Post on 01-Jan-2016
description
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
CS115 Introduction to Programming
Inst. Senem Kumova Metinsenem.kumova@ieu.edu.tr
Textbook : A Book on C, A. Kelly and I.Pohl
Lecture Notes : http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/~skumova/
Office hours : TBA
Office : 306
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
WHAT is LANGUAGE ?
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
WHAT is PROGRAMMING??scheduling or performing a task or / and event
WHAT is COMPUTER PROGRAMMING??creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow in performing a task
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
WHAT is a PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ?
A set of rules, symbols, and special words used to construct a computer program
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Programming language rules consist of:
Rules of Syntax which specify how valid instructions are written in the language(like natural language rules subject + verb +object )
Rules of Semantics which determine the meaning of the instructions (what the computer will do)
(like natural language rules A book has bitten a car )
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
A COMPUTER PROGRAM ? A set of machine instructions which in turn are
represented as sequences of binary digits (0001010….111011)
The execution sequence of a group of machine instructions is known as the flow of control.
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
FLOW OF CONTROL
SCENARIO :
we have 2 integers : x,y
if x is greater than 0 then
do x= y+1;
else
do x= y-1;
print the value of x
int x and int y
x > 0
YES NO
x = y+1 x = y-1
print x
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Will we write codes in binary ??
SCENARIO :
we have 2 integers : x,y
if x is greater than 0 then
do x= y+ 1;
else
do x= y-1;
print the value of x
000…110001
100010….01
YES NO
10…1010000 1011..0101
100..11100010
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Assembly language (or assembler code) was our
first attempt at producing a mechanism for writing programs that was more palatable to ourselves
; the easiest way to print "hello, world!"
name "hi"
org 100h
jmp start ; jump over string declaration
msg db "hello, world!",0Dh,0Ah, 24h
start:
lea dx, msg ; load effective address of msg into dx.
mov ah, 09h ; print function is 9.
int 21h ; do it!
mov ah, 0 int 16h ; wait for any key any....
ret ; return to operating system.
• Of course a program
written in
assembly code,
in order to “run”,
must first be
translated
(assembled) into
machine code.
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
A more problem-oriented (rather than machine-oriented) mechanism for creating computer programs would also be desirable.
Hence the advent of high(er) level languages starts with the introduction of “Autocodes”, and going on to Algol, Fortran, Pascal, Basic, Ada, C, etc.
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
ASSEMBLY versus HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
; the easiest way to print "hello, world!"
name "hi"
org 100h
jmp start ; jump over string declaration
msg db "hello, world!",0Dh,0Ah, 24h
start:
lea dx, msg ; load effective address of msg into dx.
mov ah, 09h ; print function is 9.
int 21h ; do it!
mov ah, 0 int 16h ; wait for any key any....
ret ; return to operating system.
/* easiest way to
print “hello, world” */
#include<stdio.h> // library file
main()
{ printf(“hello,world”); }
HelloWorld.asm HelloWorld.c
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
ASSEMBLY versus HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
HelloWorld.asm
Source Code
HelloWorld.c
Source Code
Machine Code (binary) Machine Code (binary)
Object Codeassembled
compiled
Library
(stdio.h)linked
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
A typical C development environment 1/2 Phase1. Create a program
Use some editor to create your .c file (emacs, vi, pico etc.) Save the file in disk .c file is known as source code
Phase2 and 3. Preprocess and Compile Preprocessor manipulates program code (examples: includes other files,
performs text replacements) Compiler generates .o file known as the object code
Phase4. Linking Linker links the library files and creates executable file
To compile your .c file type “gcc –c myfile.c” , this will create .o file
To compile & link type “gcc –o myfile myfile.c” this will create myfile.exe file and executable myfile.exe
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
A typical C development environment 2/2
Phase5. Loading Before a program can be executes, it must be first
placed to memory by Loader
Phase6. Execution Under control of CPU, a program may be executed
To load and execute your .exe file type “./myfile”
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Compilation with gcc compiler in Linux && Execution
Step1 : gcc –c myfile.c myfile.c + myfile.o
Step2 : gcc –o myfile myfile.c myfile.c + myfile.o +myfile.exe
Step3 : ./myfile
or
Step1 : gcc –c myfile myfile.c myfile.c +myfile.exe
Step2 : ./myfile
You may use also cc compiler instead of gcc
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
LIBRARIES
Libraries (in computer programming terms) contain chunks of precompiled (object) code for various functions and procedures that come with a programming language that requires compilation
For example functions and procedures to facilitate I/O.
