Post on 04-Jan-2016
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Prosocial Behavior:Why Do People Help? Chapter 11
“If you want others to be happy, practice compassion.
If you want to be happy, practice compassion.”
–The Dalai Lama
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Prosocial Behavior
Altruism
Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
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Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes
Evolutionary PsychologyThe attempt to explain social
behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection.
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Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes
Kin Selection
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The Reciprocity Norm
Norm of ReciprocityThe expectation that helping
others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.
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Learning Social Norms
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Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping
Social exchange theory
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Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping
Empathy
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
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Individual Differences:The Altruistic Personality
Altruistic Personality
Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
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Individual Differences:The Altruistic Personality
We need to consider several other critical factors as well, such as:
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Gender Differences inProsocial Behavior
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Cultural Differences inProsocial Behavior
In-Group
Out-Group.
People in all cultures are more likely to help anyone they define as a member of their in-group than those they perceive in out-groups.
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Cultural Differences inProsocial Behavior
A particular cultural value that strongly relates to prosocial behavior is simpatía.
Religion and prosocial behavior
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The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior
Effects of Positive Moods: Feel Good, Do Good
Being in a good mood can increase helping for three reasons:
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Negative-State Relief:
Feel Bad, Do Good
The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior
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The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior
Negative-State Relief:
Feel Bad, Do Good
Negative-State Relief Hypothesis
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Environment: Rural versus Urban
Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behaviors: When Will People Help?
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Environment: Rural versus Urban
Urban Overload HypothesisThe theory that people living in cities are
constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.
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Residential Mobility
Living for a long time in one place leads to:
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The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect
Dozens of other studies, conducted in the laboratory and in the field, have found what they found: The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help the victim.
This is known as the bystander effect.
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Noticing an Event
Interpreting the Eventas an Emergency
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Interpreting the Eventas an Emergency
Pluralistic IgnoranceBystanders’ assuming that
nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned.
Pluralistic IgnoranceBystanders’ assuming that
nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned.
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Diffusion of Responsibility
Assuming Responsibility
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Knowing How to Help
Deciding to Implement the Help
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The Nature of the Relationship: Communal vs. Exchange Relationships
Communal relationships are those in which people’s primary concern is with the welfare of the other person (e.g., a child), whereas exchange relationships are
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How Can Helping Be Increased?
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Increasing the Likelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene
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Positive Psychology andProsocial Behavior