Post on 29-Apr-2018
Conventional and Organic Mite Management in Winegrape Vineyards
Frank ZalomDept. of Entomology
University of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616
El Dorado County Grape DayPlacerville, CA, June 5, 2008
Pacific Spider Mite
Willamette Spider Mite
Pacific Mite Injury
Spider Mites
Pacific Spider Mite
• Broad host range• Usually thought of as the greater problem in warm
growing areas
Eggs - spherical and may be laid in webbing
Newly hatched larva (6 legs) - food spots on dorsum
Adults vary in color from slightly amber to greenish or reddish; usually 2 larger spots forward, 2 rear
Spider Mites
Tetranychus pacificus McGregor
Pacific Spider Mite
• Prefers the warmer upper canopy (sunny areas)• Generally does better during the hotter, drier part
of the season• Produces more webbing and tends to aggregate
Damage begins as yellow spots, then dead (necrotic) areas appear on the leaves. High populations can render the leaves nonfunctional with leaf burning and heavy webbing.
Spider Mites
Tetranychus pacificus McGregor
• Cultivated and wild grapes are the main hosts• Typically the species of concern in the coastal
valleys and the Sierra Nevada foothills
Eggs spherical, slightly smaller than Pacific mite, and has a fine papilla (hair) that tapers at the top
Newly hatched larva (6 legs) - food spots on sides
Adults tend to be yellow with food spots on sides
Spider MitesWillamette Spider Mite
Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor)
• Considered an early-season mite• Prefers the cooler (shady) parts of the plant• More dispersed over leaf surfaces
Feeding in mid or late season causes foliage to turn yellowish bronze, and can open canopies. High densities (> 30-50 per leaf) reduces brix.
Spider MitesWillamette Spider Mite
Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor)
• Pacific mites present earlier season• Pacific mites becoming a problem in coastal
valleys and into September• Willamette mites remaining at damaging levels
into August
Distribution and abundance of Pacific and Willamette mite seems to be changing (there is increased pest status of Pacific mite in a number of areas):
• pesticide use• irrigation practices that promote water stress• large-scale planting of wine varieties in new areas• changes in insecticide and fungicide use patterns• What about newer products?
Distribution and abundance of Pacific and Willamette mite seem to be changing. Why?
• pesticide use• irrigation practices that promote water stress• large-scale planting of wine varieties in new areas• changes in insecticide and fungicide use patterns• What about newer products?
Distribution and abundance of Pacific and Willamette mite seem to be changing. Why?
Do they effect six-spotted thrips, lacewings, hemipterans, predaceous beetles, or predator mites?
What about effects on spider mite development?
Acaricides - Status• Older products had extended preharvest
intervals or worker re-entry intervals that often dictated when they had to be applied, leading to preventative use
• Many new products representing an assortment of modes of action are registered
• These new products provide flexibility:preharvest intervalsimpacts upon beneficialsresistance management
Product Active ingredient Primary target site of action IRAC # Agri-Mek Abamectin Chloride channel activators (GABA agonist) 6 Onager Hexythiazox Unknown mode of action (mite growth inhibitor) 10A Zeal Etoxazole Unknown mode of action (mite growth inhibitor) 10B Vendex Fenbutatin oxide Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor/uncoupler 12B Omite Propargite Inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation; iinhibitor of
ATP synthase 12C
Kanemite Acequinocyl Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitor
20B
Fujimite Fenpyroximate Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor
21
Nexter Pyridaben Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor
21
