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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 10Chapter 10
Personality
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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
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PersonalityPersonality
Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times
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What Forces Shape Our What Forces Shape Our Personalities?Personalities?
According to the psychodynamic, humanistic
and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by
our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social
environment
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Psychodynamic TheoriesPsychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis–Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
Psychoanalytic theory –Freud’s theory of personality
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness
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Freud’s Model of the MindFreud’s Model of the Mind
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IdId
SuperegoSuperego
EgoEgo
Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
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IdId
Superego
Ego
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
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Id
SuperegoSuperego
Ego
Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience
Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
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Id
Superego
EgoEgo
Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id
Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
AnxietyAnxiety
When the Superego and the Id clash, the Ego must play the role of referee. Freud called this clash – ANXIETY.
Giving in the Id (not following your Superego) leads to GUILT.
Giving in to your Superego (not following your Id) leads to FRUSTRATION.
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Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
•The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious.
•One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms.
•You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.
ScenarioScenarioQuarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine.
Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club.
Drew Brandon Jasmine
RepressionRepression
•Pushing thoughts into our unconscious.
•When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.”
DenialDenial
Not accepting the ego-threatening truth.
Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.
DisplacementDisplacement
•Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object.•Often displaced on less threatening things.•Brandon may take his anger on another kid by bullying.•THIS IS THE MOST DANGEROUS DEFENSE MECHANISM!!!
ProjectionProjection
Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself.
Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels.
Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development.
Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.
THIS DOES NOT ALLOW FOR PERSONALITY CHANGE
RegressionRegression
Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior.
Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal.
Eating a pint of ice cream as comfort food
RationalizationRationalization•Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome.
•Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!”
•I really did want to go to ……..anyway, it was too ……
IntellectualizationIntellectualization
Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic.
Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.
SublimationSublimation
•Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal.
•Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism.
•Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).
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Oral StageOral Stage Anal StageAnal Stage
Phallic StagePhallic Stage
LatencyLatency Genital StageGenital Stage
Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of theirown age and, at the sametime, identify with theirfathers
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially thesame-sex parent
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attractionto males
Getting into the UnconsciousGetting into the Unconscious
•Hypnosis•Dream Interpretation•Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves…and then interpreting the conversation).•Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious).•Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.
TAT TestTAT TestThematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test
Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring.
Their answers reveal the manifest content.
They can then discover the Latent Content.
Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test
A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection• Rorschach inkblot technique• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts
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Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
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Archetypes
AnimusAnimus
AnimaAnima
ShadowShadow
Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
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Archetypes
AnimusAnimus
AnimaAnima
Shadow
Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
The male archetype
The female archetype
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Archetypes
Animus
Anima
ShadowShadow
Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
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Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
Extraversion – The Jungian personalitydimension involving turningone’s attention outward,toward others
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Carl Jung: Extending the UnconsciousCarl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion
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Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic PsychologyPsychodynamic Psychology
Basic anxiety –An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic needs –Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
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Alfred Adler:Alfred Adler:An early split from PsychoanalysisAn early split from Psychoanalysis
Inferiority complex –A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with it roots in childhood
Compensation –Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies
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Humanistic TheoriesHumanistic Theories
Humanistic Theories includeGordon Allport’s trait theory
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality
Carl Roger’s fully functioning person
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Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic Humanistic
Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions• Central traits form the basis of personality• Secondary traits include preferences and
attitudes• Cardinal traits define peoples lives
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Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Abraham Maslow and the Healthy PersonalityPersonality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
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Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning PersonPerson
Fully functioning person – Term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality
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Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning PersonPerson
Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings
Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached
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Evaluating Humanistic TheoriesEvaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology
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Cognitive Theories:Cognitive Theories:Social Learning and PersonalitySocial Learning and Personality
Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other
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Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
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Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate
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Current Trends in Personality TheoryCurrent Trends in Personality Theory
Family systems theory
Cultural differences
Gender influences
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What Persistent Patterns are What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?Found in Personality?
Another approach describes personality in terms of stable
patterns known as temperaments, traits, and
types
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BloodBlood PhlegmPhlegm
Yellow BileYellow BileBlack BileBlack Bile
What Patterns are Found in What Patterns are Found in Personality?Personality?
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
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Personality and TemperamentPersonality and Temperament
Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors
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Patterns in PersonalityPatterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
Cattell identifies 16 personality factors
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Patterns in PersonalityPatterns in Personality
Type –Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people
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Assessing TraitsAssessing Traits
NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests
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Traits and the Person-Situation Traits and the Person-Situation DebateDebate
Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior
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What “Theories” DoWhat “Theories” DoPeople Use toPeople Use to
Understand Each Other?Understand Each Other?
People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk
theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary
in important ways across cultures
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Implicit Personality TheoriesImplicit Personality Theories
Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others
Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in their personality, rather than in the situation
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Personality Across CulturesPersonality Across Cultures
Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism
Other cultural differences involve• Status of different age groups and sexes• Romantic love• Stoicism• Locus of control• Thinking vs. feeling• Attribution
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End of Chapter 10End of Chapter 10