Post on 30-Dec-2016
American Psychological Association
Debt, Salaries, & Careers in Psychology:What You Need to Know
Tanya A. Mulvey, MAPPAPA Center for Workforce Studies
Rocky Mountain Psychological Association Annual Convention
April 2011, Salt Lake City
© 2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies
American Psychological Association
Mission StatementThe APA Center for Workforce Studies collects, analyzes, and
disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and
education system.
American Psychological Association
For Further Information…
www.apa.org/workforce
cws@apa.org
tmulvey@apa.org
American Psychological Association
Definitions• (HSP) Health Service Provider: Psychology degree in
subfield focused on providing health/mental health services, usually a clinical, counseling, or school subfield
• Research/Other: Psychology degree in a subfield traditionally seen as research/academic focus area (e.g. cognitive, I/O, educational, personality, or social psychology).
• „Recent‟ Doctorate: Individuals who are 2 years out or lessfrom the time they received their degree.
American Psychological Association
Doctorate Employment Survey –Capture data on new doctorate workforce and their educational path through the doctorate (including postdoctoral training), debt, starting salaries, and perceptions of education/training.
Salaries in Psychology – distributed bi-ennially to all APA members to collect current salary information at the masters or doctoral level in psychology across all positions and settings.
Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology – sent to chairs of U.S. and Canadian departments that award a graduate degree in psychology.
Graduate Study in Psychology – distributed to chairs of departments that award graduate degrees in psychology or related fields to collect data on student enrollment and support, departmental budget, faculty, enrollment and attrition rates.
APA Employment Update – employment and demographic information which is useful for describing the membership more thoroughly.
Routine Surveys from CWS
American Psychological Association
Data Available from Other SourcesU.S. Department of Education•Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)
National Opinion Research Center (NORC)•Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED)
National Science Foundation (NSF)•Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT)•Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR)•Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering•National Survey of Recent College Graduates•Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards
Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) – www.appic.org
Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST)
American Psychological Association
Overview• Education
• Debt & Financial Support
• Employment
• Salaries
• Career Preparation
American Psychological Association
Education
• Degrees
• Subfields
• Demographics
92,587
21,431
5,296
0 20 40 60 80 100
BA/BS
MA/MS
Doctorate
Thousands
Number of Psychology Degrees Conferred by Level of Degree: 2008
Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. January 2010.
Note. Doctorate degree includes PsyDs.
Number of PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1988 1991 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008
PhD PsyD
Source: Data are from APA’s Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2009Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.
American Psychological Association
Time to Degree for Doctorates by Subfield Type: 2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3-4 Years 4-5 Years >5-6 Years >6-7 Years
Percent
HSP
Research/Other
Related
Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.Note. Median years to degree by subfield type: HSP=5, R/O=5, Related=5. By degree type: PhD=6, PsyD=5.
American Psychological Association12
Top Fields for Psychology Master‟s Degrees: 2008-09
0
10
20
30
40
Perc
ent
Grad Study
Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology: Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies.April 2009.
American Psychological Association13
Psychology Master‟s Degrees by Fine Field and Sex: 2007
0 20 40 60 80 100
Other
I/O
General
Clinical
Counseling
Educational
Community
School
Percent
WomenMen
Source: Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. January 2010.
American Psychological Association14
Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield: 2009
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Other
Human Dev & Family Studies
Cognitive & Psycholinguistics
Developmental & Child
Industrial-Organizational
General
Social
Counseling
Clinical
Percent
Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2011.
American Psychological Association15
Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield and Sex: 2009
0 20 40 60 80 100
Other
Cognitive & Psycholinguistics
Industrial-Organizational
Social
General
Counseling
Clinical
Human Development & Family Studies
Developmental & Child
PercentWomen Men
Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2011.
American Psychological Association16
Race Ethnicity of Psychology Degree Recipients and Workforce
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Associates
Bachelors
Masters
Doctoral
ECP
Workforce
Other American Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic Black White
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June 2010.
* Workforce and ECP data from the 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June 2010.
American Psychological Association
Debt and Financial Support
• Tuition Costs
• Levels of Debt
• Sources of Financial Support
• Debt Repayment
American Psychological Association
Resident Tuition Cost in U.S. Doctoral Departments by Type of Department: 2008-2009
$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000
Other
Education
Human Devel.
School Psych
Professional School
Counseling Psych
Educ. Psych
Psychology
Dollars
Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010. Note. Includes PhD and PsyD programs and both public and private institution types.
