Post on 06-Mar-2018
International Workshop on:
DESIGN OF SUBSYSTEMS FOR CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES19-22 December 2013. Jodhpur (India)
Concentrated Solar Power Technologies:
Current status and R&D Opportunities
Eduardo Zarza Moya
CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería
E-mail: eduardo.zarza@psa.es
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Contents
1. Current status of CSTP Technologies
2. A major issue: Cost Reduction
3. Important R+D topics
4. Final remarks
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Contents
1. Current status of CSTP Technologies
2. A major issue: Cost Reduction
3. Important R+D topics
4. Final remarks
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-art of CSTP Plants
What is a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) plant ?
There are four different technologies:
Technologies available for CSTP plants:
Central receiver technology
A STP plant is a system where direct solar radiation is concentrated and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (300ºC – 800ºC). This thermal energy is then converted into electricity by a thermodynamic cycle.
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
100 m
Heliostat field
Receiver
Power Conversion
System
Tower
Central Receiver Plants
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Depending on the fluid delivered by the receiver there are three different
technologies: a)saturated steam, b) superheated steam, and c) molten salts
View of the tower
Aerial view of PS-10 and PS-20 plants (saturated steam)
Central Receiver Plants
Liquid water
Saturated steam (40 bar)
Condenser
GeneratorTurbine
Steam storage
system
Receiver Saturated-steam plant
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Depending on the fluid delivered by the receiver there are three different
technologies: a)saturated steam, b) superheated steam, and c) molten salts
Central Receiver Plants
The IVANPAH Project (377 Mwe, 150bar/555ºC steam)IVANPAH Unit 1 in operation (125 MWe)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Depending on the fluid delivered by the receiver there are three different
technologies: a)saturated steam, b) superheated steam, and c) molten salts
Central Receiver Plants
Molten-salt plant
Aerial view of the 19 MWe plant GEMASOLAR (Spain)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Depending on the fluid delivered by the receiver there are three different
technologies: a)saturated steam, b) superheated steam, and c) molten salts
Central Receiver Plants
• The technology of central receiver using air is under development, with small
experimental plants already available
Scheme of a central receiver plant using atmospheric airScheme of a central receiver plant using compressed air
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
What is a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) plant ?
Parabolic trough collectors
There are four different technologies:
Technologies available for CSTP plants:
Central receiver technology
A STP plant is a system where direct solar radiation is concentrated and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (300ºC – 800ºC). This thermal energy is then converted into electricity by a thermodynamic cycle.
State-of-the-art of CSTP Plants
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Parabolic Trough Collector
Receiver Tube
Parabolic trough concentratorStructure
A typical parabolic trough collector
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Solar field
Power Conversion System
Solar Power Plant with Parabolic Trough Collectors
Parabolic Trough Collector
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
Scheme of a typical HTF plant with parabolic trough collectors
• The technology fully proven is the HTF (Heat Transfer Fluid) technology, with or
without molten-salt storage systems
Parabolic Trough Collector
295 ºC Oil
395 ºC Oil
Steamgenerator
Deaerator
Reheater
Oil expansion vessel
Steam turbine
CondenserG
So
lar
Fie
ld
Preheater
Superheated Steam (104bar/380ºC)
Reheated steam 17bar/371ºC
G(hot tank)
(385ºC)
Molten salts
(Hot tank)
Molten salts
(Cold tank)
(285ºC)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
• Three plants have been put into operation in Morocco, Argelia and Egypt with a HTF
solar field integrated into a CC plant. This is an hybrid concept called ISCCS plant
(integrated solar combined cycle solar plant)
State-of-the-Art• The technology fully proven is the HTF (Heat Transfer Fluid) technology, with or
without molten-salt storage systems
Parabolic Trough Collector
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
What is a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) plant ?
Parabolic trough collectors
There are four different technologies:
Stirling dishes
Technologies available for CSTP plants:
Central receiver technology
A STP plant is a system where direct solar radiation is concentrated and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (300ºC – 800ºC). This thermal energy is then converted into electricity by a thermodynamic cycle.
State-of-the-art of CSTP Plants
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
ConcentratorReceiver
Estructure
Stirling Dish
Stirling engine
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Several designs have been developed (the 3-kWe and 25-kWe American
designs and the 10 kWe European design). However, no commercial plan
is in operation
Stirling Dish
The 10kWe Envirodish designThe 25kWe design by SESDisco Stirling de 3 kWe (EEUU)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
What is a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) plant ?
Parabolic trough collectors
There are four different technologies:
Stirling dishes
Technologies available for CSTP plants:
Central receiver technology
Compact Linear Fresnel reflectors
A STP plant is a system where direct solar radiation is concentrated and then converted into thermal energy at medium/high temperature (300ºC – 800ºC). This thermal energy is then converted into electricity by a thermodynamic cycle.
State-of-the-art of CSTP Plants
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Receiver pipe
Rectangular reflectors
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
State-of-the-Art
• Two different designs promoted by AREVA and ABB-Novatec are competing
at commercial scale. The main difference is the receiver tube design.
