Post on 19-Jul-2019
Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Source
Baseline Report on
Assessment of Current Waste Management System,
Characterization and Quantification of
Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB)
In District Sanghar, Pakistan
By:
Prof. Dr. Rasool Bux Mahar
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Management Mehran University of Engineering & Technology
Jamshoro, Pakistan
United Nations Environmental Programme International Environmental Technology Centre
Osaka/Shiga, Japan
2
PREFACE
Rapid increase in demand and consumption of fossil fuels and its consequent
impact on climate change and environment has put greater emphasis on development of
alternative and renewable sources of energy. Waste biomass, as a renewable energy
source, presents a viable solution for meeting our energy demands. It addresses the
climate change issues as well as reduces our dependence on fossil fuels. In developing
countries this could be developed as a versatile source of energy for domestic as well as
industrial/commercial purposes.
Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter.
The main categories of biomass are; agriculture residues (referred to hereafter as waste
agricultural biomass), forestry residues, wood (both from forests and firewood
plantations), animal residues, organic wastes from cities and dwellings. The discussions in
this guideline pertain only to waste agricultural biomass.
In this Report district Sanghar, which is one of the largest districts of province
Sindh, Pakistan was selected as the study area for the assessment of the current
management system, characterization, quantification and energy potential of waste
agricultural biomass. Sanghar district is parted into six taluka; these are Sanghar, Sinjhoro,
Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro. The assessment of waste
agricultural biomass was done by considering each taulka. For characterization seven
field residues (Cotton Stalks, Canola, Banana Plant, Maize Cob, Wheat Straw, Rice Straw,
and Sugarcane Tops) and four process residues (Rice Husk, Baggase, Saw Dust and
Cotton Ginning Waste,) were collected from district Sanghar and after processing as per
standard methods they were analyzed for density, volatile and organic matters and
calorific values. On the basis of field survey total nine residues were identified for energy
conversion stand point and their total quantity and energy potential were estimated.
This report is divided into five parts. Part- I is introduction, Part- II is assessment
of current waste management system of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- III is
characterization of WAB in district Sanghar, Part- IV is quantification of WAB in district
Sanghar and Part- V is energy potential of WAB in district Sanghar.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS Description Page
Preface 2 Part- I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Biomass
6
1.2 Biomass Energy 6 1.3 Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) 7 1.3.1 Field residue 7 1.3.2 Process residue 7 1.4 Why To Use Waste Agricultural Biomass? 7 1.5 Study Area 8 1.6 Objectives of the Study 10
1.7 Road Map of Study
10
Part- II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN SANGHAR
2.1 Designing the Questionnaires 13 2.1.1 Questionnaire for field residue 13 2.1.2 Questionnaire for rice mills 16 2.1.3 Questionnaire for wood mills 16 2.1.4 Questionnaire for poultry farms 17 2.1.5 Questionnaire for brick kilns 18 2.2 Field Survey 18 2.3 Critical Analysis of Data 18 2.4 Results of the Field Residue 19 2.2.1 Wheat & wheat straw 19 2.2.2 Cotton and cotton stalks 21 2.2.3 Sugarcane and sugarcane tops 22 2.2.4 Rice and rice straw 24 2.2.5 Canola and canola straw 25 2.2.6 Banana plant 26 2.2.7 Onion Tops 27 2.2.8 Chillies 27 2.2.9 Groundnuts and Vegetables 28 2.2.10 Fodder Crops 28 2.5 Results of the Process Residue 29 2.5.1 Rice husk 29 2.5.2 Wood saw dust 29 2.5.3 Poultry farms’ waste 30 2.5.4 Baggase 30 2.5.5 Cotton gin waste 31 2.6 Use of Animal Dung 31 2.7 Energy Used for Cooking and Lighting 32 2.8 Energy Used in Rice & Wood Mills and in Poultry Farms 33 2.9 Energy Used in Brick Kilns 33
2.10 Summary of current waste management system
34
Part- III CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 3.1 Selection of Samples for Analysis 37
4
3.2 Preparation of the Samples for Analysis 37 3.2.1 WAB air drying 38 3.2.2 Roll crusher 38 3.2.3 Hammer mill 39 3.2.4 Brown crusher 39 3.2.5 Sieving 40 3.2.6 Bagging 40 3.2.7 Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis 40 3.3 Density of WAB 41 3.3.1 Procedure for density analysis 42 3.3.2 Results and discussion of density of WAB 44 3.4 Moisture, Ash, Organic and Volatile Matters of WAB 44 3.4.1 Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis 46 3.4.2 Specifying test procedure for WAB 47 3.4.3 Analyzing output of TGA 48
3.4.4 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB
48
3.5 Calorific Value of WAB 52 3.5.1 Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB 53 3.5.2 Results and discussion of calorific values of WAB 55 3.6 CHNS analysis of WAB 56
3.7 Summary of Characterization of WAB
57
Part- IV QUANTITY OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 4.1 Crop Production in District Sanghar 59 4.2 Taulka-Wise Quantification of Waste Agricultural Biomass 63 4.2.1 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar 63 4.2.2 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro 64 4.2.3 Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur 65 4.2.4 Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam 65 4.2.5 Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali 66 4.2.6 Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro 67
4.2.7 Summary of quantification of WAB in district Sanghar
67
Part- V ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR 5.1 Taulka-Wise Energy Potential of WAB 70 5.2 Energy Potential of WAB in District Sanghar 75 5.3 Energy from Disposed Off WAB in District Sanghar 76 5.4 Saving Energy from Disposed Off WAB 77 5.5 Saving Environment by Using Disposed Off WAB 78
5.6 Summary of Energy Potential of WAB in District Sangher 78 References 80 Appendix-A Results of TGA Analysis (Graphs) 82
5
PART- I
INTRODUCTION
6
PART- I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BIOMASS
The word biomass is the combination of two “Bio”, which is the prefix indicating
the action of living organisms and the “Mass”, which is the matter in the body. Biomass
is the mass of living organisms and recently dead matter like wood, leaves, stalks, straw
and other organic matter. It is accessible on a renewable basis, and also includes
agricultural crops and their residues, animal wastes (dung), wood and wood residues,
aquatic plants and organic portion of the municipal solid waste (garbage). The basic step
in the constitution of the biomass is photosynthesis, which can be symbolized as Eq.
(1.1) [Gilbert M. Masters (2007)].
OHOOHCkJOHCO lchlorophyl22612622 662800126 ++ →++ (1.1)
Photosynthesis is the chemical process, in which the small portion of the sunlight
is absorbed by chlorophyll of green plant cells, which is consumed by it to generate
carbohydrates (sugars) from water and carbon dioxide. Fig. 1.1 indicates the interaction
of the solar energy and the biomass. Only green plants are capable of photosynthesis,
where as other living organisms either consumes green plants or their by-products and
generate biomass.
Fig. 1.1: Interaction of sun and biomass during photosynthesis
1.2 BIOMASS ENERGY
The energy obtained from the floras and their residues and fauna’s waste is
known as biomass energy. In other words biomass energy is the accumulation of the
7
solar energy into the animals, plants and their different types of wastes. By the definition
of the biomass the fossil fuels do not considered as biomass energy, though their origin is
biomass. One of the reasons is that the fossil fuels are not renewable source of energy;
second they are long term decayed organisms forming after several million years under
certain conditions of pressure, temperature, etc [S. Rao and Dr. B. Parulekar]
1.3 WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS (WAB)
The agricultural residues are referred as the Waste Agricultural Biomass, which
may be assorted as field residues and process residues.
1.3.1 Field residue
It is the matter leftover in an agricultural field after the crop has been reaped e.g.
leaves, straw, stalks, roots etc.
1.3.2 Process residue
It is the matter leftover after the processing of the crop at the mills or factories
into a valuable resource e.g. husks, sugar cane fiber (bagasse), seeds, groundnut shells,
maize cobs etc.
1.4 WHY TO USE WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS?
There are several social, economical and environmental benefits of the waste
agricultural biomass to be uses as the fuel. Following are the few important points to be
considered;
� The waste agricultural biomass is a clean, renewable source of energy, and is the
replacement of a non-renewable energy sources.
� It is free from worldwide price variations and supply doubts, as it is domestic fuel
and is available on the periodic basis, hence provides the energy security.
� The use of waste agricultural biomass can substantially reduce the carbon
emissions if managed in a suitable manner. Its management includes collection,
processing, transportation and use for energy recovery technology.
� It will enhance energy security by utilizing locally available resources mean while
decreasing the dependency to the fossil fuels.
� The proper consumption of waste agricultural biomass decreased green house gas
(GHG) emissions, achieved by decreasing the open field burning and methane
discharges due to decomposing of the WAB available into the field.
8
� It will reduce the problem of waste agricultural biomass management and
disposal.
� In addition to the environmental benefits the proper utilization of the WAB can
potentially increases the profit to the farmers/ landowners.
� Management of the WAB creates new job opportunities.
1.5 STUDY AREA
The area selected for UNEP project was Sanghar district, which is one of the
largest districts of province Sindh, Pakistan. The district Sanghar lies between 25° to 30°
North latitudes and 70° to 13° East longitudes. From the Province map of Sindh by
districts as in Fig. 1.2, it can be observed that the district Sanghar is bordered on the East
by India, North by Khairpur District, North-west by Nawabshah district, and South by
Tando Allahyar, Mirpurkhas and Umerkot districts and on the West by Matiari district.
The total area of the district is about 2439704 Acres. [District Profile (2005)]
Fig. 1.2: Map of Sindh Province by districts
9
The district Sanghar principally is an agrarian district except the large part of
taulka Khipro and some part of taulka Sanghar, which comes on the left side of Nara
Canal and is known as Thar Desert. The rest of the part of the district is very fertile.
Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane and Rice are main crops of the district. Groundnuts,
Vegetables, Pulses, Maize, Bananas and many other crops are also grown there.
District Sanghar has great importance due to Political, Economic and Cultural
causes. There exist many small industries like cotton factories, flour mills, rice mills, oil
mills, ice factories, match factories & only one large sugar mill. People of district Sanghar
are very hospitable. The climate there in summer is dry and hot, where as in winter it is
dry and cold. The temperature in the region ranges from 43°C to 6°C in summer and
winter respectively. The district average out receives 12mm of the rainfall annually.
The district Sanghar is administratively sub-divided into six taulkas; these are
Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali, and Khipro as shown in
Fig. 1.3.
Fig. 1.3: Map of district Sanghar by taulka
The total area, number of dehs, number of Union Councils and population of
each taulka of district Sanghar is given in Table 1.1. It is to be noted that the population
for the year 2010 was estimated by using the growth rate of 2.47% between the censuses
of 1981 and 1998 [District Profile (2005)]. There are total 59 union councils are in district
10
Sanghar. In order to get the representative data, each of them was considered as a unit
area for the survey.
Table 1.1: Area and population of district Sanghar by taulka
S# Name of taluka Area (Acre)
No of Dehs
No of Union
Councils
Population by census
1998
Population in 2010
01 Sanghar 590782 69 11 262050 362459
02 Sinjhoro 217070 88 8 196849 272275
03 Shahdadpur 108377 47 13 327408 452860
04 Tando Adam 107688 28 10 255941 354009
05 Jam Nawaz Ali 115021 51 4 88908 122975
06 Khipro 1300766 78 13 321874 445206
Total 2439704 361 59 1453030 2009784
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
There were four objectives of the study as given below;
1. To assess the current management system & practice of WAB in district Sanghar
2. To assess the taulka-wise availability of WAB in district Sanghar
3. To characterize the WAB
4. To determine the energy potential of WAB
1.7 ROAD MAP OF STUDY
The road map of the each objective is illustrated in Fig. 1.4. To achieve the first
objective of the study, we had designed the questionnaires and conduct the field survey
of all the 59 union councils of the district Sanghar. The data obtained from the field
survey was analyzed for getting the results of each field and process residue.
For the second objective, we had first acquire the data of the various crops
cultivated in each taulka of district Sanghar form Crop Reporting Services Pakistan and
then the quantity of the WAB was calculated by using the status of each crop’s residue as
obtained through first objective.
On the basis of the results of the first two objectives, total eleven samples were
identified, which have significant potential of energy. These samples were processed as
11
per standard methods and then their density, calorific value, organic, inorganic and
volatile matter was determined to achieve third objective.
Fig. 1.4: Road map of each objective of study
The fourth objective was to estimate the energy potential of the WAB, for which
we had first calculated the total energy of WAB by considering the quantity of the WAB
generated from the residues, which were suitable for getting energy and then we had
separated out the available energy, which can be converted into the electricity. Finally the
size of the power plant was recommended for district Sanghar.
The detail of all the objectives is illustrated in part-II to part-V of this baseline
report.
12
PART- II
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF WAB IN
SANGHAR
13
PART- II
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
OF WAB IN SANGHAR
2.1 DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRES
The first objective of the project was to know the current waste management of
waste agricultural biomass in district Sanghar. The methodology adopted for collecting
the data from the farmers and persons at various processing facilities in all six taulkas
(Sub Divisions of District Sanghar) through the questionnaires survey. In this regard,
total five questionnaires were designed.
2.1.1 Questionnaire for field residue
The foremost questionnaire was about the various crops cultivated in district
Sanghar and their residues (Table 2.1). It concentrates on the cultivated area of different
crops like wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc, their yield and the residue generation ratio over
the yield. By this questionnaire the farmers or the land owners were asked that either they
want to sell their crop’s residue or not, if they want to sell it then at what price at which
the will sell. The farmers and the landowners were also asked about the time of
availability of each residue, which is one of the important factors in its purchase and
storing.