American Psychological Association19
Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
No Debt21.9%
Debt78.1%
Health Service Provider Subfields
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
Median $80,000
Mean $88,610
SD $57,749
Median $32,000
Mean $49,440
SD $44,871
No Debt51.6%
Debt48.4%
Research/Other Subfields
American Psychological Association20
Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
<10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K 80-100K
100-120K
120-140K
140-160K
>160K
Perc
ent
Amount of DebtPhD (N=577) PsyD (N=272)
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
American Psychological Association
Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology:
2007
Health Service Provider Fields
Not Specified1.6%
Loans37.2%
Grants2.6%
Other6.1% Own Earnings/Family
Support24.4%
Univ. RA/TA28.1%
Research/Other Fields
Other7.0%Not Specified
0.8%
Own Earnings/Family
Support10.0%
Univ. RA/TA60.5%
Loans13.0%
Grants8.7%
Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2009.Note. Includes PsyDs.
American Psychological Association
Availability of Assistance to First-Year Doctoral-level Psychology Students by Degree Type and Type of Assistance:
2008-2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Teaching Research Fellowship/Schol. Traineeship
Type of Assistance
Perc
ent
PhD
PsyD
EdD
Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.
American Psychological Association
Full-time Students Receiving Financial Assistance in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Type of
Department: 2008-2009
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
80
90
100
Traditional Academic Professional School
Department Type
Perc
ent
Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.
American Psychological Association
Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs
• National Health Service Corps• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs• National Center on Minority Health and Health
Disparities• National Institutes of Health• Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Program• Army Reserve Medical Corps
American Psychological Association
Employment
• Workforce Perceptions
• Employment Status
• Work Settings and Activities
American Psychological Association
Recent Doctorates‟ Perceptions of the Psychology Job Market: 2001-2009
05
1015202530354045
Perc
ent
BleakPoor
FairGood
Excellent
Not Specifie
d
Rating
20012003200520072009
Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years. American Psychological Association, Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010.Note. 2009 data are preliminary and from online survey participants only. Data reflect all survey participants and are not limited to those in HSP subfields.
American Psychological Association
Perceived Underemployment of Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Subfield
Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey (selected years). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
% Underemployed
Year of Doctorate HSP Subfields Other Subfields
1993 28 32
1997 25 25
1999 22 222001 22 222005 24 242007 27 232009 24 23
American Psychological Association
Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology, 2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
In job when began program
Before completing program
Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified
Percent
HSP (N=402) Not HSP (N=455)
Source: 2009Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.Note. Includes PsyDs.
American Psychological Association29
Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006
Psychology PhDs100%
Employed89.4%
Part-time20.6%
Full-time68.8%
Not Employed10.6%
Retired7.8%
Unemployed,Seeking
employment0.8%
Unemployed, not seeking
2.0%
Source: NSF/NIH; 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009Notes. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
American Psychological Association30
Unemployment Rates for Doctoral Level Social Scientists by Field: 2003 and 2006
0123456
Economics
Political S
cience
Psych
ology
SociologyOther
Unem
ploy
men
t Rat
e
20032006
Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2003, 2006.Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.
Work Settings for PsychologyDegree Recipients: 2006
0 10 20 30 40 50
Other Educational Institutions
Federal Government
Self-Employed
Universities & 4-Year Colleges
Not-For-Profit Organizations
State or Local Government
For Profit Companies
Percent
PhD MA/MS BA/BSSource: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Various Surveys (2006). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2010. Notes. Psychologists earning PsyDs are not included here but are most often located in practice settings (self-employed and organized health care settings). The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
American Psychological Association32
Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus./Gov't/Other
Other Human Service
Independent Practice
Managed Care
Hospitals
School/Other Educ. Setting
Academia
Percent
Health Service Provider (N=472)Research/Other (N=267)
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
American Psychological Association33
Primary Employment Settings for Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Degree Type: 2009
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Table includes survey respondents with full- and part-time employment. Statistics are not included for settings where the total N is less than 20.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Business/Govt. & Other
Managed Care
Other Human Service
Hospital
Indep. Practice
Schools & Other Educ Settings
Other Acad. Settings
Medical School
Four-year Colleges
Univ. Settings
Percent
PhD
PsyD
Primary and Secondary Work Activities of Psychology PhDs: 2006
Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA, 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
0 10 20 30 40
Other
Professional Services
Mgmt. & Admin.