Envidor Spirodiclofen Inhibitor of lipid synthesis 23 Acramite Bifenazate Neuronal inhibitor (unknown mode of action) 25 Kelthane Dicofol Unknown unc
Grape Acaricide IRAC Classification
Product Active ingredient IRAC # Neem Azidirachtin 18B Organic JMS Stylet Oil Paraffinic oil na M-pede Potassium salts of fatty acids na Ecotrol Rosemary & peppermint oil na GC-Mite Cottonseed, clove & garlic oil na
Grape Acaricide IRAC Classification
• 96 acre commercial cabernet sauvignon vineyard• East of Lodi, San Joaquin Co.• vines drip irrigated• 4 replicates for each treatment and untreated control• each treatment replicate was 5 vines in size.• treatments arranged in a completely randomized
design
Location and design - 2006
Special thanks to Steve Quashnick, Wilbur-Ellis Co. and Cliff Ohmart, Lodi-Woodbridge Winegrape Commission
• applications made with an Echo mister/duster air assist sprayer
• 72 gallons per acre volume - conventional treatments• 150 gallons per acre volume - organic treatments• water buffered to pH 6.5
Sampling -• 5 leaves from center 3 vines of each plot• mite-brushed and counted under microscope
Methods - (both 2006 and 2007)
Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (oF) during the period of the experiment.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Te
mpe
ratu
reTemperatures at Lodi, 2006
Application Date
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Tem
pera
ture
Temperatures at Lodi, 2006
Application DateConventional
Application DateOrganic
Proportion of Willamette and Pacific spider mites among all spider mites present in untreated control plots
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
7_24 7_31 8_7 8_14 8_21 8_28
Prop
ortio
n of
tota
l mite
s
Date
Willamette mitePacific mite
Spider Mite Species Composition,Grapes, Lodi, 2006
Product Active ingredient Rate per acre Agri-Mek 0.83EC Abamectin 16 oz Zeal Etoxazole 3 oz. Zeal + Danitol (V-10141) Etoxazole + Fenpropathrin 18 oz Fujimite 5EC Fenpyroximate 2 pts. Nexter Pyridaben 10.67 oz. Envidor 2SC Spirodiclofen 18 oz. Acramite 50WS Bifenazate 1 lb. Omite 30WP Propargite 8 lb. Untreated Untreated --
Conventional acaricide study - treatments applied on July 20, 2006, to cabernet sauvignon grape vines
Comparison of acaricides applied on July 20 to cabernet sauvignon grape vines
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Mot
ile m
ites
per l
eaf
Acaricide Comparison, Grapes, Lodi, 20067_247_318_78_148_218_28
ns
ns
ns
ns nsns ns
ns ns
ns
ns
Treatments are significantly (P<0.05) different from untreated except for those indicated by 'ns'.
Treatment Active ingredient Rate Untreated Control na na Organic JMS Stylet Oil Paraffinic Oil 2% v/v Organic JMS Stylet Oil Paraffinic Oil 1% v/v Ecotrol + Natural Wet Rosemary Oil + Saponin 0.75 qts + 0.125% v/v M-pede Potassium salts of fatty acids 2% v/v GC-Mite + Natural Wet
Cottonseed, Clove and Garlic oil + Saponin
1% v/v + 0.125% v/v
Organic acaricide study - treatments applied on August 19, 2006, to cabernet sauvignon grape vines near Lodi
Comparison of organic acaricides applied on August 19 to cabernet sauvignon grape vines
Organic Acaricide Comparison, Grapes, Lodi, 2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
UntreatedControl
OrganicJMS Stylet
Oil 2%
OrganicJMS Stylet
Oil 1%
Ecotrol +Natural
Wet
M-pede GC-Mite +Natural
Wet
Treatment
# Pa
cific
Mite
s / L
eaf 8/14 Pre-treatment
8/218/289/5
NS
NS NS NS NSNS
• commercial merlot vineyard• south of Pilot Hill, El Dorado Co.• vines drip irrigated• 4 replicates for each treatment and untreated control• each treatment replicate was 5 vines in size• treatments arranged in a randomized complete block
design
Location and design - 2007
Special thanks to Benjamin Falk of Safari Vineyards and Lynn Wunderlich, UCCE, El Dorado Co.
Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (oF) during the period of the experiment.
Application DatesConv Org
Proportion of Willamette and Pacific spider mites among all spider mites present in untreated control plots, 2007.