The existing use of each crop’s residue was recorded by this questionnaire in
terms of percentage, that how much is used as animal feed, for cooking, dumped or
burnt into the field or sell to the market. The energy source used by the farmer for
lighting & cooking was also recorded by this questionnaire. Moreover this questionnaire
also contains the blank cells for getting the information about the types and quantity of
the livestock and their dung utilization.
The farmers were also asked that either that they will sell their animal’s dung or
not, and if yes, then at what price. Finally the farmers were asked about waste
management/ disposal problem regarding the crops’ residue and animals’ dung.
It is to be noted that the field residue of the each crop is written within round
brackets, after the name of the crop, like after wheat, straw is written which can be read
as wheat and wheat straw.
14
Oth
er
Sell
Field Burning
Open Dumping
Cooking Existing u
se of Residue
Animal Feed
Tim
e of
Ava
ilability of
residue in a
year
Price of
Residue
Will You
Sell
Residue
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Residue
Ratio
Yield
/acre
Cultivated
Are
a (acr
e)
Kin
d of Cro
p
(along R
esidue)
Wh
eat
(Str
aw)
Ric
e (S
traw
)
Suga
rcan
e (T
ops)
Co
tto
n (
Sta
lks)
Mai
ze (
Sta
lks)
Mill
et (
baj
ra)S
talk
s
Gro
un
dn
uts
(Str
aw)
Can
ola
(Str
aw)
Jow
ar (
Sta
lks)
Ban
ana
(Pla
nt)
Ch
ilies
(Sta
lks)
On
ions
(top
s)
Rab
i F
odd
er
Kh
arif
Fo
dd
er
Table 2.1: Data
collec
tion q
ues
tionnaire fo
r cr
ops, anim
als and their re
sidue (page#
01)
Nam
e o
f th
e K
hat
edar
: ______
____
___
___
___
___
______
___
______
___
,
S. N
o o
f q
ues
tio
nn
aire :
__
___
__
Deh
____
___
___
___
___
___
_, U
nio
n C
oun
cil _
___
______
___
______
______
_, T
aluka
__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__, D
istr
ict
San
ghar
S#
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
Table 2.1: Data collection questionnaire for crops, animals and their residue (Page# 02)
Data for the livestock & its Waste
Type of Livestock Qty. of
Livestock Use of dung
Cattle
Buffaloes
Sheep
Goats
Camels
Horses
Mules
At what price? Will You Sell the animal dung G
Have you any Waste management problem? If YES then specify.
Status of Energy Usage
Energy Source Lighting Cooking
Fire Wood G G
Wood Residue G G
Crop Residue G G
Animal Dung G G
Kerosene Oil G G
Natural Gas G G
Electricity G G
Other (specify)
Data Collected By: ____________________________________
Signature: ____________________, date: _____/______/ 2009
16
2.1.2 Questionnaire for rice mills
The second questionnaire as shown in Table 2.2 was designed about the process
residue of the rice mill that is the rice husk. It was used to conduct the interviews from
the caretakers of the Rice Mills’. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily
and/or monthly processing of the paddy rice and the ratio of rice husk generated during
the process. In addition to the current use of the rice husk, the caretakers were also asked
about the price of the rice husk and its availability in a year. Moreover source of energy
utilized in the rice mills was also recorded.
Table 2.2: Data collection questionnaire for rice mills
S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council ___________________,
Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar
Name of Rice Mill/ Caretaker
Average Daily
Processing
Average Monthly
Processing
Rice Husk Ratio
Will You sell Rice Husk
Price of Rice Husk
Time of availability of Rice Husk
G
Animal Feed Cooking Open
Dumping Field
Burning Sell Other Existing use
of Rice Husk
Electricity E Natural Gas G Kerosene Oil E Animal Dung E Energy Source Used in Rice Mill Crop Residue E Other (specify)
2.1.3 Questionnaire for wood mills
The third questionnaire as shown in Table 2.3 was designed about the process
residue of wood mill that is saw dust. It was used to conduct the interviews from the
caretakers of the Wood Mills. This questionnaire concentrates on the average daily
and/or monthly processing of the fire wood and the ratio of wood saw dust generated
during the process. In addition to the current use of the wood saw dust, the caretakers
were also asked about its price and availability in a year. Moreover source of energy
utilized in the wood mills was also entered.
17
Table 2.3: Data collection questionnaire for processed residue from wood mills
S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council ___________________,
Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar
Name of Wood Mill/ Caretaker
Average Daily
Processing
Average Monthly
Processing
Saw Dust Ratio
Will You sell Saw Dust
Price of
Saw Dust
Time of availability
of Saw Dust
G Cooking Open
Dumping Field Burning
Sell Other Existing use of Saw Dust
Electricity GNatural Gas G Kerosene Oil EAnimal Dung E
Crop Residue E Other (specify) Energy Source Used in Wood Mill
2.1.4 Questionnaire for poultry farms
There are many poultry farms in district Sanghar, where number of chicken are
being got up and then supplied to the nearest cities. Keeping in view the poultry waste,
the fourth questionnaire was also designed for the poultry farms as shown in Table 2.4
This questionnaire concentrates on the time of preparation of chicken lot, the average
outcome of chickens by a lot, the poultry waste generated during the period of a lot of
chicken and its price and availability. Caretakers were asked about the existing use of the
poultry waste and also the energy source used in their farm.
Table 2.4: Data collection questionnaire for poultry farms
S. No of Questionnaire: ___________, Union Council _____________________,
Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar
Name of Poultry Farm/
Caretaker
Time of preparation of Chicken
Lot
Output of
Chickens in a Lot
Poultry Waste
Generated per Lot
Will You sell the
Waste
Price of
Poultry Waste
Time of availability of Poultry
Waste
G Cooking Open
Dumping Field Burning
Sell Other Existing use of Poultry Waste
Electricity G Natural Gas G Kerosene Oil G Animal Dung E
Crop Residue E Other (specify)
Energy Source Used in Poultry Form
18
2.1.5 Questionnaire for brick kilns
In the initial survey we come to know that the largest consumers of the waste
agricultural biomass are the brick kilns. Retaining this idea the fifth questionnaire as
shown in Table 2.5 was developed for brick kilns, which concentrated on the quantity of
bricks prepared in a day and/or in a month and the primary energy source used for the
backing of the bricks. In addition to that price of each energy source was entered along
its reference of availability.
2.2 FIELD SURVEY
After designing the questionnaire, a field survey was conducted. Total 59 union
councils are there in district Sanghar, each of them was regarded as the unit area for the
survey. Total 1381 interviews were conducted, out of those 1180 were conducted from
farmers or landowners, 39 from caretakers of rice mills’, 80 from wood saw mills, 60
from poultry farms and 22 from brick kilns.
Table 2.5: Data collection proforma for brick kilns
S. No of Proforma: _____, Union Council ____________________________,
Taluka ____________________________, District Sanghar
Name of Bricks kiln/ Caretaker
No of Bricks prepared /day
No of Bricks prepared /month
Energy Source Price of Energy
Source Energy source Comes from
G Fire Wood
G Wood Residue
G Saw Dust
G Animal Dung
G Crop Residue (specify)
Other (specify)
2.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
After getting the data, it was first compiled systematically for each taulka and
then analyzed critically by adopting statistical methods; most important of them was
weighted average. This method was used for getting average values of crop yield per acre,
19
its residue quantity per acre or production per acre and residue price at which it was
either sold or to be sold. Eq. (2.1) stated below was used for weighted average.
Weighted Average ∑∑=
a
ra ii (2.1)
Where:
a = cultivated area in acre/ crop production per acre
r = yield / residue ratio / price
The period of availability of the residue was determined by taking start and end
time of harvesting or removing of crop from field. Weighted average in conjunction to
the percentage function was used to determine other parameters like usage of the residue,
energy used for cooking & lighting, use of animal dung etc.
2.4 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RESIDUE
After analyzing the data of field survey of all the six taulkas of the district
Sanghar, the results of the field residues were compiled and are presented in onward sub
sections.
2.4.1 Wheat & wheat straw
The most important crop cultivated by all the farmers and land owners in the
district Sanghar is Wheat. After harvesting the wheat crop, it is to be fed into the
thrasher, which separates the wheat grains and wheat straw. The taulka-wise status of the
wheat and wheat straw obtained from the field survey is shown in Table 2.6. The yield of
wheat ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The wheat straw production
depends on the yield of wheat grains. The ratio between the wheat grains and wheat
straw is one to one, which means that the amount of wheat straw is equal to the wheat
grains. Moreover the wheat straw is available within the period of two months in a year
in bulk quantity, those are March and April. The price of the wheat straw ranges from
Rs. 90 to 100 per mon.
Field survey analysis yields that, almost 40 to 56% of the wheat straw is being
used by the farmer or land owner as a feed for animals and rest of 44 to 60% is surplus,
which is being sell to the market. The surplus wheat straw is used as the animal feed and
20
for making particle board. Fig. 2.1 shows the piles of the wheat straw available in the
market for sell.
Table 2.6: Status of wheat & its straw in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Cro
p Y
ield
(m
ons/
acr
e)
Yield
to R
esid
ue
Ratio
Res
idue P
rice
(R
s./m
on)
Ava
ilability in
a yea
r
Anim
al F
eed
Cookin
g
Open D
um
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 33 1:1 100 April to May 50 0 0 0 50 0
2 Sinjhoro 46 1:1 94 March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0
3 Shahdadpur 41 1:1 83 March to May 55 0 0 0 45 0
4 Tando Adam 40 1:1 90
March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 34 1:1 91
March to April 40 0 0 0 60 0
6 Khipro 48 1:1 92 March to April 56 0 0 0 44 0
Fig. 2.1: Wheat straw piles covered with mud lining
21
2.4.2 Cotton and cotton stalks
Cotton is the second most important crop cultivated in district Sanghar, whose
area of cultivation is more or less equal to the wheat. When the cotton crop becomes
mature, the cotton balls will expand and the cotton seed will discover. After three or
four plucking rounds, the cotton crop will not give any more production, thus the stalks
remained in the field are to be removed, so that the land should be prepared again for the
next crop cultivation. The status of the cotton and cotton stalks in district Sanghar can
be viewed from Table 2.7.
The yield of cotton ranges from 33 to 48 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg). The
cotton stalks production depends on the yield of the cotton as well as on the type of the
cotton seed grown. Some of the cotton plants are tall and some are short in height. The
field survey gives that an average ratio between the cotton and cotton stalks is one to
three, which means that the amount of cotton is equal to thrice of the cotton yield. In
addition to that, the cotton stalks are available when they are removed from the field,
which is within the period of three months in a year, those are October to December.
Table 2.7: Status of cotton & cotton stalks in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Cro
p Y
ield
(m
ons/
acre
)
Yield
to R
esid
ue
Ratio
Residue Price
(R
s./m
on)
Ava
ilability in
a yea
r
Anim
al F
eed
Cookin
g
Open
Dum
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 33 1:3 50 October to November 0 75 0 25 0 0
2 Sinjhoro 40 1:3 46 November to December 10 45 0 45 0 0
3 Shahdadpur 37 1:3 46 November to December 10 40 0 50 0 0
4 Tando Adam 35 1:3 40
October to November 0 30 0 70 0 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 44 1:3 40
November to December 10 10 0 80 0 0
6 Khipro 48 1:3 42 November to December 0 35 0 65 0 0
Field survey yields that before removing the cotton stalks from the field; first
they are let to the domestic animals, so that they take their eatable from them and the
22
remaining quantity after removing from the field is being either burnt into the field or
taken by the farmers to their homes. The quantity of the cotton stalks stored by the
farmers is being used for the cooking. Some times the stored cotton stalks contains some
animal eatables, that’s why they are given to the animals before utilizing them for the
cooking. Cotton stalks are not being sold frequently, but when the farmers were asked
about the price, at that they want to sell them, their answer was within the range of Rs.
40 to 50 per mon.
Cotton stalks can be successively used for cooking and can replace the fire wood
efficiently, even than large quantity ranging from 25% to 80% is being burnt into the
field, as they are wet and have high bulk density, thus creates the problem of
transportation and storage. Fig. 2.2 shows the animals looking for their eatables in the
cotton stalk, where as some stalks are stacked near the field.
Fig. 2.2: Cotton stalks on to the field
2.4.3 Sugarcane and sugarcane tops
The third important crop cultivated in district Sanghar is sugarcane. The field
residue of the sugarcane is their tops. The status of the sugarcane and their tops obtained
from the survey are given here in Table 2.8, which yields that the 20% of the tops are
being used as the animal feed and the rest of 80% is being burnt in the field, except
taulka Sanghar where it is being 100% burnt in to the field. Burning the sugarcane tops
no doubt produces the heat but, as the rate of release of the heat is too high, so that the
tops are not suitable for cooking and heating directly. Moreover their bulk density is
high, which creates the problem of storage.
