Day One Review• Collect location data• Navigate to waypoints• Collect waypoints & attribute

data• Objects in life are features on a

map• Features have location and

attributes• GPS provides location• GIS links features & attributes

with location

Day Two Outline• Dig into GIS• Working with collected data• Data types• Available data sets• Create county map• Symbology• Layout• GPS/GIS In the classroom

Introducing GIS• What is a GIS?• GIS functions• Organizing spatial data• Components of geographic data• Storing geographic data• Using spatial relationships

Components of a GIS• An integration of five basic components

People

Hardware

Software

Procedures

Data

What can you do with a GIS?• Visualize information• Work spatially• Show relationships• Solve problems• Present results

What is spatial data?

Behaviors

Drawing

Querying

Analyzing

Connectivity

Relationships

Geometry

Attributes

Organizing spatial data in layers• A GIS works with thematic layers of spatial data

• Answer questions by comparing different layers of data

A geographic feature is any real-world object on a map, such as a single building. A layer is the visual representation of a set of geographic features. Layers must contain spatial data. Spatial data indicates the geographic location and shape of the feature.

In the example, buildings, school districts, streets, zip codes, cities, and counties are layers that are combined, or “layered,” using GIS to create reality.

Buildings

School Districts

Streets

Zip Codes

Cities

Counties

Linking features and attributes • Each feature has a record in the table

• Unique identifier links feature and attributes

GIS functions

Capture

Store

Query

Analyze

Display

Output

GIS functions: Capturing data

GISData

Paper Maps

Coordinates

GPS

Digital Data

GIS functions: Storing data• Two common data structures: Vector and Raster• Vector 

• Discrete representations of reality• Raster formats

• Use square cells to model reality

GIS functions: Query• Identifying specific features

• Identifying features based on conditions

Florida counties with a population greater than 300,000

GIS functions: Analysis

• Proximity  

• Overlay   

GIS functions: Display

Reports

GraphsMaps

GIS functions: Output

Components of geographic data

Using spatial relationships• The relative position of features determines relationships

I-80 connects San Francisco and New York

San Francisco is contained in California

New York is adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean

I-80 has length and direction

Introducing ArcGIS Desktop• Overview of ArcGIS• ArcGIS desktop applications• ArcGIS extensions

ArcGIS products• Scalable desktop applications

• ArcView• ArcEditor• ArcInfo• ArcGIS extensions

• All support data creation, management, analysis, and storage• All can work with the same data• All share a common operational interface

ArcInfo

ArcEditor

ArcView

ArcGIS desktop applications• All ArcGIS products share common applications • Focus on data, maps, and tools• ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox

ArcCatalog• A window into your database• Browse your data• Manage your data• Create and view data

documentation (metadata)

ArcMap• Primary display application• Perform map-based tasks

• Displaying• Editing• Querying• Analyzing• Charting• Reporting

ArcToolbox• Geographic processing functions

• Data management, analysis, and conversion

• Tools vary between ArcGIS licenses

ArcGIS extensions• Applications that plug into the new applications

• Spatial Analyst• 3D Analyst• Geostatistical Analyst

• 3rd Party Extensions• XTools• HawthsTools

• Scripts and Help• www.esri.com

Spatial data formats • ArcGIS can work with spatial data in multiple formats• KML  

Getting help • Contents tab• Index tab • Search tab• Other help

• What's this?• Tool tips

Exploring ArcMap• The ArcMap interface and tools• Data View and Layout View• Layers, data frames, and map elements• Layer properties for symbols and labels

The ArcMap interface

Tools toolbarTear-off and dockable

Title barMenu bar

Standard toolbar

Table of ContentsDockable

Context menu

Draw toolbarStatus bar

Data View or Layout View?• Data view for display, queries, editing and analysis• Layout view for creating map layouts 