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Why C? Native language of UNIX Standard development language for
personal computers Portable (can be moved to other
machine !) Powerful set of operators and powerful
libraries (some operators: ++,--….) Basis for Java, C++…..
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
A SHORT BREAK !
20 min …
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
INTRODUCTION TO C
Your First C programs
Basic I/O functions : printf / scanfIncluding librariesWriting commentsDefining variables ….if statements
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Learn printf
#include <stdio.h> // library file
void main(void)
{
printf("from sea to shining C\n");
}
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Learn printf
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
printf("from sea ”);
printf(“to shining C\n");
}
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Learn printf / scanf#include <stdio.h>void main(void){
int x=0;printf(“x= %d”,x); // print x = 0scanf(“%d”,&x); /* scan the value
from screen and assign this value to x */
printf(“%d”,x); }
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Comments/* Ignored part by
the compiler */
// Ignored part by the compiler (only this line)
void main(){ //…..
}
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Comments Comments are arbitrary strings of symbols
placed between the delimiters /* and */ Comments are not tokens but white spaces for
the C compiler
d) /*************/ /* a comment */ /*************/
b) /* * a comment */
c) /********** * a comment * ************/
a) /* a comment */
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Variables and Assignment
#include<stdio.h>void main(void){ int kurus; // declarations of variables (int is a keyword, takes integer values)int lira=0; // declaration and initialization of a variable int toplam_kurus; lira =13; // Assignment statement, “=“ is the assignment operatorkurus=56; // Assignment
printf(“ Money is %d lira %d kurus\n”, lira, kurus); // printf statementtoplam_kurus = lira*100+ kurus;printf(“ \n Total kurus is %d kurus\n”, toplam_kurus);// first part of the printf statement is a control string
}
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Variables and Assignment
OUTPUT:
Money is 13 lira 56 kurus
Total kurus is 1356 kurus
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
The use of #define
/* Lines starting with # are called preprocessing directives Preprocessor first changes all occurences of identifier PI
to 3.14 */
#include<stdio.h>#define PI 3.14void main(void){ printf(“PI equals : %f\n”,PI);// %f is used for floating numbers}
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
If Statements
SCENARIO/ MISSION :
you have 2 integers : x,y
if x is greater than 0 then
do x= y+ 1;
else
do x= y-1;
print the value of x
C CODE
void main()
{ int x; int y;
if( x>0)
x=y+1;
else
x=y-1;
printf(“%d”, x); }
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
if statements
int mymaximum( int a , int b)
{ if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b; }
MISSION :
Write a function called mymaximum that
gets 2 integer values (as input parameters) and returns
back the greater one
Senem Kumova Metin // FALL 2008-2009
Functions and if statements
#include <stdio.h>
int mymaximum(int a, int b); // FUNCTION PROTOTYPE
void main(void){ int max, x, y =7; // DECLARE 3 VARIABLES, INITIALIZE Y
printf("please give the value for x: ");scanf("%d",&x); // GET THE VALUE OF VARIABLE X
max= mymaximum(x,y); // CALL TO THE MYMAXIMUM FUNCTIONprintf("Maximum = %d",max); // PRINT THE OUTPUT}
int mymaximum( int a , int b) // DEFINE SUB-FUNCTION{ if(a>b) return a;
else return b; }