23
Table 2.8: Status of sugarcane and their tops in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Cro
p Y
ield
(m
ons/
acr
e)
Yield
to R
esid
ue
Ratio
Res
idue Price
(Rs./m
on)
Ava
ilability in a
yea
r
Anim
al Fee
d
Cookin
g
Open
Dum
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 582 1:0.3 40 November to April 0 0 0 100 0 0
2 Sinjhoro 838 1:0.3 45 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0
3 Shahdadpur 888 1:0.3 42 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0
4 Tando Adam 797 1:0.3 40
November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 869 1:0.3 42
November to April 20 0 0 80 0 0
6 Khipro 955 1:0.3 40 November to March 20 0 0 80 0 0
The yield of sugar cane ranges from 582 to 955 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg).
The sugarcane tops production also depends on the yield of sugarcane. The ratio
between the sugarcane and their tops was estimated as 1:0.3. Moreover the sugarcane
tops are available within the period of sugarcane harvesting, which is from November to
April. Fig. 2.3 shows the placement of the sugarcane tops in field. Sugarcane tops are not
often sold, but when the farmers were asked for its price, at that they want to sell them,
their answer was within the range of Rs. 40 to 45 per mon.
Fig. 2.3: Sugarcane tops besides the field
24
2.4.2 Rice and rice straw
The rice straw is one of the most important field residue. The status of the rice
and its straw for district Sanghar as obtained from field survey is shown in Table 2.9. The
yield of paddy rice ranges from 30 to 55 mons/acre (one mon = 40 kg) in different
taulkas of district Sanghar. The rice straw production also depends on the yield of paddy
rice. The ratio between the paddy rice and rice straw was estimated as 1:1.1, which means
that the amount of rice straw is slightly greater than the of paddy rice. In addition to this,
rice straw is available within the period of two months in a year, those are September and
October. Like sugarcane tops the rice straw is not sold often, but farmers want to sell it
at the rate of Rs. 40 per mon.
Table 2.9: Status of rice and rice straw in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Cro
p Y
ield
(m
ons/
acre
)
Yield
to R
esid
ue
Ratio
Res
idue Price
(Rs./m
on)
Ava
ilability in a
yea
r
Anim
al F
eed
Cookin
g
Open
Dum
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 55 1:1.1 40 September to October 20 0 0 80 0 0
2 Sinjhoro 53 1:1.1 40 September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0
3 Shahdadpur 47 1:1.1 40 September to October 30 0 0 70 0 0
4 Tando Adam 51 1:1.1 40
September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 46 1:1.1 40
September to October 25 0 0 75 0 0
6 Khipro 30 1:1.1 40 September to October 20 0 0 80 0 0
Fig. 2.4: Rice straw after burnt into the field
25
Field survey yields that a humble quantity ranging from 20 to 30% of the rice
straw is being feed to the animals; where as rest of 70 to 80% is burnt into the field. Fig.
2.4 was taken into the field after the rice straw was burnt their. Rice straw had high rate
of heat release, thus is not being used for cooking. During field survey it was observed
that rice straw is also used in small brick kilns, which are locally called bathi.
2.4.4 Canola and canola straw
Canola straw is well recognized energy content crop residue in district Sanghar,
which is being 100% sold as an energy source for backing bricks. It price varies between
Rs. 60 to 68 in different talukas of district Sanghar and is being consumed by mostly
large brick kilns. The status of canola and its straw from survey is given in Table 2.10.
As an average the yield of canola ranges from 16 to 23 mons per acre. The ratio
of canola straw is slightly higher than its yield per acre, which is 1:1.1. It is available in the
months of February, March and April every year. Fig. 2.5 shows stored canola straw
within the brick kiln’s yard.
Table 2.10: Status of canola and its straw in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Cro
p Y
ield
(m
ons/
acr
e)
Yield
to R
esid
ue
Ratio
Residue Price
(R
s./m
on)
Ava
ilability in a
yea
r
Anim
al F
eed
Cookin
g
Open
Dum
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 16 1:1.1 60 March to April 0 0 0 0 100 0
2 Sinjhoro 23 1:1.1 68 February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0
3 Shahdadpur 22 1:1.1 62 March to April 0 0 0 0 100 0
4 Tando Adam 20 1:1.1 62
February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 16 1:1.1 63
February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0
6 Khipro 18 1:1.1 60 February to March 0 0 0 0 100 0
26
Fig. 2.5: Stored canola straw in the brick kiln’s yard
2.4.5 Banana plant
Banana plant is highly mismanaged field residue, as 100% of that is being burnt
into the field. Banana plants are being cut after every four months and thrown into the
field side or along the road side. After they get dried they are burnt into the open
atmosphere. The status of banana plant waste is given in Table 2.11.
Table 2.11: Status of banana and its field waste in district Sanghar
Usage (%)
S N
o
Name of Taulka
Waste plant ra
tio
(mons/
acr
e)
Res
idue Price
(R
s./m
on)
Ava
ilability in
a year
Anim
al Fee
d
Cookin
g
Open
Dum
pin
g
Field
Burn
ing
Sell
Oth
er
1 Sanghar 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
2 Sinjhoro 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
3 Shahdadpur 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
4 Tando Adam 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
5 Jam Nawaz Ali 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
6 Khipro 1:367 20 Full Year 0 0 0 100 0 0
27
Waste of banana plant is available throughout the year in considerable quantity,
especially in taluka Tando Adam and Shahdadpur. As the farmers want get rid of this
waste, that’s why it is available free. If it is used for energy purposes then like canola
straw it will be sold at some cost. At present I had put its cost as Rs. 20 per mon.
Banana plant waste was estimated on the basis of number of plants cultivated in
one acre of the land. As an average about 700 banana plants were grown per acre, which
are being cut thrice a year. The air dried weight of banana plant was determined as 7-kg
per plant. Thus the banana plant waste was (700*3*7)/40 = 367 mons/acre. Fig. 2.6
showing the thrown away banana plants’ waste, placed along the road side.
Fig. 2.6: Banana plants burning along the road
2.4.6 Onion Tops
A very less quantity of the onion tops was available into the field; moreover it
contains large quantity of the water in it. Thus they are not suitable for any other purpose
except the animal feed. Filed survey yields that about 50% of onion tops are being feed
to the animals, where as rest of 50% are either burnt into the field or thrown away.
2.4.7 Chillies
Chillies are reaped in the month of March throughout district Sanghar. After
picking the chillies their plant leftover the field are being either burnt into the field or
used into the field as soil nutrient. Field survey yields that about 55% or more of chillies’
waste is used as soil conditioner, thus it is suitable for energy extraction.
28
2.4.8 Groundnuts and Vegetables
Groundnuts are only cultivated in taluka Sanghar. Their density of cultivation is
very low, thus their waste was not considered for energy conversion. Similarly the waste
of vegetables is very low if we count their area cultivated in both Rabi and Kharif
seasons.
2.4.9 Fodder Crops
In all the six talukas of district Sanghar, many types of fodder crops are being
cultivated throughout the year. Specified fodder crops include barseem, loosan, jantar,
etc. The waste of these fodder crops is as low as negligible, because farmers are
cultivating them in a very low quantity for animals only.
Field survey yields that energy crops like bajra (millet), jowar and maize are
cultivated in all talukas of district Sanghar, but most of them are reaped before they get
mature and are being used as animal feed. A very less quantity of bajra, jowar and maize
reaches to the maturity, from them cobs are separated for getting grains or to sell into the
market, where as the remaining stalks are being collected as animal eatable, thus we can
not encountered them for getting energy. Fig. 2.7 was taken from the Sanghar city, which
is representing various fodder crops readily available in a shop for sell.
Fig. 2.7: Various fodder crops ready for the sell in market
29
2.5 RESULTS OF THE PROCESS RESIDUE
The status of process residues as obtained from the field survey is stated in the
following sub sections.
2.5.1 Rice husk
In all talukas of district Sanghar, total 39 rice mill caretakers were interviewed.
The results obtained are hereby shown in Table 2.12. There are many rice mills are there
in district, which are averagely processing 40 mons of paddy rice in a day. The husk
obtained during the process also contains some quantity of rice in it. The ratio of paddy
rice to rice husk was 1:0.5. This means that one mon of paddy rice generates half mon of
the rice husk. This husk is being 100% sold as an additive to animal feed, as it increases
the milk production. The price of the rice husk was Rs.150 per mon. Moreover rice mills
remain in operation from October to April.
Table 2.12: Status of rice husk in district Sanghar
Name of Process Residue
Paddy Rice to
Residue Ratio
Price of Rice Husk (Rs./mon)
Availability in a year
Usage (%)
Rice Husk 1:0.5 150 October to
April 100 % Animal
Feed
2.5.2 Wood saw dust
A huge quantity of wood is being used in district Sanghar for cooking, heating,
backing of bricks, furniture making etc. Reducing the size of wood logs results
production of sufficient quantity of wood saw dust, whose status is shown in Table 2.13.
Saw dust is being sold at the rate of Rs. 80 per mon. It is available throughout the year
and its generation ratio is 0.06 mon per mon of wood sold. Saw dust is being sold to the
Bricks Kilns for backing bricks. In winter season it is also sold to the Poultry farm as a
floor coating for chicken huts and some quantity is being also sold to the Barber shops
to make a hot water for bathe.
Table 2.13: Status of saw dust in district Sanghar
Name of Process Residue
Product to Residue Ratio
Residue Price
(Rs./mon)
Availability in a year
Usage (%)
Saw Dust 1:0.06 80 Full year 100% Sell
30
3.5.3 Poultry Farms’ waste
The poultry waste is of two types one is the combination of the chicken dung
and sand, which is being sold and used as a fertilizer, where as the other is the mixture of
chicken dung and wood saw dust, which is being sold to the brick kilns as energy source.
Status of poultry Farms’ waste is given in Table 2.14. Field survey yields that one chicken
produces 0.21 mons of poultry waste in the period of 42 days. This waste is being sold at
the rate of Rs. 40 per mon and is available throughout the year.
Table 2.14: Status of poultry Farms’ waste in district Sanghar
Name of Waste/ residue
Chicken Dung Ratio
Residue Price
(Rs./mon)
Availability in a year
Usage (%)
Poultry Waste 1:0.21 40 Full year 100% sell
2.5.4 Baggase
Baggase is the process residue of sugarcane, which is generated during its
crushing. The Sanghar Sugar Mill is the only sugar mill in district Sanghar. The Mill is
being purchasing sugarcane cultivated there. We had visited Sanghar Sugar Mill and
acquired the sugarcane processing data for last three years as shown in Table 2.15.
Table 2.15: Sugarcane processing data of Sanghar Sugar Mill ( in tons)
S N
Description 2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 Average of 3 Years
1 Sugarcane Processed 526439.249 853591.585 597111.271 659047.368
2 Baggase Generated (Dry) 77634.804 124572.566 87887.418 96698.263
3 Molasses 26100.000 49360.000 30279.180 35246.393
4 Filter cake/ Mud 15793.177 25607.748 17913.338 19771.421
5 Surplus Baggase (Dry) 3881.740 6228.628 4394.371 4834.913
6 Baggase Generation Ratio over sugarcane 0.147 0.146 0.147 0.147
7 Molasses Generation Ratio over sugarcane 0.050 0.058 0.051 0.053
8 Filter Cake/ Mud Generation Ratio over sugarcane
0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
Baggase generation reported is air dried, whose 95% is being burnt into the
boilers of sugar mill to generate steam, where as only 5% is surplus. The surplus baggase
is being sold by the mill. Last year its rate was Rs. 3000 per ton. Moreover the Mill
31
operated within the period of the November to April, depending on the availability of
the sugarcane. The baggase generation ratio over sugarcane processed was calculated by
dividing baggase generated (Dry) to sugarcane processed. Moreover the generation of
other sugarcane byproducts, molasses and filter cake are also present in the table.
2.5.5 Cotton gin waste
There are many cotton ginning factories in district Sanghar. We had visited few
of them and come to know that during the ginning of the cotton seeds some waste is
generated called cotton gin waste as shown in Fig. 2.8.
Figure 2.8: Cotton gin waste placed in the ginning factory’s yard
The data from the factories were obtained and status of gin waste was estimated
as in Table 2.16. The cotton gin waste generation was approximately 13.5% of the raw
cotton. This waste is mostly being sold to the brick kilns at the rate of Rs.80 per 40-kg
and is available within the period of nine months from July to March in a year.
Table 2.16 Status of cotton gin waste in district Sanghar
Name of Process Residue
Residue Ratio (mon/mon of
cotton)
Residue Price
(Rs./mon)
Availability in a year
Usage (%)
Cotton Gin Waste 1:0.135 80 July to March 100% sell
2.6 USE OF ANIMAL DUNG
Much quantity of animal dung generated in district Sanghar is being utilized by
the farmers as organic manure, which ranges from 80 to 90% and very less of that is
32
being used for cooking. A humble quantity was also recorded in account of sell to the
brick kilns ranging from 1 to 14%. The trend of animal dung utilization in each taulka of
district Sanghar is shown in Fig. 2.9.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Sanghar
Sinjhoro
Shahdadpur
Tando Adam
Jam Nawaz Ali
Khipro
Cooking 10 4 4 4 6 8
Sell 5 1 3 3 14 3
Organic Manure 85 95 93 93 80 89
Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro
Fig. 2.9: Use of animal dung in each taulka of district Sanghar
2.7 ENERGY USED FOR COOKING AND LIGHTING
Through field visits of district Sanghar we come to know that peoples of district
Sanghar are using fire wood, wood residues (pieces of wood), crop residue, animal dung
and natural gas for cooking their foods. The taluka-wise percentages of each energy
source used for cooking is represented in Fig. 2.10. Analysis of data obtained from the
survey yields that about 30 to 50% energy used in district Sanghar was fire wood, where
as the second largest source was the crop residues, which were accounting 20 to 30 % of
the total energy used for the cooking. The use of animal dung and natural gas was
maximum 12 and 9% respectively
Moreover Energy used for the lighting is mostly electricity throughout the results
of field survey, except in taluka Sanghar and Jam Nawaz Ali, where lighting is also done
by burning kerosene oil.