Teaching
Research & Development
Percent
Primary
Secondary
American Psychological Association
Salaries in Psychology
• Salaries by Degree Level
• Starting Salaries
• Salaries by Position Type
• Faculty Salaries
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006
$30
$40
$70
$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80
BA/BS MA/MS PhD
Thou
sand
s
Degree Type
Source: Data derived from National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.
Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80
Other type of position (N=18)
Direct human svcs (N=113)
Faculty position* (N=26)
Research (N=11)
Educational admin (N=8)
Admin of research (N=9)
Admin of human svcs (N=113)
Other admin position (N=18)
Applied psych (N=84)
All settings (N=308)
Median Annual Full-time Salaries by Employment Position for Master‟s-Level APA Members in Psychology: 2009
Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010.
*Faculty position is for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salary is reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Thousands
Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2007
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100
Educational Admin (N=10)
Direct human svcs (N=265)
Admin of human svcs (N=20)
Research positions (N=50)
Applied (N=64)
Lecturer/Instructor* (N=13)
Adjunct/Visiting faculty* (N=12)
Asst professor* (N=142)
Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2009.
Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.
* Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Thousands
Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work
Experience: 2009
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180
Research position (9 yrs.)
Direct human services (17 yrs.)
Other position (18 yrs.)
Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.)
Research admin (19 yrs.)
Other admin (22 yrs.)
Applied psych./I-O (15 yrs.)
Education admin (25 yrs.)
Thousands
Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
American Psychological Association40
Salaries for Full-time Faculty in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Rank and Years in
Rank: 2010-2011
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160
< 3 yrs (619)
3+ yrs (727)
< 3 yrs (492)
3-5 yrs (396)
6+ yrs (626)
< 3 yrs (280)
3-5 yrs (298)
6-11 yrs (466)
12+ yrs (1,075)
Thousands of Dollars
Source: 2010-2011 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Full Professor
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Adjunct Faculty: U.S. Graduate Departments of Psychology, 2010-2011
Average Fees Per Course
Doctoral Departments$3,830
Master‟s Departments$2,575
Source: 2010-2011 APA Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
American Psychological Association
Career Preparation
• Work Skills
• Job Search Methods
• Areas of Need
Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology,What Skills are Most Useful?
What New Doctorates Have to Say.All Subfields• Collaborate with colleagues from other disciplines/fields• Communicate comprehensibly to non-psychologists via
workshops/ public speaking/ writing• Previous work experience (before & during graduate education),
internships for I/O, practica• Administrative skills, budgeting, management, program planning• Quantitative skills - applied statistics, methods, field research• Networking• Teaching skills• Bilingual - able to work in more than one language• Technology - what it is, how to use it to do your work• Communicate how psychology applies/self-promotion• Proactive/forward thinking
Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology,What Skills are Most Useful?
What New Doctorates Have to Say.
Health Service Provider Subfield• Business & Management: e.g., starting a practice and keeping it going• Marketing & Selling Oneself/proactive• Short-term/ brief therapy knowledge skills• Working/ communicating with MCOs, insurance companies: knowing
how to get on panels, time efficiency, insurance, documentation, taxes• Knowledge of health care delivery systems: A system-level
understanding of how it works and where it might be going• What careers are possible? A more realistic view of the profession and
the applications of psychology. What are emerging areas of practice?• Understanding of and knowledge about medical system/medical
outcomes. Communicating with Primary Care Providers• Practical experiences (MCOs and elsewhere)• Knowledge about integrated community service provisions/ cross-
disciplinary work/ multiple wraparound services/ how to work with multidisciplinary teams
American Psychological Association45
Most Successful Job Search Methods for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
Informal channels 39% Informal channels 33%Electronic resource 16% Electronic resource 16%Postdoc became permanent 8% Chronicle/prof newsletter 9%Met emp thru former job 8% Faculty advisors 8%Civil service application 3% APA Monitor ads 5%
Conventions placement serv. 0% Professional journals 0%Employment agency 0% Employment agency <1%
Bottom Professional journals 0% Met emp thru former job <1%APS Observer ads 0% Conventions placement serv. <1%
Health Services Other Positions
Top
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
Areas of Need/Opportunities for Those in the Field: Research and Practice
Underserved populations Individuals in correctional facilities Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) Veterans/military/families of veterans Youth/children Elderly/geriatric population Retiring/Aging “baby boomer” generations psychology
Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention Health Care Reform-medical “teams” Holistic care teams
American Psychological Association
For Further Information…
www.apa.org/workforce
cws@apa.org
tmulvey@apa.org