RECENTI ACQUISIZIONI SU

Amyloodinium ocellatum E Cryptocaryon irritans:

L’ESPERIENZA ISRAELIANA

Angelo Colorni, Ph.D.

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchNational Center for Mariculture

Eilat, Israel

Eilat

Dead SeaMed Sea

Cyprus

Red Sea

JordanIsrael

Egypt

Saudi Arabia

Lebanon Syria

ISRAEL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND LIMNOLOGICAL RESEARCH

National Center for Mariculture

• Tropical extension of the Indian Ocean• Oligotrophic waters with coral reefs• High evaporation rates • Negligible freshwater inflow

EilatTiran Straits

מיצפה –עול ם האלמוגים ימי-תת

Tropical environmental characteristics relevant to mariculture

Temperature…………………….. higher mean, by definitionMetabolic rates…………………... fasterThermal tolerance range…………. smaller rangeSalinity…………………………... higherEurohalinity……………………… lowerBiological precipitation of CaCO3.. much greaterSeason subdivision……………….. partial lack of it

חקל אות ימית בים –מ "ער דג בע

LET MY PEOPLE GO (Exodus 5:1)

SANO COME UN PESCE !!??

Net cageNet cage

Contamination of stocks bylocal pathogens

Spreading infections tosurrounding biota

Two way relationship between net-cage stocks and surrounding biota

) ו קו ט' ג: ציל ום( ש נים 3כ לו בי ה ד גים יו צאו בת וך

שני ם3ח ו ו ת הד גים יפונ ו מא ילת בתוך : הממשלה

הממשלה הקימה . ים הדגים השנויים במחלוקת מהמפרץהממשלה אישרה את הח לטת המועצה הארצית ל תכנון ובנייה להוציא את כלוב הירוקים לא מרוצים. לים שתב חן דרכים לס ייע לבעלי החוות שיפונו" ג ם ועדת מנכ

דוד הכ ה ן

3כמ ו כ ן נקבע כי הח ו ות י פ ונ ו בהדרגה בתוך . ללא כלוב י הדגים במפרץ אילת13א "את תמ) 'י ו ם א( א יש רה הממשלה אחר הצהרי י ם , אחר י מספ ר דח י ות ש ל הדי ו ן בנושאלים שתבח ן דרכ י ם לס י י ע לבעלי החו ות ש י פ ונ ו "הממשלה הקימה גם ועדת מנכ. שנ ים .

תוכנ ית מתאר שקבעה (13א " שלא לכלו ל את כלובי הדגי ם שבמפרץ במסגרת תמ2004בר הדי ו ן ה י ו ם התקי י ם בעקבות החלטת המועצה הארצית לתכנו ן ו בני יה מנובמ. החלטה שמשמעו תה הוראה להוציא את הכלובים מהמפרץ, )כלל ים לגבי בני י ה על החוף

Integrated System

Sea water

Fish

Sedimentation ponds

AbaloneSea urchins

Bivalves

Shrimp

Sea weedsFish feed

Bivalve reactors

microalgae microalgae Organic matterClean seawater

Amyloodinium ocellatum(trophont)

“Velvet disease”

ucleus(~16 µm)

tigma

omopode

tigma

hizoids

digestive vacuoles

starch grains

attachment disc

no chloroplasts

Longitudinal flagellum

Ribbon-like transverse flagellum

(12-15 µm)

ucleus

Food vacuoles

Microtubular ribbon

Phagocytic cytoplasm

omopode

Pusular canals

Attachment plate

Rhyzoids

Flagellum

Sulcus

Cingulum

Distinctive whirling swimming patterns

Amyloodinium ocellatum

Amyloodinium ocellatum on tilapia gills and skin

Amyloodinium ocellatum on G1B (from gill tissue of walking catfish Clarias batrachus)

Amyloodinium ocellatum trophonts on monogenean fluke Neobenedenia melleni

Oodinium

Class Blastodiniphyceae

Order Blastodiniales

Family Oodiniaceae

Genus Amyloodinium

Species ocellatum(Fensome et al., 1993)

Dinoflagellates:presumptive phylogenetic tree based on morphology and Kofoidian plate tabulation pattern

Philogenetic relationship of Amyloodinium ocellatum to other dinoflagellates

(Litaker, Tester, Colorni, Levy and Noga, 1999)

Piscinoodinium pillulare

Prymnesium parvum (“golden alga”phytoflagellate, Crysomonadinae) Peridinium sp.?

“White spot disease” or “Marine Ich” (Cryptocaryon irritans)

Cryptocaryon irritans in Anthias squamipinnis♀ ♂

Ichthyophthirius multifiliisin Artromotus ocellatus

RECENT RE-CLASSIFICATIONS

• Pasteurella piscicida > Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida(Gauthier et al. 1995)

• Myxidium leei >>>>>> Enteromyxum leei (Palenzuela et al. 2002)

• Cryptocaryon irritansPhylum CiliophoraSubphylum Cyrtophora > > > > > IntramacronucleataClass Oligohymenophorea > > > > ProstomateaOrder Hymenostomatida > > > > > ProrodontidaFamily Ichthyophthiriidae > > > > Cryptocaryonidae

(Wright and Colorni 2002)Sequence of the complete 18S rRNA gene – 1,765 nucleotides

Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)

Cryptocaryon irritans

Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)

Cryptocaryon irritans

Theronts Trophonts

Tomonts

Protomonts

Cryptocaryon irritans: skin penetration by theronts

Cryptocaryon irritans(protomont)

“Allio magna vis,... Lepras... exhulcerat”Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, Vol. 20, Chap. 23, Paragraph 6

Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate o diallyldisulphide-oxide) = alliin (aminoacid) + alliinase (enzyme) powerful antibacterial, antimycotic and antiprotozoic, highly unstablecompound

Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)

Cryptocaryon irritans

Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)

Cryptocaryon irritansvulnerable stages

(Theronts) (Trophonts)

(Protomonts)

(Tomonts)

Amyloodinium ocellatum

TREATMENTSVaccination attempts have produced so far very modest results

Amyloodinium ocellatum:0.75 ppm (mg/l) Cu2SO4, 10-14 consecutive days.

Concentration must not fall below ⅓ of the initial dose (0.25 ppm).

Cryptocaryon irritans:

Cryptocaryon irritans(theronts: infective stage)

Cryptocaryon irritans

Cryptocaryon irritans(trophont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(pro-tomont)

Cryptocaryon irritansDividing tomonts (tomites)

Cryptocaryon irritans

(Theronts) (Trophonts)

(Protomonts)

(Tomonts)

Chemical treatment effective only on off-host stages, and more effective if administered late at night. Four consecutive transfers of the fish at 3 day intervals (the tanks being dried and cleaned between uses) interrupt the life cycle of the parasite and eradicate the disease within 7-10 days, or prevent its accidental introduction to uninfected tanks.

From turbot Scophthalmus maximus(Spain)

From Pagellus sp. (Italy)

Uronema marinum(Uronematidae)

and other Scuticociliata

Miamiensis avidus (Parauronematidae) Philasterides dicentrarchi (Philasteridae)Helicostoma buddenbrocki (Philasteridae)

Porpostoma notatum (Philasteridae)

Brooklynella sp. (Red Sea)

Brooklynella hostilis

THANK YOU !

…ANY QUESTIONS?