33
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Sanghar
Sinjhoro
Shahdadpur
Tando Adam
Jam Nawaz Ali
Khipro
Natural Gas 6 2 9 9 7 9
Animal Dung 11 6 12 10 5 6
Crop Residue 30 36 33 34 19 23
Wood Residue 23 5 1 0 17 15
Fire Wood 30 51 45 47 52 47
Sanghar Sinjhoro Shahdadpur Tando Adam Jam Nawaz Ali Khipro
Fig. 2.10: Energy used for cooking in each taulka of district Sanghar
2.8 ENERGY USED IN RICE & WOOD MILLS AND IN POULTRY FARMS
Most of the rice mills are using electricity for driving the mill, but some of them
are also using diesel engines. A similar trend was also obtained for the wood saw mills’ of
district Sanghar. These mills are using electricity mostly, but some of them are being also
utilizing diesel engines to get mechanical power. Moreover all the visited poultry Farms
were using electricity as an energy source for lighting.
2.9 ENERGY USED IN BRICK KILNS
A very wide variety of the primary energy sources are being consumed by the
brick kilns for backing the bricks, which includes fire wood, wood residue, saw dust,
animal dung, chicken dung and many types of crop field residues.
The percentage of energy sources consumed by visited brick kilns was recorded
and is represented here in Fig. 2.11. It can be observed that crop residue accounts 37%,
which is the largest share among all the energy sources used in brick kilns.
34
Fire Wood25%
Crop Residue
37%
Animal Dung7%
Saw Dust15%
Wood Residue12%
Chicken Dung4%
Fig. 2.11: Percentages of energy used by brick kilns
2.10 SUMMARY OF CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
To know the current management system of waste agricultural biomass detailed
survey was carried out and after analysis of the data following conclusions have been
made:
1. Wheat straw is produced about 33-48 mons/acre and crop to residue ratio is 1:1.
40-50% wheat straw is being used to feed animals by the farmers and landlords
and 44-56% is surplus and is being sold into the market at the rate of Rs. 90-
100/Mon.
2. Cotton stalks are produced 3 times more than the cotton per acre. Crop to
residue ratio is 1:3.0-10% cotton stalks are fed to animals and 10-75% are used
for cooking and 25-80% are being burnt into field to clear the land by farmers.
3. Sugar cane tops, 20% is fed to animals by farmers and left 80% is being burnt
into the filed to clear land. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.3. Sugar cane tops could be
purchased at the rate of Rs. 40-45/Mons.
35
4. Rice straw, 20-30% is being fed to animals and rest of 70-80% is being burnt in
the field.
5. Canola straw, 100% of it, is being sold to brick kilns for brick backing at the rate
of Rs.60-68/Mons. Crop to residue ratio is 1.1.1.
6. Bagasse, 95% of it, is being burnt into boilers for steam generation purpose and
left 5% is surplus and is available at the rate of Rs.3000/ton.
7. Banana plants are produced about 367 Mons/acre.100% of it, is being burnt in
the field.
8. Rice husk, 100% is being sold to feed animals. Crop to residue ratio is 1:0.5. It is
available at the rate of Rs.150/Mons.
9. Saw dust to wood ratio is 0.06:1. There are several uses of saw dust i.e. for brick
backing, to make hot water in the barber shops and also used in poultry farm for
coating layer floor in inter season.
10. In brick kilns, 37% crop residue, 7% animal dung, 4% chicken dung, 15% saw
dust, 12% wood residue and 25% fire wood are used for brick backing purpose.
36
PART- III
CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT
SANGHAR
37
PART- III
CHARACTERIZATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
3.1 SELECTION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
The first step in the characterization of the waste agricultural biomass is the
selection of their samples. Total nine agricultural residues were identified which can be
utilized for energy extraction viewpoint. In addition to these, maize cob and saw dust
were also selected. Thus total eleven residues as given in Table 3.1 were selected and
their samples were taken from Sanghar for analysis. Out of these eleven residues, first
seven are field residues, while the rest of them are process residues.
Four tests were conducted for each residue namely the density analysis, the
thermo gravimetric analysis and the calorimetric analysis and CHNS analysis.
Table 3.1: Samples of WAB selected for the analysis
S No
Name of Sample Density Analysis
Thermo gravimetric Analysis
Calorimetric Analysis
CHNS Analysis
01 Banana Plant � � � � 02 Canola � � � � 03 Cotton Stalks � � � � 04 Maize Cob � � � � 05 Rice Straw � � � � 06 Sugarcane Tops � � � � 07 Wheat Straw � � � � 08 Baggase � � � � 09 Rice Husk � � � � 10 Saw Dust � � � � 11 Cotton Gin Waste � � � �
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
The samples selected were processed for analysis. The systematic inverse pyramid
for the preparation of the samples is shown in Fig.3.1. It involves drying, crushing,
sieving and bagging of samples. The inverse pyramid represents the reduction of the size
of the samples as they processed from air drying to bagging.
38
Fig. 3.1: Systematic inverse pyramid for sample preparation
3.2.1 WAB air drying
After collecting the residues from the field, they were first dried into the air for
removal of the moisture; as such air drying is necessary for further processing of the
samples. The residues were dried out at room temperature.
3.2.2 Roll crusher
To obtain the representative sample of the WAB, after drying they will be finely
ground into the powder form [STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)]. The roll crusher as shown
in Fig. 3.2 was used to reduce the size of the crop residue. It contains two rollers through
which the samples were passed. This crusher was used only for maize cobs.
Fig. 3.2: Roll crusher
39
3.2.3 Hammer mill
Most of the samples were directly crushed by the hammer mill, which is also
called beater cross mill. In hammer mill the size reduction was achieved by the action of
revolving beater bars, which breaks the samples inside the chamber. The sectional view
of hammer mill is shown in Fig. 3.3.
Fig. 3.3: Hammer mill
3.2.4 Brown crusher
The required size of the sample was achieved by a brown crusher. It contains two
discs, one of them is fixed and the other rotates on it. When the vegetation samples were
charged at the center of disc assembly, then they were converted in to the powder form.
As the grinding was achieved by friction between two discs, thus the temperature of discs
will rise. This rise in temperature may affect the sample; therefore cold water at 20 °C
was circulated through the stationary disc. The brown crusher during its operation is
shown in Fig. 3.4.
Fig. 3.4: Brown Crusher
40
3.2.5 Sieving
After reducing the size of the samples they were sieved through 250 µm sieve. In
Fig. 3.5 the wheat straw sample during its sieving is shown, on the right side there is a
sieve and on the left side the powdered sieved sample is available.
Fig. 3.5: Sieving of the WAB
3.2.6 Bagging
When the powdered samples were achieved as the result of sieving the samples,
they were filled into the plastic bags. The bagged samples in Fig. 3.6 are ready for the
analysis.
Fig. 3.6: Bagged samples of WAB ready for the analysis
3.2.7 Preparation of cotton gin waste for analysis
Cotton gin waste is the process waste, discarded after the separation of the
cotton from the cotton seed. It can be viewed from Fig. 3.8 that the cotton gin waste is
heterogeneous in nature and it can not be brought into the powder form by using brown
crusher, because of the presence of the cotton in it.
To get the representative sample, seed waste was separated and waste cotton by
using the spices grinder as shown in Fig. 3.7 and then percentages of both the separated
wastes were determined. Considering the five different samples it was observed that the
41
cotton gin waste contains about 70% of the seed waste and 30% of the waste cotton by
mass.
Fig. 3.7: Spices grinder after separation of the seed & cotton wastes
3.3 DENSITY OF WAB
Density can be defined as the mass of the material that can be placed into the
unit volume (space). It varies from material to material. The density of the waste
agricultural biomass has influence on the size of the storage and processing equipment
for converting it into the Energy. Moreover the energy density can be assessed if we
know the density of the material.
Baggase Sugarcane Tops
Banana Rice Straw
Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis (continued)
42
Canola Rice Husk
Saw Dust Cotton Gin Waste
Wheat Straw Maize Cob
Cotton Stalks
Fig. 3.8: Partially crushed WAB samples for the density analysis
3.3.1 Procedure for Density Analysis
An empty glass cylinder of 100 ml volume was taken and placed it into the oven
at the temperature of 105 °C, to remove the moisture present in the cylinder. Then it was
put on the electronic balance and was tared as shown in Fig. 3.9.
43
Fig. 3.9: Electronic balance during tare of the empty cylinder
In second step, the empty glass cylinder was filled with some quantity of the
WAB and its mass was determined in grams as shown in Fig. 3.10.
Fig. 3.10: Cylinder during determination of mass of crop residue
In the third step, water was poured into the 100 ml cylinder from the 25 ml glass
graduated cylinder as shown in Fig 3.11, till the main cylinders volume becomes to 100
ml. The volume of water poured into the main cylinder was noted and subtracted from
100 ml, which gives the net volume of the sample in milli liters.
44
Fig. 3.11: Glass cylinders during net volume determination
3.3.2 Results and discussion of density of WAB
As the density is the ratio of the mass per unit volume of the substance. The
densities of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples were calculated and the
results were tabulated as shown in Table 3.2. As per results the sugarcane tops has
maximum density that is 0.998 g/cm3, where as banana plant has minimum density that
is 0.256 g/cm3.
Table 3.2: Results of Density Analysis for WAB
S No
Name of Sample Mass (g) Volume (ml) Density (g/cm3)*
1 Baggase 7.205 25.0 0.288
2 Banana Plant 7.161 28.0 0.256
3 Canola Straw 7.499 28.0 0.268
4 Cotton Gin Waste 7.645 24.0 0.319
5 Cotton Stalks 7.575 8.0 0.947
6 Maize Cob 7.233 8.0 0.904
7 Rice Husk 7.069 7.5 0.943
8 Rice Straw 7.417 11.0 0.674
9 Saw Dust 7.203 9.0 0.800
10 Sugarcane Tops 7.484 7.5 0.998
11 Wheat Straw 7.160 23.0 0.311 * 1 ml = 1 cm3
3.4 MOISTURE, ASH, ORGANIC AND VOLATILE MATTER OF WAB
Moisture content in plant material is the measurement of the loss of weight due
to drying at a temperature just over 100°C. The weight loss on ignition at 550°C is an
45
approximate measure of the organic matter content in the plant sample, where as the
residue left after combustion of the oven dried plant sample is a measure of total mineral
content and also called ash. The volatile matter is the measure of loss of weight of
sample on its heating at 550°C in the inert atmosphere that is in the absence of oxygen
[STEWART E. ALLEN (1989)].
All the four parameters stated above for selected residues of WAB were
determined by using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). It is a thermal analysis
technique for measuring loss of weight of sample as a function of time and temperature.
This analysis was carried out on simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer. The complete
assembly of the analyzer is shown in Fig. 3.12.
Fig. 3.12: Complete assembly of simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer SDT Q600
Thermo gravimetric analyzer can be applied to characterize any material in the
solid state or liquid state, that displays loss of weight or change in phase as an outcome
of dehydration, decomposition, and oxidation. There are two ways, which are commonly
applied for investigating thermal stability behavior in controlled atmosphere: from them
first is dynamic, in which the temperature is increased at a linear rate, and the second is
isothermal, in which the temperature is kept constant. Fig. 3.13 shows the operating
window of the Q600 thermo gravimetric analyzer software. The window contains menu
bar, toolbar, real time signals and their values, running segment description, sequence
run, real time graph between weight and temperature and status bar showing the time
line of the sequence run.
46
Fig. 3.13: Operating window of Q-Series analyzer Q600
3.4.1 Preparing WAB samples for TGA analysis
The simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer has high sensitivity to weight changes; as
per manufacturer 10 to 50 milligram samples are recommended for the analysis and there
is no any advantage to utilizing large samples. For waste agricultural biomass analysis we
had taken the samples in the range of 15 to 30 milligrams. The samples are then charged
into the platinum pan as shown in Fig. 3.14 and then filled pan was loaded on to the one
reference cup as shown in Fig. 3.15.
Fig. 3.14: Charging Platinum Pan
Menu bar & Tool Bar
Real time signals
Segment description
Procedure
Sequ
ence
Ru
n
Real time graph
Status bar
47
Fig. 3.15: Loading filled pan on to the reference cup
3.4.2 Specifying Test Procedure for WAB
The test procedure is the description of the segments, which are to be carried out
during the test. The following test procedure also called the method log was used for the
analysis of the waste agricultural biomass.
METHOD LOG:
1: Ramp 20.00°C/min to 105.00°C
2: Equilibrate at 105.00°C
3: Isothermal for 15.00 min
4: Ramp 45.00°C/min to 550.00°C
5: Equilibrate at 550.00°C
6: Select Gas: 2
7: Isothermal for 10.00 min
8: Mark end of cycle 0
The method log states that, first the temperature of the furnace of the instrument
was increased up to 105°C at the rate of 20°C per minute. Then after holding this
temperature, the isothermal condition was maintained for 15 minutes. This results the
loss of weight of the sample, which is the measure of the moisture of the sample. Then
the temperature of the furnace was increased up to 550°C at the rate of 45°C per minute
and held for a short time, as the result of that further loss of weight of sample was
occurred. This weight loss of sample was the measure of volatile matter as it was
occurred in the inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas.