Layers, data frames, and maps• Layer

• Represent symbolized spatial data

• Data frame• Organizes layers

• Map• Contains data frames,

layers, and map elements

Layers• Reference spatial data sources• Set symbols, labels and other properties• Manipulate through context menu

Data frames• Data frames are containers for

layers• Maps can have many data frames

• Index and inset maps• Arrange in layout view

• Add from Insert menu• Activate data frames to view from

context menu

Maps• Holds layers, data frames, graphics, map elements• Stores information in a map document (.mxd) file 

Managing the Table of Contents• Drag layers up or down to change

display order• Smart defaults for layer draw order

• Point, lines on polygons•  Layers draw in the Table of

Contents order, from the bottom-up• Rename data frames and layers• Remove layers• Display or Source tabs

Moving around the map• Zoom in or out• Pan the display• Full extents• Back or forward one display• Zoom to a layer

Layer Attributes

Symbolizing rasters

ArcGIS for Certified Crop Advisers © 2004 Foundation for Agronomic Research

Displaying qualitative values• Features 

• Categories

GIS - 41

Labeling features • Label features dynamically using attribute values• Layer properties control appearance and position• Convert labels to annotation features

Symbolizing features and rasters• Layer symbology in ArcMap• Displaying qualitative values• Normalizing your data• Graduated and proportional symbols• Showing quantity with dot density • Displaying multiple attributes• Symbology

Layer symbology in ArcMap• Same symbol for all features• Based on attribute values

Displaying qualitative values• Features 

• Categories

Changing symbol properties• Symbology tab or Table of Contents

Classifying features and rasters• Classifying quantitative values• Using the classification histogram• Using natural breaks• Using quantile and equal interval • Using standard deviation • Graduated and proportional symbols• Showing quantity with dot density

Displaying quantitative values

Graduated color Dot density

Graduated symbol Proportional symbol

Classifying quantitative values • Classification places attribute values into groups • Four classification methods are available

Natural breaks

Quantile Standard deviation

Equal interval

Using the classification histogram • Manage class breaks• Move class breaks• Define

• Interval• Number of classes• Method

• Right-click the histogram to• Zoom in/out• Insert/Delete breaks• Center the histogram

Using natural breaks• Default method• Identifies breakpoints between values• Shows clusters or concentrations of values

Using quantile and equal interval• Quantile

Each class contains the same number of features• Equal interval

Divides values into equal ranges

Using standard deviation• Shows distribution above and below the mean

Normalizing your data• Divide one attribute by another to determine a ratio

• Population density• Fertilizer use by tillable acres

Graduated and proportional symbols• Graduated - symbol size reflects class• Proportional - symbol size reflects actual data value

Showing quantity with dot density• Determine dot size and value• Good technique for areas of low and high concentrations

Charts as Symbols

Labeling features• Labeling features• Labeling options• Label placement• Label visibility

Labeling features • Label features dynamically using attribute values• Layer properties control appearance and position

Labeling options• Labels

• Displayed on the fly• Stored as a property of the layer

• Annotation• Stored as a feature• Stored separately from the source feature class

• Graphics layer• Geodatabase

Querying data• Identifying• Finding• Measuring• Map tips and hyperlinks• Attribute selection

Identifying• Popup attributes for a specific feature

Finding • Locate a specific feature or attribute

Selecting features by location• Why do you need a selection• Available selection tools• Selection layers• Selection methods• • Working with the selection tools • *Why do you need a selection • *Available selection tools • • Selection methods and layers• • Spatial selection• Attribute selection• Calculating summary statistics

Why do you need a selection?