Pretreatment count (August 8) = 67.4 mites per leaf
Conventional acaricide study - treatments applied on August 9, 2007, to merlot grape vines
Product Active ingredient Rate per acreAgri-mek + Dyne-amic Abamectin + surfactant 12 oz + 0.25% v/vZeal Etoxazole 3 oz.Fujimite + summer oil Fenpyroximate 2 pts. + 1% v/vOnager Hexythiazon 19.2 oz.Envidor Spirodiclofen 18 oz.Envidor + Bond Spirodiclofen + surfactant 18 oz. + 0.25% v/vAcramite Bifenazate 1 lb.Omite Propargite 8 lb.Orchex 796 Summer oil 1% v/vQRD-400 Chenopodium ambrosiodes 4 qts.Untreated Untreated --
Comparison of acaricides applied on August 9 to merlot grape vines
Treatments are significantly (P<0.05) different from untreated except for August 22 sampling date, F=1.9719, df = 10,42, P=0.0710.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Control Envidor +NIS
Envidor Fujimite+ oil
Agri-Mek+ NIS
Acramite Omite Zeal Onager Summeroil
QRD-400
Mot
ile m
ites
per l
eaf
Acaricide Comparison, Grapes, El Dorado Co., 2007 8_15
8_22
8_29
9_5
Organic acaricide study - treatments applied on August 13, 2007, to merlot grape vines
Product Active ingredient Rate per acreUntreated na naOrganic JMS Stylet Oil 1% Parafinic Oil 1% v/vOrganic JMS Stylet Oil 2% Parafinic Oil 2% v/vGC-Mite + Natural Wet Cottonseed, Clove and Garlic
Oil + Saponin1% v/v + 0.125% v/v
Ecotrol + Natural Wet Rosemary Oil + Saponin 4 pts/acre + 0.125% v/vOrganocide + Natural Wet Sesame Oil + Saponin 2 oz./gal + 0.125% v/vM-pede Potassium salts of fatty acids 2% v/v
Comparison of organic acaricides applied on August 13 to merlot grape vines
Treatments are significantly (P<0.05) different from untreated except for September 5 sampling date and those labeled ns.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control Stylet Oil 1% Stylet Oil 2% GC-Mite+Natural Wet
Ecotrol+Natural Wet
Organocide+Natural Wet
M-pede
Mot
ile m
ites
per l
eaf
Organic Acaricide Comparison, Grapes, El Dorado Co., 2007
8_168_22
8_299_5
ns
Integrating Control of Leafhoppers and Spider Mites with Powdery Mildew Treatments in Organic Vineyards
Applied in the equivalent of 100 gpa• Untreated• Cosavet- micronized sulfur• JMS Organic Stylet Oil – paraffinic oil
– Sub-plot treatment Stylet oil > Cosavet• Trilogy- neem oil• Sporan- rosemary, clove and thyme oil
Dual function products for organic productionDual function products
• Fantasy seedless organic table grapes• 15-vine main-plots, 4 replicates• 5-vine subplots • Treatments applied every 10-14 days• Leafhoppers: 12 leaf turns per plot• Mites: 5 leaf samples per plot• Powdery Mildew: 20 bunches examined per plot
Methods
Leafhopper nymph densities on fantasy seedless, 2006
Leafhopper Nymphs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
5/23 5/30 6/6 6/13 6/20 6/27 7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 8/22Date
# le
afho
pper
nym
phs
/ lea
f
CosavetStylet OilSporanTrilogyOil/sulfurUntreated
a
ab
b
c
Spider Mites
0
5
10
15
20
25
5/23 5/30 6/6 6/13 6/20 6/27 7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 8/22Date
# sp
ider
mite
s / l
eaf
CosavetStylet OilSporanTrilogyOil/sulfurUntreated
Willamette Spider Mite densities on fantasy seedless, 2006
a
b
b
c
Powdery mildew - results
Powdery Mildew Incidence a Severity b
Treatment Mean ±SEM Mean± SEM Untreated 0.99 ±0.01 a 0.84 ± 0.05 a Cosavet 0.96 ±0.02 a 0.20 ± 0.02 bc Stylet Oil 0.83 ±0.01 b 0.10 ± 0.00 d Sporan 0.99 ±0.01 a 0.32 ± 0.02 b Trilogy 0.94 ±0.03 ab 0.16 ± 0.01 cd
Mean ± SEM powdery mildew incidence and severity in main plots, 2006
a Proportion of grape bunches with powdery mildew infection b Proportion of grape berries with powdery mildew infection Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD, p < 0.05) Means were arcsine transformed prior to analysis, means presented here are untransformed.