After obtaining the volatile matter, the nitrogen gas was changed to oxygen, to
ignite the sample and the isothermal condition was maintained at 550°C for 10 minutes,
48
which results further more loss of weight of the sample. Finally at the end of the cycle,
the weight of the sample remained in the pan was ash, where as the total weight loss
occurred except moisture and ash was the organic matter present in the sample.
3.4.3 Analyzing output of TGA
The output of the simultaneous TGA/ DSC analyzer is in the form of graphs.
Fig. 3.16 shows the built in TA Instruments’ Universal Analysis 2000 program’s
operating window, that was used to analyze data obtained from the instrument.
Fig. 3.16: Operating window of Universal Analysis 2000 program
There are so many options are available in the Universal Analysis 2000 program
that can be used to customize the graphical data. The usual order to analyze the data file
is as follows:
� Choose a data file
� Verify your sample information
� Draw the graph
� Rescale and customize the graph
� Analyze the data
� View and/or print the results reports
3.4.4 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results and discussion of WAB
The TGA result of first sample of banana plant is shown in Fig. 3.17. In x-axis
there is a temperature in degree Celsius (°C), where as on y-axis weight of the sample is
represented in terms of percentage (%). The mass of the sample and the run time and
49
date is also present in the header rows. It can be observed from the graph that, the
moisture content of the sample is 4.76%, volatile matter is 59.55%, organic matter is
78%, where as the ash is 17.24%.
Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 01
Size: 21.4090 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 16:52
Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA
Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
��
� ��
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
19.90min105.00°C95.24%
32.19min550.00°C35.69%
34.89min592.47°C18.67%
35.70min550.00°C17.24%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C)
Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
Fig. 3.17 TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 01
Similarly the result of the second sample of the banana plant is shown in Fig.3.18.
The second sample contains 7.17% of moisture, 58.36% of volatile matter, 76.66% of
organic matter and 16.17% of ash.
Ash
Moisture
Volatile Organic Matter
50
Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 02
Size: 26.4410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 08:30
Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA
Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
��
� ��
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
21.03min105.00°C92.83%
33.17min550.00°C34.47%
35.65min597.52°C18.08%
42.16min548.48°C16.17%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
Fig. 3.18 TGA graphical result of banana plant sample # 02
The thermo gravimetric analysis was done for all the eleven selected residues by
taking two samples of each. The graphical results of all the samples are given in
Appendix – A of this report, where as the output of those graphs were framed and are
shown in Table 3.3.
51
Table 3.3: Results of TGA analysis for WAB samples
Results of sample # 01
S No
Name of Sample Moisture
(%)
Volatile at 550 C
(%)
Organic (%)
Ash (%)
1 Banana Plant 4.760 59.550 78.000 17.240
2 Baggase 1.770 74.760 94.104 4.126
3 Canola Straw 9.670 61.910 80.331 9.999
4 Cotton Stalks 5.320 60.060 84.704 9.976
5 Maize Cob 5.730 67.960 87.922 6.348
6 Rice Husk 4.590 58.650 74.820 20.590
7 Rice Straw 3.530 59.970 77.700 18.770
8 Saw Dust 3.920 67.110 90.494 5.586
9 Sugarcane Tops 2.700 64.670 83.720 13.580
10 Wheat Straw 4.500 61.060 80.750 14.750
11 Cotton Gin Waste (seed) 5.070 50.930 66.690 28.240
Results of sample # 02
S No
Name of Sample Moisture
(%)
Volatile at 550 C
(%)
Organic (%)
Ash (%)
1 Banana Plant 7.170 58.360 76.660 16.170
2 Baggase 4.460 71.410 90.225 5.315
3 Canola Straw 8.500 62.890 82.423 9.077
4 Cotton Stalks 4.380 60.850 85.638 9.982
5 Maize Cob 3.430 69.400 89.468 7.102
6 Rice Husk 5.010 58.230 74.420 20.570
7 Rice Straw 3.120 60.420 78.160 18.720
8 Saw Dust 11.430 60.330 81.549 7.021
9 Sugarcane Tops 2.160 64.950 84.190 13.650
10 Wheat Straw 4.150 61.630 81.330 14.520
11 Cotton Gin Waste (cotton) 3.330 74.740 93.320 3.350
52
The average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples were calculated and are
given in Table 3.4. As per average results, the moisture was within the range of 2.43%
(sugarcane tops) to 9.085% (baggase), volatile matter was within the range of 58.073%
(cotton gin waste) to 73.085% (baggase), organic matter was within the range of 74.62%
(rice husk) to 92.165% (baggase) and the ash was within the range of 4.721% (baggase) to
20.773% (cotton gin waste).
Table 3.4: Average results of TGA analysis for WAB samples
S No
Name of Sample Moisture
(%)
Volatile at 550 C
(%)
Organic (%)
Ash (%)
1 Banana Plant 5.965 58.955 77.330 16.705
2 Baggase 3.115 73.085 92.165 4.721
3 Canola Straw 9.085 62.400 81.377 9.538
4 Cotton Stalks 4.850 60.455 85.171 9.979
5 Maize Cob 4.580 68.680 88.695 6.725
6 Rice Husk 4.800 58.440 74.620 20.580
7 Rice Straw 3.325 60.195 77.930 18.745
8 Saw Dust 7.675 63.720 86.022 6.304
9 Sugarcane Tops 2.430 64.810 83.955 13.615
10 Wheat Straw 4.325 61.345 81.040 14.635
11 Cotton Gin Waste (70% seed + 30% cotton)
4.548 58.073 74.679 20.773
3.5 CALORIFIC VALUE OF WAB
The calorific value is the measure of heat that contain by a unit mass of
substance. An adiabatic calorimeter was used to determine the heat contained in a unit
mass of the selected waste agricultural biomass samples. In the bomb calorimeter, the
combustion reaction takes place under the constant volume condition in a container
called bomb, which is immersed in to a pre-weighted quantity of water and environed by
an adiabatic shield that functions as a heat insulator. The heat is dispersed evenly in the
calorimeter by stirring water continually.
To enable the combustion, the bomb has to be filled with oxygen to the pressure
of about 25 to 30 kg/cm2. The bomb assembly is then placed in a cylinder containing a
pre-defined quantity of water. As the combustion reaction increases the temperatures,
53
which were recorded by using two Beckmann’s thermometers with an accuracy of 0.001
°C for inner and outer cylinders.
3.5.1 Procedure for bomb calorimetric analysis for WAB
Just about 1.0 g of WAB was required for the calorimetric analysis, for this WAB
samples were weighed with the electronic balance as shown in Fig. 3.19.
Fig. 3.19: Sample cup during electronic mass determination
Then sample cup was placed into the sample holder of the bomb assembly and
about 10 cm length of platinum fuse wire was connected between the ignition electrodes
and then mid of the fuse wire was dipped into the sample to form a v-shape as shown in
Fig. 3.20.
Fig. 3.20: Sample cup during placement into the bomb
54
Then the bomb assembly was closed and filled with the oxygen as shown in Fig.
3.21. After filling the oxygen the bomb was put into the inner cylinder, which contains 2
liters of the water. Then the inner cylinder was put into the outer cylinder, the
thermometers were installed in their position and the stirrer was started.
Fig. 3.21: Bomb assembly during filling of oxygen
The entire assembly of the bomb calorimeter is shown in Fig. 3.22. After
maintaining the inner and outer cylinder temperatures they were recorded and then the
ignition button was pushed to start the reaction. The temperatures were noted at one-
minute intervals for 10 minutes. When the temperature of the inner cylinder reached to
maximum value, then it was recorded.
Fig. 3.22: Entire assembly of bomb calorimeter
55
The calculation of the bomb calorimetric analysis was made by using the formula as in
Eq. (3.1), which is fixed for the equipment used.
HCV = (TD x 2000 + 585)/ Ms (3.1)
where
HCV = Higher Calorific Value in kcal/kg
Ms = Mass of Sample in grams
T1 = Inner Cylinder Temperature before Ignition in °C
T2 = Inner Cylinder Temperature before Ignition in °C
T3 = Inner Cylinder Temperature after Ignition in °C
T4 = Inner Cylinder Temperature after Ignition in °C
TD = Temperature Difference of Inner Cylinder (= T3-T1) in °C
3.5.2 Results and discussion of calorific values of WAB
The results obtained by the Bomb Calorimetric Analysis were tabulated and the
results were calculated as shown in Table 3.5 below. As per results, the maximum
calorific value was observed 3910 kcal/kg of baggase and minimum was observed 3201
kcal/kg of banana plant. Moreover the average calorific value of all eleven residues was
estimated about 3532 kcal/kg. It is to be noted that the calorific value of cotton gin
waste was determined into parts as given in row number 11 & 12 of Table 3.5, where as
the approximate value of cotton gin waste was calculated on the basis of percentages of
the seed & waste cotton, which were determined experimentally.
56
Table 3.5: Results of bomb calorimetric analysis
S No
Name of Sample
Ms T1 T2 T3 T4 TD HCV
(kcal/kg)
1 Banana Plant 0.870 0.090 0.030 1.190 1.100 1.100 3201
2 Baggase 0.970 0.629 0.469 2.233 2.143 1.604 3910
3 Canola 0.950 0.170 0.150 1.552 1.500 1.382 3525
4 Cotton Stalks 0.990 0.759 0.644 2.273 2.262 1.514 3649
5 Maize Cob 0.890 0.639 0.599 2.034 1.974 1.395 3792
6 Rice Husk 0.830 0.225 0.080 1.351 1.290 1.126 3418
7 Rice Straw 0.970 0.230 0.100 1.562 1.480 1.332 3349
8 Saw Dust 0.900 0.519 0.399 1.873 1.748 1.354 3659
9 Sugarcane Tops 1.000 0.125 0.100 1.652 1.522 1.527 3639
10 Wheat Straw 0.990 0.150 0.145 1.562 1.437 1.412 3443 11 Cotton Gin
Waste (seed)
1.000 0.100 0.090 1.381 1.281 1.281 3147
12 Cotton Gin Waste (cotton)
0.960 0.060 0.020 1.472 1.402 1.412 3551
13 Cotton Gin Waste (70% seed + 30% cotton)
The Higher Calorific Value of the Cotton Ginning Waste was calculated on the basis of percentages of the seed & waste cotton, which were determined experimentally.
3268
3.6 CHNS ANALYSIS OF WAB
The CHNS analysis was done on Elementar CHNS Analyzer. The results of the
CHNS are given in Table 3.5. The result show that the sulphur content of the WAB
samples is very low, where as the carbon content is high.
Table 3.6: Results of CHNS analysis (%)
S No
Name of Sample C H N S
1 Banana Plant 38.31 5.35 0.39 0.10
2 Baggase 44.65 5.54 0.18 0.00
3 Canola 39.66 5.32 0.20 0.93
4 Cotton Stalks 42.84 5.63 0.08 0.42
5 Maize Cob 44.69 6.16 1.04 0.09
6 Rice Husk 36.85 5.55 1.70 0.22
7 Rice Straw 36.39 4.96 1.01 0.22
8 Saw Dust 44.39 5.94 0.41 0.12
9 Sugarcane Tops 29.92 3.72 0.15 0.14
10 Wheat Straw 40.83 5.34 0.83 0.24
11 Cotton Ginning Waste 39.87 5.06 1.70 0.60
57
3.7 SUMARY OF CHARACTERIZING OF WAB
The over characterization of Waste Agricultural Biomass is presented in Table
3.6.
Table 3.6: Overall results of WAB analysis
S #
Name of Sample
Moistu
re
(%)
Volatile
(%)
Org
anic
(%)
Ash
(%
)
Density
(k
g/m
3)
HCV
(kca
l/kg)
C (%)
H (%)
N (%)
S (%)
1 Banana Plant 5.97 58.96 77.33 16.71 300 3201 38.31 5.35 0.39 0.10
2 Baggase 3.11 73.09 92.16 4.72 256 3910 44.65 5.54 0.18 0.00
3 Canola 9.09 62.40 81.38 9.54 278 3525 39.66 5.32 0.20 0.93
4 Cotton Stalks 4.85 60.46 85.17 9.98 1263 3649 42.84 5.63 0.08 0.42
5 Maize Cob 4.58 68.68 88.70 6.73 904 3792 44.69 6.16 1.04 0.09
6 Rice Husk 4.80 58.44 74.62 20.58 1010 3418 36.85 5.55 1.70 0.22
7 Rice Straw 3.33 60.20 77.93 18.75 674 3349 36.39 4.96 1.01 0.22
8 Saw Dust 7.68 63.72 86.02 6.30 800 3659 44.39 5.94 0.41 0.12
9 Sugarcane Tops 2.43 64.81 83.96 13.62 1457 3639 29.92 3.72 0.15 0.14
10 Wheat Straw 4.33 61.35 81.04 14.64 311 3443 40.83 5.34 0.83 0.24 11 Cotton Gin Waste 4.55 58.07 74.68 20.77 319 3268 39.87 5.06 1.70 0.60
58
PART- IV
QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT
SANGHAR
59
PART- IV
QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
3.1 CROP PRODUCTION IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
The quantitative estimation of the waste agricultural biomass highly depends on
the production of various crops cultivated in district Sanghar. For this reason the crop
production data for the last three years from 2006-07 to 2008-09 was obtained from the
office of the Assistant Director Crop Reporting Service Center District Sanghar as
shown in Table 4.1. As per data there were fifteen crops cultivated during the period of
last three years. The cultivated area of all the crops, in each year was more or less same.