Attribute selection • Use an SQL statement to select features• Save and reload selection expressions

Available selection tools • Interactive, attributes, location, graphics

Selection layers • Specify from Selection menu

• Layer(s) to select from using interactive selection tool

Selection methods • Specify from Selection menu

Create new selection

Add to the selection

Remove fromthe selection

Select fromselection

Interactive selection options• Options from Selection menu

• Select features partially or completely within the box or graphic(s)

• Select features completely within the box or graphic(s)

• Select features that the box or graphic are completely within

Select by location (spatial query)• Use features in one layer to select features in another

Location selection methods • Select by Location offers many selection methods

• Intersects• Contain• Are contained by• Shares a line segment• Shares a point• Within a distance• Are identical• Others...

Selection by graphics• Draw a graphic to select features• Works with interactive selection methods

Calculating summary statistics • Select

• Features 

• Layer • Field

Working with tables• Understanding table anatomy• Tabular data field types

Tables• Descriptive information about features• Each feature class has an associated table• One row for each geographic feature 

Understanding table anatomy• Basic table properties

• Records/rows and fields/columns• Column types can store numbers, text, dates• Unique column names

Columns (fields)

Rows(records)

Attributevalues

Tabular data field types • Different field types store different kinds of values• Choose the right field type for the right value• Field types vary according to table format

Name: Jupiter

Moons: 16

Diameter: 142,984 km

Date of Comet Shoemaker-Levy impact: 7/16/1994

Rotation period: 9.8 hr

Text Date Short Long BLOB Float

Jupiter 7/16/1994 16 142984 9.8

Table manipulation • Open table in ArcMap or preview in ArcCatalog

• Sort ascending or descending • Freeze/Unfreeze columns• Statistics

• In ArcMap• Select records• Modify table values

Associating tables • Can store attributes in feature table or separate table• Associate tables with common column key values• Must know table relationships (cardinality) 

Feature attribute table

Additional attribute table

Table relationships • How many A objects are related to B objects?• Types of cardinality

• One-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-one, and many-to-many• Must know cardinality before connecting tables

One parcel has one owner

One parcel has many owners

Many parcelshave one owner

Many parcelshave many owners

Joins and relates • Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap• Join appends the attributes from one onto the other based on a

common field• Relates define a relationship between two tables

Connecting tables with joins • Physical connection between two tables• Appends the attributes of two tables• Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinalityPits

Remedial_actions

Joined table

Connecting tables with relates • Define relationship between two tables• Tables remain independent• Additional cardinality choices

• One-to-many, many-to-many

Editing tables using the Field Calculator • Calculate field values for an open table• Simple calculations or advanced functions• In or out of an edit session 

Planning a GIS• Defining the desired outcome• Planning analysis processes• Determining data needs

• Identify the objectives

• Create the project database

• Analyze the data

• Present the results

GIS project planning

Identify the objectives• What is the problem to solve? How

is it solved now? Are there alternate ways to solve it using a GIS?

• What are the final products of the project: reports, working maps, presentation-quality maps?

• Who is the intended audience of these products: the public, technicians, planners, officials?

• Will the data be used for other purposes? What are the requirements for these?

Section 9

Section 4

Section 3

Section 28

Section 21

Section 23

0

0

OP130

Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions

Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/W aste 1.49Woodland 2.17

Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/W aste 5.76Site 1.91

Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/W aste 4.22Site 0.10

Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/W aste 3.31

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23

Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/W aste 2.1Site 1.7

Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/W aste 0.39

Acres of Appraisal Properties

81

26 29

161 160

120

77

0

50

100

150

200

Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4

Crittenden Township Appraisal

Legend

Land Use Class

Cropland Class A

Cropland Class B

Cropland Class C

Cropland Class D

Pasture

Roads/Waste

Site

Woodland

.

Create the project database• Assemble the data

• Prepare the data for analysis

Analyze the data• What is the end product?• What data do you need to get

there?• How does it need to be processed?

