– Average Percent Error: 17.554%

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Data – Specific Heat

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• Known Metal– Average Specific Heat Calculated: 0.377 J/g* °C– Average Percent Error: 22.315%

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Data – Specific Heat

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Data – Specific Heat

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• Compares means of two independent populations• Assumptions– Data is normally distributed– Standard deviation is known– Adequate sample size

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Data – SH t Test

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Data – SH t Test

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• Two Sample T-Test– T-value= -3.2464• Means 3.2464 deviations below the mean

– P-value= 0.0040• Below the accepted 0.5 alpha level• Means that there is only a 0.4% chance of receiving this

data if the unknown metal was Vanadium

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Data – SH t Test

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LTE Materials

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LTE Procedures

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Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot

Data – Thermal Expansion

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Data – Thermal Expansion

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Data – Thermal Expansion

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Data – Thermal Expansion

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• Compares means of two independent populations• Assumptions– Data is normally distributed– Standard deviation is known– Adequate sample size

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Data – LTE t Test

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Data – LTE t Test

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• Two Sample T-Test– T-value= -2.7301• 2.7301 deviations below the mean

– P-value= 0.0149• Below accepted 0.5 alpha value• Means that there would only be a 1.49% chance of

getting data like this if the unknown metal was Vanadium

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Data – LTE t Test

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• The Plan– Determine if unknown metal was Vanadium or

not by…• Determining Specific Heat of both of the metals• Determining the Linear Thermal Expansion of both of

the metals

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Conclusion - Problem

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Conclusion - Hypothesis

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• We REJECTED our hypothesis that the unknown metal was Vanadium

• T-Tests– P-values of 0.0149 and 0.0040 for specific heat and linear

thermal expansion respectively– Percent error differences were 4.761% and 11.762% for

specific heat and linear thermal expansion respectively

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Conclusion - Decision

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• Procedural Errors– Metal was dropped in some trials– Metal was exposed in some trials– Heat loss during transfer– Water mass was measured using a graduated

cylinder

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Errors

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• Material Errors– Heat loss from top of calorimeters– Possible malfunctions in:• Calipers• Electronic Scale• Thermometers/Temperature Probes

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Errors

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• What can we do with this?– Use these tests to identify if a metal is Vanadium

or not in industries• Prevents wrong metal from being used• Saves money• Lets workers know what they are working with

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Applications

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• What else can we do?• Test other intensive properties such as– Hardness• Using a hardened steel ball indenter

– Melting Point• Using a mortar and pestle (metal to a powder)

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Further Research

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We would like to thank:•Mrs. Hilliard•Mrs. Cybulski•Mrs. Dewey

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Acknowledgements

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• http://www.gmem.biz/vanadium.html• http://www.mycleansky.com/greenhouse.php• http://home.comcast.net/~alloy-artifacts/craftsman-

early-tools-p4.html• http://ls1tech.com/forums/gen-5-camaro-drivetrain-

tech/1530261-dss-working-new-1000hp-axles-2010-2012-camaro.html

• http://www.flickr.com/photos/7698273@N08/444608693/

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Sources

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Questions?¿Uds. tienen preguntas?

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The End :D

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Alright, Time to Close the PowerPoint!

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Seriously, Stop Pressing the Clicker Before the Black Screen of Death

Comes Up.

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WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOU?! I SAID STOP

HITTING THE CLICKER!

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-_- You Really Made it to This Slide? That’s Really

Sad…

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