A little consideration will show that, the the major crops cultivated in Sanghar are wheat,
cotton, sugarcane, rice and canola (rapeseeds), where as the other crops includes onions,
chillies, groundnuts, bajra, maize, jowar, fodder crops, vegetables and banana.
Moreover the groundnuts were cultivated only in taluka Sanghar, where as the
bajra, maize and jowar were cultivated as fodder crops in all taluka and these were only
grown in small quantity to feed animals they were excluded from the quantification of
the waste agricultural biomass. Similarly vegetables were also cultivated in small quantity
so these were excluded from quantification.
It is to be noted that the cultivated area obtained was in hectares, where as the
average data is represented in both hectares and acres.
60
Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09
2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No
Nam
e of
Cro
p
Name of Taluka Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (acres)
Sanghar 22340 22378 22578 22432 55431
Sinjhoro 30108 30215 30357 30227 74692
Shahdadpur 27908 28104 28256 28089 69410
Tando Adam 13282 13315 13517 13371 33041
Jam Nawaz Ali 8676 8778 8983 8812 21776
Khipro 18038 18250 18473 18254 45106
1
Wheat
TOTAL 120352 121040 122164 121185 299455
Sanghar 22339 22815 25107 23420 57873
Sinjhoro 30108 24431 25941 26827 66290
Shahdadpur 27908 28513 29751 28724 70979
Tando Adam 13282 10827 12827 12312 30424
Jam Nawaz Ali 8675 8117 9531 8774 21682
Khipro 22085 21258 23758 22367 55270
2
Cotton
TOTAL 124397 115961 126915 122424 302517
Sanghar 4235 3356 4258 3950 9760
Sinjhoro 2548 1772 2793 2371 5859
Shahdadpur 1836 1129 1478 1481 3660
Tando Adam 2271 1753 1913 1979 4890
Jam Nawaz Ali 1104 434 526 688 1700
Khipro 870 637 847 785 1939
3
Sugarc
ane
TOTAL 12864 9081 11815 11253 27808
Sanghar 1005 1308 1401 1238 3059
Sinjhoro 1185 4698 4627 3503 8657
Shahdadpur 158 739 757 551 1362
Tando Adam 170 1137 1037 781 1931
Jam Nawaz Ali 410 1787 1798 1332 3291
Khipro 1187 3607 3792 2862 7072
4
Rice
TOTAL 4115 13276 13412 10268 25372
Sanghar 2152 3507 3507 3055 7550
Sinjhoro 925 1136 1136 1066 2633
Shahdadpur 1070 1108 1108 1095 2707
Tando Adam 912 1045 1045 1001 2473
Jam Nawaz Ali 310 478 478 422 1043
Khipro 420 938 938 765 1891
5
Rapes
eed
(Canola)
TOTAL 5789 8212 8212 7404 18297
“continued on the next page”
61
Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09 (continued)
2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No
Nam
e of
Cro
p
Name of Taluka Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (acres)
Sanghar 1815 1907 1573 1765 4361
Sinjhoro 1320 1891 1003 1405 3471
Shahdadpur 2276 2327 1593 2065 5104
Tando Adam 710 1131 436 759 1876
Jam Nawaz Ali 271 307 312 297 733
Khipro 310 297 431 346 855
6
Onio
ns
TOTAL 6702 7860 5348 6637 16400
Sanghar 23 98 98 73 180
Sinjhoro 57 185 185 142 352
Shahdadpur 38 165 165 123 303
Tando Adam 40 170 170 127 313
Jam Nawaz Ali 28 53 53 45 110
Khipro 104 263 263 210 519
7
Chillies
TOTAL 290 934 934 719 1778
Sanghar 315 238 228 260 643
Sinjhoro Not grown their
Shahdadpur Not grown their
Tando Adam Not grown their
Jam Nawaz Ali Not grown their
Khipro Not grown their
8
Gro
undnuts
TOTAL 315 238 228 260 643
Sanghar 67 15 41 101
Sinjhoro 348 10 179 442
Shahdadpur 174 17 96 236
Tando Adam 251 19 135 334
Jam Nawaz Ali 72 21 47 115
Khipro 513 15
Data was not
available
264 652
9
Bajra (Fodder)
TOTAL 1425 97 761 1880
Sanghar 213 208 211 520
Sinjhoro 415 317 366 904
Shahdadpur 327 418 373 920
Tando Adam 267 273 270 667
Jam Nawaz Ali 176 190 183 452
Khipro 721 638
Data was not
available
680 1679
10
Maize (F
odder
)
TOTAL 2119 2044 2082 5143
“continued on the next page”
62
Table 4.1: Taluka-wise data of crop production for the period 2006-09 (continued)
2006-07 2007-8 2008-9 3 Years Average S No
Nam
e of
Cro
p
Name of Taluka Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (hectares)
Area (acres)
Sanghar 1063 1130 1097 2710
Sinjhoro 810 978 894 2209
Shahdadpur 1524 1638 1581 3907
Tando Adam 1721 1827 1774 4384
Jam Nawaz Ali 1215 1310 1263 3120
Khipro 1719 1748
Data was not
available
1734 4284
11
Jowar (F
odder
)
TOTAL 8052 8631 8342 20612
Sanghar 2198 2213 2213 2208 5456
Sinjhoro 1011 1073 1073 1052 2600
Shahdadpur 1501 1578 1578 1552 3836
Tando Adam 1401 1487 1487 1458 3604
Jam Nawaz Ali 497 533 533 521 1287
Khipro 1810 287 287 795 1964
12
Rabi Fodder
TOTAL 8418 7171 7171 7587 18747
Sanghar 10 47 29 70
Sinjhoro 7 53 30 74
Shahdadpur 20 72 46 114
Tando Adam 11 79 45 111
Jam Nawaz Ali 0 37 19 46
Khipro 4 39
Data was not
available
22 53
13
Rabi Veg
etables
TOTAL 52 327 190 468
Sanghar 60 26 43 106
Sinjhoro 17 18 18 43
Shahdadpur 31 16 24 58
Tando Adam 25 22 24 58
Jam Nawaz Ali 8 8 8 20
Khipro 7 20
Data was not
available
14 33
14
Kharif Veg
etables
TOTAL 148 110 129 319
Sanghar 37 41 39 39 96
Sinjhoro 126 131 125 127 315
Shahdadpur 774 781 778 778 1922
Tando Adam 1340 1347 1350 1346 3325
Jam Nawaz Ali 57 59 57 58 142
Khipro 49 51 47 49 121
15
Banana
TOTAL 2383 2410 2396 2396 5921
63
3.2 TALUKA-WISE QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE AGRICULTURAL
BIOMASS
On the basis of the results of the field survey and by analyzing the data of the
crops cultivated in district Sanghar, five major crops those are wheat, cotton, sugarcane,
rice and canola and one fruit that is banana were selected for the quantification of their
residues. The residue of the banana is its plant, where as the residue of wheat and canola
is only their straw. On the other hand the cotton has two residues first is its stalks and
the second is its ginning waste. Similarly the sugarcane and rice have both field and
process residues. Sugarcane has its tops and baggase, where as rice has its straw and husk.
The quantity of waste agricultural biomass for each taluka of district Sanghar was
calculated by using Eq. (4.1).
QPY = AAC ×××× CY ×××× YRR ×××× (0.04) (4.1)
where
QPY = Quantity of WAB per year (tons)
AAC = Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
CY = Crop Yield (mons/acre)
CRR = Crop to Residue Ratio
It is to be noted that, the annual area cultivated for each of the crop in each
taluka of Sanghar was taken from the data, which is provided by the Crop Reporting
Services Pakistan, where as the yield and the crop to residue ratio of each crop in each
taluka were taken from the results of the field survey. Taluka-wise quantity of WAB is
represented in following sub sections.
4.2.1 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar
The estimation of the waste agricultural biomass in taluka Sanghar is shown in
Table 4.2. The total quantity of the WAB generated in taluka Sanghar is about 431 kilo-
tons, out of that about 229 kilo-tons comes only from cotton stalks. The second largest
crop residue in taluka Sanghar is wheat that accounts about 73 kilo-tons. Moreover
maximum quantity of sugarcane tops is being generated in taluka Sanghar, which is about
68 kilo-tons.
64
Table 4.2: Quantity of WAB in taluka Sanghar
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 55431 33 Straw 1.000 73168
Stalks 3.000 229177
2 Cotton 57873 33
Gin Waste 0.135 10313
Tops 0.300 68163
3 Sugarcane 9760 582
Bagasse 0.147 33400
Straw 1.100 7403
4 Rice 3059 55
Husk 0.500 3365
5 Canola 7550 16 Straw 1.100 5315
6 Banana 96 ----- Plant 367* 1415
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 431719 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
4.2.2 Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro
The estimation of the waste agricultural biomass in taluka Sinjhoro is shown in
Table 4.3. The total quantity of the WAB generated there is about 594 kilo-tons, which is
the largest quantity of WAB in all the six talukas of district Sanghar. In Sinjhoro
maximum quantity of WAb comes from cotton stalks that is 318 kilo-tons, where as the
minimum comes from canola straw that is 2.66 kilo-tons. In taluka Sinjhoro the quantity
of the rice straw and rice husk are in the order of about 20 kilo-tons and 10 kilo-tons,
which is the maximum quantity of these residues in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.
Table 4.3: Quantity of WAB in taluka Sinjhoro
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 74692 46 Straw 1.000 137433
Stalks 3.000 318193
2 Cotton 66290 40
Gin Waste 0.135 14319
Tops 0.300 58917
3 Sugarcane 5859 838
Bagasse 0.147 28869
Straw 1.100 20188
4 Rice 8657 53
Husk 0.500 9176
5 Canola 2633 23 Straw 1.100 2665
6 Banana 315 ----- Plant 367* 4619
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 594378 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
65
4.2.3 Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur
The quantity of WAB generated in taluka Shahdadpur is represented in Table 4.4.
The estimated quantity of the WAB is about 536 kilo-tons, which is the second largest
quantity of WAB, after taluka Sinjhoro. The maximum mass of the WAB comes from
cotton stalks that is 315 kilo-tons, where as minimum comes from rice husk that
accounts only about 1.28 kilo-tons.
Table 4.4: Quantity of WAB in taluka Shahdadpur
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 69410 41 Straw 1.000 113833
Stalks 3.000 315145
2 Cotton 70979 37
Gin Waste 0.135 14182
Tops 0.300 38997
3 Sugarcane 3660 888
Bagasse 0.147 19109
Straw 1.100 2817
4 Rice 1362 47
Husk 0.500 1281
5 Canola 2707 22 Straw 1.100 2620
6 Banana 1922 ----- Plant 367* 28210
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 536193 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
4.2.4 Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam
The quantity of the waste agricultural biomass for taluka Tando Adam is shown
in Table 4.5. The total quantity of the WAB is about 313 kilo-tons. The major shares in
this comes from cotton stalks, wheat straw and sugarcane tops, which are in the order of
127 kilo-tons, 52 kilo-tons and 46 kilo-tons respectively. The quantity of the banana plant
generated in taluka Tando Adam is about 49 kilo-tons, which is the maximum quantity of
banana plants’ waste in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.
66
Table 4.5: Quantity of WAB in taluka Tando Adam
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 33041 40 Straw 1.000 52866
Stalks 3.000 127779
2 Cotton 30424 35
Gin Waste 0.135 5750
Tops 0.300 46770
3 Sugarcane 4890 797
Bagasse 0.147 22917
Straw 1.100 4333
4 Rice 1931 51
Husk 0.500 1969
5 Canola 2473 20 Straw 1.100 2176
6 Banana 3325 ----- Plant 367* 48814
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 313375 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
4.2.5 Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali
The estimated quantity of the WAB for taluka Jam Nawaz Ali is shown in Table
4.6. The total quantity of the WAB generated there is about 188 kilo-tons, which is the
minimum quantity of the WAB in all the six talukas of district Sanghar. The maximum
mass in this quantity comes from cotton stalks, that are about 114 kilo-tons, where as
minimum mass comes from canola straw, which accounts 0.734 kilo-tons.
Table 4.6: Quantity of WAB in taluka Jam Nawaz Ali
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 21776 34 Straw 1.000 29615
Stalks 3.000 114480
2 Cotton 21682 44
Gin Waste 0.135 5152
Tops 0.300 17728
3 Sugarcane 1700 869
Bagasse 0.147 8687
Straw 1.100 6660
4 Rice 3291 46
Husk 0.500 3027
5 Canola 1043 16 Straw 1.100 734
6 Banana 142 ----- Plant 367* 2092
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 188176 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
67
4.2.6 Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro
Khipro is the largest taluka of district Sanghar. The estimation of WAB generated
there is shown in Table 4.7. The total quantity of the WAB was about 469 kilo-tons, out
of that 318 kilo-tons comes from cotton stalks only, where as canola straw contributes
the minimum quantity that is about 1.5 kilo-tons.
