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Countries of East Asia

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REGIONS OF EAST ASIA CHINA PROPER- Eastern half XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high

plateaus; sparsely populated XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between

Russia and China THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE

JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN

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Cultural Characteristics of East Asia

WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM One of the world’s earliest cultural

hearths Political and economic forces continue to

force the historical and cultural landscapes

Population concentrations in the East, situated in river basins and special economic zones.

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CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION

ISOLATION Natural Protective Barriers

EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the

use of the coastline. Today the ocean is playing a major role

in the economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA.

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Historical Perspectives: China One of the world’s greatest cultural hearths Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years View of China as the center of the civilized

world. Historically China is a closed society

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CONFUCIUS CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL

PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER 551- 479 BC.

EMPHASIZED THAT HUMAN VIRTUES, RATHER THAN GODLY CONNECTIONS, SHOULD DETERMINE A PERSON’S PLACE IN SOCIETY

TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES

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Buddhism Taoism

Lao-tzuBuddha

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The Great Wall

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CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP

4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY);

SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)

5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI;

XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET)

22 PROVINCES LARGER IN THE WEST

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Chinese Leaders in the 20th Century Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)- leader

of Communist Party Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Mao-

created the Chinese socialist market economy

Hu Jintao (2002 - )Present leader

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MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES

1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF REFORM

FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED INDUSTRIES WERE

REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

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DENG XIAOPING ERA TOOK POWER IN 1979 ATTEMPTED TO UNITE COMMUNIST

POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES= SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY.

DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING

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ECONOMIC INITIATIVES SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED

OPEN CITIES INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON

SHANGHAI OPEN COASTAL AREAS

ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

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SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES INVESTOR INCENTIVES LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND

EXPORT REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR

PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN

FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

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ETHNIC GROUPS

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Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages.

Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50,000) used to represent the language remain the same.

Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them.

LANGUAGES

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PINYIN

THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE

Chinese TranslationBei NorthNan SouthXi WestDong EastJing CapitalShan MountainHe River (in the north)Jiang River (in the south)

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XIZANG (TIBET) A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING

THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720 GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE

19TH CENTURY CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK

CONTROL IN THE 1950s CORNERSTONE OF BUDDHISM, THE DALAI

LAMA, AND MONASTERIES NOW AN AUTONOMOUS REGION

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The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India.

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XINJIANG COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S

TOTAL LAND AREA A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND

BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF

THE POPULATION MUSLIMS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE

POPULATION HAS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND

NATURAL GAS

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MONGOLIA

STEPPE AND DESERT ENVIRONMENT

SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION INHABITANTS

PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911

FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON

HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

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JAPANESE HISTORY 600 - 800 Chinese cultural

influence 1000 -1300 War, Medieval

society arises, shoguns evolve 1600 -1867 Tokugawa

Shogunate, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system

1868: Meiji Restoration

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MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers. Reinstated the emperor and began to

transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power.

Focus was on industrialization and education system.

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EXPANSIONIST JAPAN TAIWAN 1895 KOREA 1910 MANCHURIA 1931 CHINA 1937 HONG KONG 1939 SOUTHEAST ASIA 1941

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SHINTOISM

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JAPANESE POPULATION Population: 127.4 million Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate: 0.0% Life expectancy: 78 (M), 85 (F) Urbanization: 78%

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KOREA The size of “Idaho” but with a

population of 73 million Turbulent political history:

A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38th parallel

by Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in

1953 (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea

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NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS

NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China

SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

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THE KOREAS- COMPARED

POPULATION 23,600,000 49,200,000

GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3

GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,300

AGRICULTURE

(as % of GNP) 25 % 8 %

(% work force) 36 % 21 %

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TAIWAN

Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

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TAIWAN Historical background:

A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the

US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC)

Population – 22.7 million 77% urbanized