Present the results• Consider delivery methods and audience

Section 9

Section 4

Section 3

Section 28

Section 21

Section 23

0

0

OP130

Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions

Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/W aste 1.49Woodland 2.17

Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/W aste 5.76Site 1.91

Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/W aste 4.22Site 0.10

Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/W aste 3.31

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23

Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/W aste 2.1Site 1.7

Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/W aste 0.39

Acres of Appraisal Properties

81

26 29

161 160

120

77

0

50

100

150

200

Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4

Crittenden Township Appraisal

Legend

Land Use Class

Cropland Class A

Cropland Class B

Cropland Class C

Cropland Class D

Pasture

Roads/Waste

Site

Woodland

.

Presenting Data and Maps• Exploring layouts• Adding reports• Building graphs• Adding the finishing touch

Section 9

Section 4

Section 3

Section 28

Section 21

Section 23

0

0

OP130

Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions

Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/Waste 1.49Woodland 2.17

Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/Waste 5.76Site 1.91

Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/Waste 4.22Site 0.10

Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/Waste 3.31

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28

Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23

Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/Waste 2.1Site 1.7

Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/Waste 0.39

Acres of Appraisal Properties

81

26 29

161 160

120

77

0

50

100

150

200

Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4

Crittenden Township Appraisal

Legend

Land Use Class

Cropland Class A

Cropland Class B

Cropland Class C

Cropland Class D

Pasture

Roads/Waste

Site

Woodland

.

Map and design objectives • Map objectives

• Share information• Highlight relationships• Illustrate analysis results

• Design objectives• Manipulate the graphic

characteristics• Fulfill the intended purpose

Types of maps • General maps

• Locational/Positional• Variety of features and

uses• Thematic maps

• Distribution of an attribute

• Single attribute or relationship

• Different objectives, different cartographic designs

Issues in cartographic design • Colors, shade patterns, and text

• Perception of colors and symbols • Legibility of features and text• Visual contrast and hierarchy

• Visual balance

Creating maps in ArcMap • Design in Layout View

• Data frames organize layers• Map elements are added to a

virtual page• Maps stored as mxd files

• Data location• Layer properties 

Layout tools• Zoom and pan the layout page

Setting up the page • Remember the purpose

• Will the map be viewed close up or at a distance?

• What is the best page size?

• Landscape or portrait?• What printer will I be

using and what are my printer size limitations?

Identifying map elements

Title

Map body

Legend

Scale bar Other textNorth arrow

Data frame

Inserting map elements Moving Elements

The Legend Properties window

Adding a north arrow and a scale

Change angle, size, color Choose type, unit increments, color, font

Incorporating a reference system • Display reference positions on maps• Available reference systems:

• Latitude/Longitude, • Feet, • Meters• ABC/123

• Different graticule or grid types on the same map

Inserting textual information • Title and author• Data source, date, projection• Date of map• Disclosures and acknowledgements 

Graphs• Summarize tabular information in a graph• A variety of graph formats• Set display properties• Add to a map

Graph creation • Graph Wizard is a graphing and plotting utility

Reports • Organizes and displays tabular data• Group and format data• Save and export• Two reporting tools

• Report Writer• Crystal Reports

Creating and using map templates • Gives all maps in a series

the same look• ArcMap templates• Create your own

Precision Ag Technologies• GPS & Guidance• Application• Software• Telemetry

Yield by Soil Type

Data for GIS

How to Get Soil Tests

• Collect samples with GPS• Lab analysis for each point• Table of data• Create map of sample points & analysis

How to Get Yield Maps

• Install and calibrate equipment• Collect harvest data• Export yield data to text file• Import text file into ArcView

Create Maps from Point Data• Soil tests represent points of known data• Create map by interpolating between points

Known Data

Unknown Data

Soil Test Points

Creating Variable Rate Phosphorus Recs

Phosphorus Removal

Factor

*

Yield Map

Phosphorus Surfacefrom Soil Test Data

Maintenance Map

=

+

Variable Rate Phosphorus

Recommendation

Build Map

(Build Point – Soil Test) * Buffer FactorNumber of Applications

Finding Data Online• Many resources• Many free resources• Google.com• Gisdata.com• Geodata.gov