Table 4.7: Quantity of WAB in taluka Khipro
S No
Name of Crop
Annual Area Cultivated (acres)
Crop Yield (mons/ acre)
Residue Type
Crop to Residue Ratio
Quantity per year (tons)
1 Wheat 45106 48 Straw 1.000 86603
Stalks 3.000 318356
2 Cotton 55270 48
Gin Waste 0.135 14326
Tops 0.300 22220
3 Sugarcane 1939 955
Bagasse 0.147 10888
Straw 1.100 9335
4 Rice 7072 30
Husk 0.500 4243
5 Canola 1891 18 Straw 1.100 1498
6 Banana 121 ----- Plant 367* 1777
TOTAL Quantity of WAB 469247 * Banana Plant Waste is in mons/ acre
4.3 SUMMARY OF QUANTIFICATION OF WAB IN DISTRICT
SANGHAR
The total quantity of all the nine residues for district Sanghar is represented in
Table 4.8 below. As an aggregate the total quantity of the WAB in district Sanghar is
2533 kilo-tons. It can be observed that the share of cotton stalks is 1423 kilo-tons, which
is about 56% of the total WAB generates in district Sanghar. The minimum WAB was
estimated in account of canola straw that is 15 kilo-tons and is only 6% to the total WAB
generated in district Sanghar. In addition to this wheat straw, cotton gin waste, sugarcane
tops, baggase, rice straw, rice husk and banana plants’ waste accounts 494 kilo-tons, 64
kilo-tons, 253 kilo-tons, 124 kilo-tons, 51 kilo-tons, 23 kilo-tons and 87 kilo-tons
respectively.
68
Table 4.8: Total quantity of WAB in district Sanghar (kilo-tones)
S No
Name of Taluka
Crop Residue
Sanghar
Sin
jhoro
Shahdad-
pur
Tando
Adam
Jam
Nawaz
Ali
Khip
ro
TO
TAL
1 Wheat Straw 73.17 137.43 113.83 52.87 29.62 86.60 494
2 Cotton Stalks 229.18 318.19 315.14 127.78 114.48 318.36 1423
3 Cotton Gin Waste 10.31 14.32 14.18 5.75 5.15 14.33 64
4 Sugarcane Tops 68.16 58.92 39.00 46.77 17.73 22.22 253
5 Baggase 33.40 28.87 19.11 22.92 8.69 10.89 124
6 Rice Straw 7.40 20.19 2.82 4.33 6.66 9.34 51
7 Rice Husk 3.37 9.18 1.28 1.97 3.03 4.24 23
8 Canola Straw 5.32 2.66 2.62 2.18 0.73 1.50 15
9 Banana Plant 1.41 4.62 28.21 48.81 2.09 1.78 87
TOTAL 432 594 536 313 188 469 2533
69
PART- V
ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT
SANGHAR
70
PART- V
ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
3.3 TAULKA-WISE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB
In section 4.2, the quantity of waste agricultural biomass was calculated.
Adopting that estimated quantity for nine residues, the taulka-wise energy contained in
the waste agricultural biomass was worked out. The total energy equivalent was
calculated by using Eq. (5.1). The term total energy equivalent referred to as and energy
that can be obtained from total estimated quantity of WAB.
TEE = ( )610184.4 −××× HCVQPY (5.1)
where
TEE = Total Energy Equivalent (TJ),
QPY = Quantity of WAB per Year (tons), and
HCV = Higher Calorific Value (kcal/kg)
Then available energy equivalent was calculated the by using Eq. (5.2). The term
available energy referred to as an energy that can be obtained from the WAB, which is
either surplus or disposed off.
AEE = TEE × AF (5.2)
where
AEE = Available Energy Equivalent (TJ), and
AF = Availability Factor
The surplus residues include wheat straw, Cotton gin waste, sugarcane baggase,
rice husk and canola straw, as they can be purchased and be utilized for getting energy.
The availability factor of the surplus residues depends on their quantity, which is being
sold by the farmer or mill.
On the other hand, the residues like cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, Rice straw and
banana plant have very high quantity, which is being wasted since long, thus they are
addressed as disposed off WAB. Their availability factor depends on the quantity being
burnt out or thrown away.
71
The availability factor for cotton gin waste and canola straw was taken as 100%,
as their total quantity generated was available and can be purchased, where as for baggase
it was taken as 5% that can be obtained from Sanghar Sugar Mill. The availability factor
for wheat straw, banana plants’ waste, cotton stalks, sugarcane tops and rice straw was
taken from field survey results of each taulka, which is either available and can be
purchased in case of wheat straw or burnt into the field. On the other hand the
availability factor for rice husk assumed as 50%.
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Sanghar is
shown in Table 5.1. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 6,528 TJ, where as the
available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,813 TJ, which is equal to 43% of the total
energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Sanghar maximum energy can be
obtained from sugarcane tops that is 1,038 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained
from banana plants’ waste that is 19 TJ.
Table 5.1: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Sanghar
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 73168 3443 1054 0.50 527
2 Cotton Stalks 229177 3649 3499 0.25 875
3 Cotton Gin Waste 10313 3268 141 1.00 141
4 Sugarcane Tops 68163 3639 1038 1.00 1038
5 Baggase 33400 3910 546 0.05 27
6 Rice Straw 7403 3349 104 0.80 83
7 Rice Husk 3365 3418 48 0.50 24
8 Canola Straw 5315 3525 78 1.00 78
9 Banana Plant 1415 3201 19 1.00 19
TOTAL 431,719 ----- 6,528 ----- 2,813
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Sinjhoro is
shown in Table 5.2. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 8,919 TJ, where as the
available energy equivalent was calculated as 4,690 TJ, which is equal to 53% of the total
energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Sinjhoro maximum energy can be
obtained from cotton stalks that is 2,186 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained
from baggase that is 24 TJ. Moreover energy that can be obtained from rice straw in
taulka Sinjhoro was calculated as 212 TJ, which is the maximum energy that can be
obtained from rice straw in all the six talukas of district Sanghar.
72
Table 5.2: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Sinjhoro
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 137433 3443 1980 0.60 1188
2 Cotton Stalks 318193 3649 4859 0.45 2186
3 Cotton Gin Waste 14319 3268 196 1.00 196
4 Sugarcane Tops 58917 3639 897 0.80 718
5 Baggase 28869 3910 472 0.05 24
6 Rice Straw 20188 3349 283 0.75 212
7 Rice Husk 9176 3418 131 0.50 66
8 Canola Straw 2665 3525 39 1.00 39
9 Banana Plant 4619 3201 62 1.00 62
TOTAL 594,378 ----- 8,919 ----- 4,690
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka
Shahdadpur is shown in Table 5.3. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 8,027
TJ, where as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,406 TJ, which is equal to
53% of the total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Shahdadpur maximum
energy can be obtained from cotton stalks that is 2,186 TJ, where as the minimum can be
obtained from rice husk that is 9 TJ.
Table 5.3: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Shahdadpur
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 113833 3443 1640 0.45 738
2 Cotton Stalks 315145 3649 4812 0.50 2406
3 Cotton Gin Waste 14182 3268 194 1.00 194
4 Sugarcane Tops 38997 3639 594 0.80 475
5 Baggase 19109 3910 313 0.05 16
6 Rice Straw 2817 3349 39 0.70 28
7 Rice Husk 1281 3418 18 0.50 9
8 Canola Straw 2620 3525 39 1.00 39
9 Banana Plant 28210 3201 378 1.00 378
TOTAL 536,193 ----- 8,027 ----- 4,282
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Tando
Adam is shown in Table 5.4. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 4,653 TJ,
73
where as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 3,235 TJ, which is equal to
69% of the total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Tando Adam maximum
energy can be obtained from cotton stalks that is 1,366 TJ, where as the minimum can be
obtained from rice husk that is 14 TJ. Moreover energy that can be obtained from
banana plants’ waste in taulka Tando Adam was calculated as 654 TJ, which is the
maximum energy that can be obtained from banana plants’ waste in all the six talukas of
district Sanghar.
Table 5.4: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Tando Adam
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 52866 3443 762 0.60 457
2 Cotton Stalks 127779 3649 1951 0.70 1366
3 Cotton Gin Waste 5750 3268 79 1.00 79
4 Sugarcane Tops 46770 3639 712 0.80 570
5 Baggase 22917 3910 375 0.05 19
6 Rice Straw 4333 3349 61 0.75 46
7 Rice Husk 1969 3418 28 0.50 14
8 Canola Straw 2176 3525 32 1.00 32
9 Banana Plant 48814 3201 654 1.00 654
TOTAL 313,375 ----- 4,653 ----- 3,235
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Jam Nawaz
Ali is shown in Table 5.5. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 2,833 TJ, where
as the available energy equivalent was calculated as 2,078 TJ, which is equal to 73% of the
total energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Jam Nawaz Ali maximum energy can
be obtained from cotton stalks that is 1,398 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained
from baggase that is 7 TJ.
74
Table 5.5: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Jam Nawaz Ali
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 29615 3443 427 0.60 256
2 Cotton Stalks 114480 3649 1748 0.80 1398
3 Cotton Gin Waste 5152 3268 70 1.00 70
4 Sugarcane Tops 17728 3639 270 0.80 216
5 Baggase 8687 3910 142 0.05 7
6 Rice Straw 6660 3349 93 0.75 70
7 Rice Husk 3027 3418 43 0.50 22
8 Canola Straw 734 3525 11 1.00 11
9 Banana Plant 2092 3201 28 1.00 28
TOTAL 188,176 ----- 2,833 ----- 2,078
The estimated energy potential of waste agricultural biomass in taulka Khipro is
shown in Table 5.6. The total energy equivalent was calculated as 7,059 TJ, where as the
available energy equivalent was calculated as 4,365 TJ, which is equal to 62% of the total
energy equivalent. As per calculations in taulka Khipro maximum energy can be obtained
from cotton stalks that is 3,160 TJ, where as the minimum can be obtained from baggase
that is 9 TJ.
Table 5.6: Energy potential of WAB in taulka Khipro
S No
Name of Crop Residue
Quantity per year (tons)
Calorific Value (kcal/ kg)
Total Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
Availability Factor
Available Energy
Equivalent (TJ)
1 Wheat Straw 86603 3443 1248 0.44 549
2 Cotton Stalks 318356 3649 4861 0.65 3160
3 Cotton Gin Waste 14326 3268 196 1.00 196
4 Sugarcane Tops 22220 3639 338 0.80 271
5 Baggase 10888 3910 178 0.05 9
6 Rice Straw 9335 3349 131 0.80 105
7 Rice Husk 4243 3418 61 0.50 30
8 Canola Straw 1498 3525 22 1.00 22
9 Banana Plant 1777 3201 24 1.00 24
TOTAL 469,247 ----- 7,059 ----- 4,365
75
3.4 ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
The available energy of all the nine residues is represented in Table 5.7. The total
energy equivalent in district Sanghar was estimated as 38 PJ, where as the available energy
potential was 21.5 PJ, which is equal to 56% of the total energy equivalent in district
Sanghar.
Table 5.7: Total energy potential of WAB in district Sanghar N
am
e of
Taulk
a
Sanghar
Sin
jhoro
Shahd-
adpur
Tando
Adam
Jam
N
awaz
Ali
Khip
ro
TOTAL
Total Energy Equivalent (TJ) 6528 8919 8027 4653 2833 7059 38,018
Available Energy Equivalent (TJ) 2813 4690 4282 3235 2078 4365 21,464
Electricity Generation (MWh) 156250 260580 237883 179742 115469 242505 1192,429
Pant Size (MW) 20 33 30 23 15 31 151
The available energy equivalent is that energy, which can be utilized for
generating electricity. The electricity that can be generated from available energy
equivalent was estimated in terms of MWh by using Eq. (5.3) in which the overall
efficiency of the plant was considered as 20% [Frear et. al (2005)].
Electricity Generation (MWh) = AEE × 0.2 × 277.778 (5.3)
The size of the plant that can be installed in each taulka of Sanghar district was
figured in terms of MW by applying Eq. (5.4), on believing that plant will remain in
operation for 330 days in a year [D. Alfonso et al. (2007)].
Pant Size (MW) = Electricity Generation (5.4)
330 × 24
It can be observed from Table 6.7. that, by using available energy of waste
agricultural biomass, we can generate about 1192 million units of electricity by installing
the power plant of 150 MW. Moreover the same number of units can be generated if the
decentralized approach is adopted for each taulka.
76
3.5 ENERGY FROM DISPOSED OFF WAB IN DISTRICT SANGHAR
The true sense of the Waste Agricultural Biomass is the energy that we can
obtained from the disposed off agricultural residues. The quantity and energy of disposed
off WAB, that can be obtained from cotton stalks, sugarcane tops, rice straw and banana
plant in each taulka of district Sanghar was calculated by using Eq. (5.5) and Eq. (5.6)
respectively and is represented in Table 5.8.
QDW = QPY × AF (5.5)
EDW = ( )610184.4 −××× HCVQDW (5.6)
where
QDW = Total Quantity of Disposed off WAB (tons),
QPY = Quantity of WAB per Year (tons),
AF = Availability Factor,
EDW = Energy in disposed off WAB (TJ), and
HCV = Higher Calorific Value (kcal/kg)
As per results the disposed off quantity of WAB in taulka Sanghar, Sinjhoro,
Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali and Khipro is in the order of 133 kilo-tons,
210 kilo-tons, 219 kilo-tons, 179 kilo-tons, 113 kilo-tons and 234 kilo-tons respectively,
where as the total quantity of the disposed off WAB in district Sanghar was estimated as
1088 kilo-tons.