Powdery mildew - results
Powdery Mildew Incidence a Severity b
Subplot Treatments Mean ± SEM Mean ± SEM Stylet Oil 0.83 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.00 aStylet Oil then Cosavet c 0.85 ± 0.04 a 0.10 ± 0.01 a
Mean ± SEM powdery mildew incidence and severity in stylet oil sub-plots, 2006
a Proportion of grape bunches with powdery mildew infection b Proportion of grape berries with powdery mildew infection c Stylet Oil applied 5/17-6/26, Cosavet applied 7/10-8/7 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's HSD, p < 0.05) Means were arcsine transformed prior to analysis, means presented here are untransformed.
Untreated
Cosavet
Sporan Trilogy
Stylet Oil Stylet Oil > Cosavet
Phytotoxicity -
Predaceous Mites on WinegrapesGalendromus (Metaseiulus) occidentalis (Nesbitt)Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (McGregor)
Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) - LodiTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten - north coast Amblyseius andersoni Chant- north coastTyphlodromus caudiglans Schuster- north coastMetaseiulus johnsoni (Mahr)- north coastEuseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) - central coast Metaseiulus mcgregori (Chant) - central valley
also
Predaceous mites on winegrapes
• Adult females are typically narrowly oval
• Most are shiny white to slightly yellow or reddish
• Tend to move much more quickly than do spider mites
• Eggs are elliptical and perhaps 3 to 4 times larger than the spherical eggs of spider mites
• Overwinter primarily under the buds of grapevines as mated, adult females
Sampling and decision rules in "Grape Pest Management"
Pesticide Toxicity Measurements
Acute toxicity - percent mortalityLD50 or LC50 - dose responseSublethal effects - fecundity, fertility,
immature developmentTotal effects -Persistence -Behavioral modification -
Predator mite bioassays - analysis
Where
M = Abbott corrected mortality (Abbott, 1925)
R = reproduction per treated female (eggs/female x % fertility) / reproduction per untreated female
Total effects of pesticides - E
E (%) = 100% - (100% - M) x R
Mortality, fecundity and fertility analyzed by ANOVA with means separated by LSD (p < 0.05)
Predator mite bioassays - direct contact
Means followed by the same letter are significantly different at p<0.05 by LSD.
G. occidentalis survival, fecundity and fertility after treatment of adult females with label rates of five different acaricides.
Active ingredient
Contact spray
% SurvivalTotal eggs/
femaleFertility
(% hatch) EControl 100�0a 12.4�0.8a 100�0a -Acequinocyl 100�0a 9.2�0.6b 96.0�4.9a 28.5Bifenazate 100�0a 9.4�0.5b 92.3�3.4a 30.2Etoxazole 98.3�2.2a 9.4�0.7b 0�0b 100Spiromesifen 98.3�2.2a 8.6�0.5b 96.1�4.0a 34.0Fenpyroximate 0�0b 0�0c 0�0b 100
Predator mite bioassays - residues
Means followed by the same letter are significantly different at p<0.05 by LSD.
G. occidentalis survival, fecundity and fertility after treatment of leaves with label rates of five different acaricides.
Active ingredient
Surface residue
% SurvivalEggslaid Fertility E
Control 98.3�2.2a 11.2�1.0a 100�0a -Acequinocyl 93.4�3.0a 9.6�0.5a 92.2�4.9a 25.1Bifenazate 95.1�2.7a 9.6�0.9a 96.0�4.0a 20.1Etoxazole 93.4�3.0a 9.0�0.5a 0�0b 100Spiromesifen 91.7�3.2a 5.0�0.7b 92.6�4.3a 61.7Fenpyroximate 0�0b 0�0c 0�0b 100
Leaf surface residues
Direct contact spray
AcequinocylBifenazateSpiromesifenEtoxazoleFenpyroximate
AcequinocylBifenazateSpiromesifenEtoxazoleFenpyroximate
Harmless (class 1)
Harmless (class 1)
Slightly harmful (class 2)
Harmful (class 4)
Harmful (class 4)
IOBC Classifications - (Sterk et al., 1999)
Conventional and Organic Mite Management in Winegrape Vineyards
Frank ZalomDept. of Entomology
University of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616
El Dorado County Grape DayPlacerville, CA, June 5, 2008