Post on 13-Jan-2016
CRITICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS FOR
RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT
CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT
Riaz Akber
r.akber@qut.edu.au
Source Receptor
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
Environment
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
Environment
Human
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
Environment
Human
PublicProfessional
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
Environment
Human
PublicProfessional
On site Off site
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Source ReceptorRadiation
Radioactivity
Environment
Human
PublicProfessional
Critical group
On site Off site
SOURCE – RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIP IN NORM IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Working in Shifts, Adults
Time
IMPACT TIME SERIES OF A PRACTICE INVOLVING NORM
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abili
tati
on
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Bre
ak th
roug
h
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Bre
ak th
roug
h
Slow
Release
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Po
st R
ehab
ilit
atio
n
Imp
act
Bre
ak th
roug
h
Slow
Release
Limit
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S O
F A
P
RA
CT
ICE
IN
VO
LV
ING
NO
RM
Recovery
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abili
tati
on
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
Pre
- O
per
atio
n
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre - Operation
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abili
tati
on
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Time
Pre - Operation
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abili
tati
on
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre - Operation
Op
erat
ion
Reh
abili
tati
on
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS. IM
PA
CT
TIM
E S
ER
IES
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Po
st
Reh
abili
tati
on
A different land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
IMP
AC
T T
IME
SE
RIE
S
PL
EA
SE
CO
NS
IDE
R …
.
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Post RehabilitationA different
land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
Decisions to be made, actions and to be taken during operational phase
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Post RehabilitationA different
land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
Decisions to be made, actions and to be taken during operational phase
Include NORM in consultative process for post rehabilitation land use
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Post RehabilitationA different
land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
Decisions to be made, actions and to be taken during operational phase
Include NORM in consultative process for post rehabilitation land use
Research your options – consider scenarios
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
Time
Pre
- O
per
atio
n OperationRehabilitation
Post RehabilitationA different
land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
Decisions to be made, actions and to be taken during operational phase
Include NORM in consultative process for post rehabilitation land use
Research your options – consider scenarios
Develop an action plan for post-rehabilitation site maintenance
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
Time
Pre
- O
pera
tion Operation
RehabilitationPost RehabilitationA different
land use exists – ask locals
Establish a base-line value for NORM and NORM impact
Include NORM management in consultative process such as EIS.
Decisions to be made, actions and to be taken during operational phase
Include NORM in consultative process for post rehabilitation land use
Research options – consider scenarios
Develop an action plan for post-rehabilitation site maintenance
On-site access can be regulated
PPT, Training
Spillage & contamination controls
Monitoring regimes
NORM budget – input, output, waste
Assess off-site impact of NORM
Include NORM in planning – operational plans, rehabilitation plans, walk-away plans
Research your options
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Taken from International Standards
Measurement
Model
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Field measurements and observations
Sample collection for lab analysis
Written records
Discussions
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Controlled by the nature of the radioisotope involved and transport medium (air, surface water, ground water)
Transport models applied to a problem may agree within a factor of 10
Complicated models may not necessarily be more accurate and reliable than simple models
Most important is the need for site specific measurements for model input and model validation
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Selection of parameters leading to a conservative approach adequate for demonstrating compliance with limits.
A best estimate approach for comparison of options in decision making.
Vector transport may require a consideration.
Different transport pathways may be more important for different sites (eg downwind vs. downstream)
Some pathways may exhibit with a time lag (eg groundwater)
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Factors such as occupancy, age and lifestyle and activities can influence the dose estimate.
Report conditions for which the dose has been reported (eg inhalation dose due to all time outdoor occupancy by juveniles in a town 10km from the site)
For post rehabilitation planning, consider different demographic scenarios.
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Taken from International Standards
Measurement
Model
Dose limits apply to practices
NORM SOURCE
TRANSPORT
RECEPTOR
DOSE
RISK / DETRIMENT
LAYERS OF ASSESSMENT IN NORM
Link between Dose and Risk is subject to uncertainties and may change with time
CRITICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS FOR
RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT
CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT
Riaz Akber
r.akber@qut.edu.au
NORM is everywhere
UNSCEAR 2000 Table 3 p 114http://www.unscear.org/pdffiles/annexb.pdf
Naturally occurring radionuclides : 59
Cosmogenic 14, Lithogenic 45
238U + series (14)
232Th + series (11)
235U + series (15)
40K
7Be , many more …
NORM is everywhere
NORM
NORM is everywhere
NORM
NORM is everywhere
NORM
Remedial actions may be necessary
NORM is everywhere
NORM
Remedial actions may be necessary
TENORM
Regulatory controls apply
NORM is everywhere
UNSCEAR 2000 Para 197 p 112
RADIATION ATLAS EU
Global average for all people 2.4 mSv.y-1
Ambient distribution of NORM does give a significant radiation dose to individuals.
NORM is everywhere
UNSCEAR 2000 Para 197 p 112
RADIATION ATLAS EU
Global average for all people 2.4 mSv.y-1
25% < 1 mSv.y-1
65% 1-3
10% >3
Ambient distribution of NORM does give a significant radiation dose to individuals.
NORM is everywhere
UNSCEAR 2000 Para 197 p 112
RADIATION ATLAS EU
Global average for all people 2.4 mSv.y-1
25% < 1 mSv.y-1
65% 1-3
10% >3
Ambient distribution of NORM does give a significant radiation dose to individuals.
There is a natural variability in NORM distribution
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
4.4 x 10-5
2.8 x 10-4
2.1 x 10-4
4.9 x 10-5
6.8 x 10-4
2.4 x 10-4
NORM – 238U seriesDose coefficient (mSv.Bq-1)Ingestion ICRP 68
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
7.3 x 10-3
5.7 x 10-3
8.5 x 10-3
6.8 x 10-3
4.0 x 10-2
1.3 x 10-2
1.6 x 10-3
1.2 x 10-3
8.9 x 10-4
1.1 x 10-3
6.0 x 10-4
6.1 x 10-7
NORM – 238U seriesDose coefficient (mSv.Bq-1)Inhalation ICRP 68
AMAD 1 mAMAD 5 m
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U seriesRadon & progeny
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U seriesExternal gamma
CRITICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS FOR
RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT
CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT
Riaz Akber
r.akber@qut.edu.au