In the same way, the energy that can be obtained from disposed off WAB in
taulka Sanghar, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur, Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali and Khipro is in the
order of 2015 TJ, 3178 TJ, 3287 TJ, 2635 TJ, 1712 TJ and 3559 TJ respectively, where as
the total energy of the disposed off WAB in district Sanghar was estimated as 16,385 TJ.
77
Table 5.8 Energy potential of disposed off WAB in district Sanghar
Taulk
a
Name of Crop Residue
QPY (tons)
AF QDO
(tons/year) HCV
(kcal/kg) EDO
(TJ/year)
Cotton Stalks 229177 0.25 57294 3649 875
Sugarcane Tops 68163 1.00 68163 3639 1038
Rice Straw 7403 0.80 5923 3349 83
Banana Plant 1415 1.00 1415 3201 19 San
ghar
Sub- total 306157 ---- 132794 ---- 2015
Cotton Stalks 318193 0.45 143187 3649 2186
Sugarcane Tops 58917 0.80 47133 3639 718
Rice Straw 20188 0.75 15141 3349 212
Banana Plant 4619 1.00 4619 3201 62 Sin
jho
ro
Sub- total 401916 ---- 210080 ---- 3178
Cotton Stalks 315145 0.50 157572 3649 2406
Sugarcane Tops 38997 0.80 31198 3639 475
Rice Straw 2817 0.70 1972 3349 28
Banana Plant 28210 1.00 28210 3201 378
Shah
dad
pu
r
Sub- total 385169 ---- 218952 ---- 3287
Cotton Stalks 127779 0.70 89445 3649 1366
Sugarcane Tops 46770 0.80 37416 3639 570
Rice Straw 4333 0.75 3249 3349 46
Banana Plant 48814 1.00 48814 3201 654
Tan
do
Ad
am
Sub- total 227696 ---- 178925 ---- 2635
Cotton Stalks 114480 0.80 91584 3649 1398
Sugarcane Tops 17728 0.80 14183 3639 216
Rice Straw 6660 0.75 4995 3349 70
Banana Plant 2092 1.00 2092 3201 28
Jam
Naw
az A
li
Sub- total 140961 ---- 112854 ---- 1712
Cotton Stalks 318356 0.65 206931 3649 3160
Sugarcane Tops 22220 0.80 17776 3639 271
Rice Straw 9335 0.80 7468 3349 105
Banana Plant 1777 1.00 1777 3201 24 Kh
ipro
Sub- total 351689 ---- 233953 ---- 3559
GRAND TOTAL 1,813,588 ---- 1,087,558 ---- 16,385
3.6 SAVING ENERGY FROM DISPOSED OFF WAB
If we utilize the disposed off waste agricultural biomass available in district
Sanghar, then we can save equivalent energy in terms of heat or electrical energy. If we
convert heat energy contained in disposed off WAB into electricity with overall efficiency
of 20%, then we can generate 910,293,130 units of electricity (kWh). In order to get these
78
units of electricity the plant size could be 115 MW, considering 330 days of plant
operation.
A little consideration will show that if we save 16,385 TJ of heat energy per year
by utilizing disposed off WAB, then we can save 1,070 kilo-tons of fire wood by
comparing to the calorific value of the saw dust.
3.7 SAVING ENVIRONMENT BY USING DISPOSED OFF WAB
On the other hand if we will save 1,6385 TJ of heat energy comes from burning
of 1,088 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB, then we be able to decrease huge quantity of air
pollution, which is being released into the atmosphere since many decades. The quantity
of emissions by burning of the disposed off WAB was estimated as shown in Table 5.9,
by using the emission factors for air dried WAB in Pakistan [S.C. Bhattacharya el al.
(2000)].
Table 5.9: Emission factors & quantity for disposed off WAB in Sanghar
Emission factors (g/kg of air dried WAB)
CO2 CO CH4 TSP SOX NOX
1132.90 49.80 2.55 7.45 3.15 1.22 Estimated quantity of Emissions
(tons)
Disposed off Quantity of
WAB (tons)
CO2 CO CH4 TSP SOX NOX
1,087,558 1232095 54160 2773 8102 3426 1327
According to the approximation framed by above reference we come to know
that, by saving 1814 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB we can save 1232 kilo-tons of
Carbon dioxide, 54160 tons of Carbon mono-oxide, 2773 tons of Methane, 8102 tons of
Total suspended particles, 3426 tons of sulphur oxides and 1327 tons of nitrogen oxides.
Moreover a huge quantity of the gaseous pollution can be reduced, by proper
combustion of WAB, which is burnt either for cooking by the farmers or by Sanghar
Sugar Mill in their boilers.
3.8 SUMMARY OF ENERGY POTENTAIL OF WAB IN SANGHAR
The available energy of all the nine residues is presented in Table 5.7. The total
energy equivalent in district Sanghar was estimated as 38 PJ, where as the available energy
potential was 21.5 PJ, which is equal to 56% of the total energy equivalent in district
79
Sanghar. The available energy from waste agricultural biomass could be generated about
1192 million units of electricity by installing the power plant of 150 MW. By utilizing the
disposed off waste agricultural biomass in district Sanghar could save equivalent energy
in terms of heat or electrical energy equivalent to 910,293,130 units (kWh).
By utilization of 1814 kilo-tons of disposed off WAB could reduce the emissions
of 1232 kilo-tons of Carbon dioxide, 54160 tons of Carbon mono-oxide, 2773 tons of
Methane, 8102 tons of Total suspended particles, 3426 tons of sulphur oxides and 1327
tons of nitrogen oxides into the environment.
80
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[09] Frear, C., Zhao, B., Fu, G., Richardson, M., Chen, S., and Fuchs, M.R. (2005). "Biomass Inventory and Bioenergy Assessment: An Evaluation of Organic Material Resources for Bioenergy Production in Washington State", Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University and the Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program, Department of Ecology, publication No. 05-07-047
[10] Gilbert M. Masters (2007), Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd edition, Pearson Education, Inc, pp. 191
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[12] Martin Tampier, (2009) “Comparing lifecycle data and maximizing GHG emission reductions from biomass”, Envirochem Services Inc., Ministry of Natural Resources Canadahttp://www.cec.org/pubs_docs/documents/ index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=1561
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[13] MIRZA Umar K. AHMAD Nasir MAJEED Tariq, (2008), An overview of biomass energy utilization in Pakistan, Renewable & sustainable energy review, vol. 12, no7, pp. 1988-1996
[14] Moh'd Abu-Qudais, Hani A. Abu-Qdais, (2000), “Energy content of municipal solid waste in Jordan and its potential utilization”, Elsevier Research Journal of Energy Conversion & Management vol.41 pp.983-991
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[16] Pedro Anselmo Filhoa, Ossama Badrb, (2004), “Biomass resources for energy in North-Eastern Brazil”, Elsevier Research Journal of Applied Energy vol.77 pp. 51–67
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82
Appendix A
Results of TGA Analysis
Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 01 Size: 21.4090 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 16:52 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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19.90min105.00°C95.24%
32.19min550.00°C35.69%
34.89min592.47°C18.67%
35.70min550.00°C17.24%
0
20
40
60
80
100W
eigh
t (%
)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments TGA graphical result of banana Plant sample # 01
Sample: Banana Plant sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Banana Plant 02 Size: 26.4410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 08:30 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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21.03min105.00°C92.83%
33.17min550.00°C34.47%
35.65min597.52°C18.08%
42.16min548.48°C16.17%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments TGA graphical result of banana Plant sample # 02
83
Sample: Baggase sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Baggase 01
Size: 17.7980 mg Run Date: 2009-10-23 12:10 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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4.20min105.00°C98.23%
30.81min550.00°C23.47%
35.08min550.00°C4.126%
34.00min589.37°C5.896%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of baggase sample # 01
Sample: Baggase sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Baggase 02 Size: 23.6410 mg Run Date: 2009-10-26 11:00 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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6.25min105.00°C95.54%
32.46min550.00°C24.13%
35.70min593.65°C7.868%
36.88min550.00°C5.315%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of baggase sample # 02
84
Sample: Canola sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Canola 01
Size: 21.1470 mg Run Date: 2009-10-22 10:43 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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6.19min105.00°C90.33%
32.26min550.00°C28.42%
35.06min581.91°C18.43%
40.16min550.90°C9.999%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Canola sample # 01
Sample: Canola sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Canola 02 Size: 19.2170 mg Run Date: 2009-10-23 10:38 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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6.38min105.00°C91.50%
32.69min550.00°C28.61%
35.08min577.44°C18.40%
40.74min550.00°C9.077%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Canola sample # 02
85
Sample: Cotton Stalks sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Cotton Stalks 01 Size: 32.4640 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 11:08 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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6.30min105.00°C94.68%
31.96min550.00°C34.62%
36.07min606.59°C12.74%
41.03min550.00°C9.976%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Cotton Stalks sample # 01
Sample: Cotton Stalks sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Cotton Stalks 02 Size: 29.7200 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 12:37 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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5.85min105.00°C95.62%
31.96min550.00°C34.77%
35.92min604.83°C13.14%
40.66min550.00°C9.982%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Cotton Stalks sample # 02
86
Sample: Maize Cob sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Maize Cob 01 Size: 30.0570 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 09:27 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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21.00min105.00°C94.27%
33.15min550.00°C26.31%
36.02min599.19°C8.477%
36.84min550.00°C6.348%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Maize Cob sample # 01
Sample: Maize Cob sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Maize Cob 02 Size: 25.7730 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 10:51 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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20.17min105.00°C96.57%
32.41min550.00°C27.17%
35.30min596.05°C9.167%
36.14min550.00°C7.102%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Maize Cob sample # 02
87
Sample: Rice Husk sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Husk 01
Size: 30.4570 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 12:07 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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15.01min105.00°C95.41%
27.27min550.00°C36.76%
29.93min592.27°C23.78%
31.28min550.00°C20.59%
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Rice Husk sample # 01
Sample: Rice Husk sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Husk 02
Size: 30.3560 mg Run Date: 2009-10-31 13:17 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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14.96min105.00°C94.99%
27.19min550.00°C36.76%
29.85min594.45°C23.76%
31.10min550.00°C20.75%
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Rice Husk sample # 02
88
Sample: Rice Straw sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Straw 01 Size: 28.5540 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 14:00 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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5.46min105.00°C96.47%
31.91min550.00°C36.50%
35.22min597.83°C21.64%
39.92min550.00°C18.77%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Rice Straw sample # 01
Sample: Rice Straw sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Rice Straw 02 Size: 21.7050 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 15:22 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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5.02min105.00°C96.88%
31.49min550.00°C36.46%
34.70min592.82°C22.09%
39.58min550.00°C18.72%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Rice Straw sample # 02
89
Sample: Saw Dust sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Saw Dust 01 Size: 19.5360 mg Run Date: 2009-10-26 12:49 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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4.09min105.00°C96.08%
30.30min550.00°C28.97%
33.90min598.04°C7.410%
34.97min550.00°C5.586%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Saw Dust sample # 01
Sample: Saw Dust sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Saw Dust 02 Size: 24.3880 mg Run Date: 2009-10-28 09:28 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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5.93min105.00°C88.57%
31.17min550.00°C28.24%
34.80min602.63°C8.431%
35.78min550.00°C7.021%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Saw Dust sample # 02
90
Sample: Sugarcane Tops sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Sugarcane Tops 01 Size: 31.4290 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 10:27 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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19.94min105.00°C97.30%
32.15min550.00°C32.63%
35.06min602.20°C15.41%
36.02min550.00°C13.58%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Sugarcane Tops sample # 01
Sample: Sugarcane Tops sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Sugarcane Tops 02 Size: 35.2220 mg Run Date: 2009-10-29 11:24 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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19.81min105.00°C97.84%
32.01min550.00°C32.89%
35.22min603.92°C15.17%
36.17min550.00°C13.65%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Sugarcane Tops sample # 02
91
Sample: Wheat Straw sanghar-01 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Wheat Straw 01 Size: 25.8320 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 08:37 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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21.01min105.00°C95.50%
33.18min550.00°C34.44%
35.70min597.41°C17.81%
36.80min550.00°C14.75%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of wheat straw sample # 01
Sample: Wheat Straw sanghar-02 File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – Wheat Straw 02 Size: 24.8270 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 10:54 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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20.84min105.00°C95.85%
33.02min550.00°C34.22%
35.65min597.72°C16.74%
36.59min550.00°C14.52%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of wheat straw sample # 02
92
Sample: Cotton Gin Waste (seed) File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – CJW seed
Size: 33.675 mg Run Date: 2009- 11 – 19 11:19 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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26.98min550.00°C44.00%
30.93min552.32°C28.24%
29.53min598.02°C31.20%
9.73min105.00°C94.93%
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Cotton Gin Waste (seed)
Sample: Cotton Gin Waste (cotton) File: C:\TA\Data\SDT\ARS – CJW cotton Size: 28.8870 mg Run Date: 2009-10-30 10:54 Method: ARS – Crop Residue Analysis
DSC - TGA Instrument: SDT Q600 V8.0 Build 95
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30.59min548.77°C3.350%
26.99min550.00°C21.93%
29.50min594.83°C5.614%
9.67min105.00°C96.67%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C) Universal V4.1D TA Instruments
TGA graphical result of Cotton gin Waste (cotton)