CLFR design promoted by AREVA CLFR promoted by ABB-Novatec
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Contents
1. Current status of CSTP Technologies
2. A major issue: Cost Reduction
3. Important R+D topics
4. Final remarks
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
A significant commercial deployment of the CSTP plants is takingplace, specially in Spain.
A Major Issue of CSTP Plants: Cost Reduction
2
In operation:
(September, 2013
46 plants / 2103,8 MW
Under construction:3 plants/ 200 MW
- 41 PT PTC
(2022,5 MWe)
- 3 CR
(49,9 MWe)
- 2 CLFR
(31,4 MWe)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
A significant commercial deployment of the CSTP plants is takingplace, specially in Spain.
A Major Issue of CSTP Plants: Cost Reduction
(Information given by CSP Today)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Current CSTP plants are profitable because of the publicsubsidies (feed-in tariff, tax credits, ..)
A significant reduction of public incentives can be expectedduring next years
CONCLUSION
A significant R+D effort is required to improve the technology ofCSTP plants and make it more cost effective, because this will be theonly way to keep a significant commercial deployment and thus becomea key pillar of a more sustainable energy market.
Most of the current CSTP plants are using very conservativedesigns with a little degree of innovation
A Major Issue of CSTP Plants: Cost Reduction
A significant commercial deployment of the CSTP plants is takingplace, specially in Spain.
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Source: ESTELA / ATKearney, June 2010
Expected cost reduction
Cost reduction achieved
by PV and wind
PV: 70% cost reduction, dromv5$/W (1998) to 1.4$/W (2010)
Wind: 60% cost reduction, from 4.3$/W (1984) to 1.4$/W (2010)
All the technology assessments performed so far have shown that there is a
great potential for cost reduction:
A Major Issue of CSTP Plants: Cost Reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Contents
1. Current status of CSTP Technologies
2. A major issue: Cost Reduction
3. Important R+D topics
4. Final remarks
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Relevant Topics for R+D in CSTP Plants
Suitable R+D+i programs have to be defined and developed to tackle the technical challenges associated to these requirements and to continue the commercial deployment of CSP plants.
LCOE reduction (lower costs and or higher efficiency)
CSTP plants must become more competitive with conventional power
plants and more feasible for arid zones with lack of water. Three of
the main requirements to achieve these objectives are:
Better dispatchability
Better environmental sustainability
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
Production process and technology improvement for key components
Topics and associated items that would bring costs down are:
• New heliostat, parabolic trough and parabolic dish designs specially conceived
to reduce the amount of manpower for both manufacture and on-site assembly
Diseño EuroTrough (Europa) Diseño SenerTrough (España) Diseño AlbiasaTrough (España) Diseño SkyFuel (EEUU)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
1 m2 Heliostat developed by E-Solar (EEUU)14,3 m2 Heliostats developed by BrightSource (Israel)
Production process and technology improvement for key components
Topics and associated items that would bring costs down are:
• New heliostat, parabolic trough and parabolic dish designs specially conceived
to reduce the amount of manpower for both manufacture and on-site assembly
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
O&M cost reduction• New working fluids (e.g.,water/steam, compressed CO2 or N2, .) allowing higher
temperatures in parabolic trough collectors
The PSA DISS test facility
B.O.P. buildingRow of collectors
Production process and technology improvement for key components
Topics and associated items that would bring costs down are:
• New heliostat, parabolic trough and parabolic dish designs specially conceived
to reduce the amount of manpower for both manufacture and on-site assembly
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
The PSA test facility using compressed CO2 and N2 as working fluids
• New working fluids (e.g., water/steam, compressed CO2 or N2, .) allowing higher
temperatures in parabolic trough collectors
Production process and technology improvement for key components
Topics and associated items that would bring costs down are:
• New heliostat, parabolic trough and parabolic dish designs specially conceived
to reduce the amount of manpower for both manufacture and on-site assembly
O&M cost reduction
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
• Development of more durable components (reflectors, receiver pipes, ball-joints, ..)
with lower maintenance costs
• Development of innovative Stirling engines with better reliability and lower
maintenance costs
Production process and technology improvement for key components
Topics and associated items that would bring costs down are:
• New heliostat, parabolic trough and parabolic dish designs specially conceived
to reduce the amount of manpower for both manufacture and on-site assembly
O&M cost reduction• New working fluids (e.g., water/steam, compressed CO2 or N2, .) allowing higher
temperatures in parabolic trough collectors
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
• Development of improved volumetric receivers with porous metallic matrix to use
atmospheric air as working fluid
• New working fluids (e.g., water/steam, compressed CO2 or N2, ..) allowing higher
temperatures in parabolic trough collectors
• New materials for higher solar radiation fluxes (1 MW/m2) that would achieve
higher thermodynamic efficiencies, mainly in central receiver plants
• Development of turbo-machinery specially designed for CSTP plants, in a wide
power range
Items that would increase the efficiency of CSTP Plants are:
Technical Challenges for LCOE reduction
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Increase the number of hours of operation
• Development of cost-effective thermal storage systems for both sensible and
latent heat storage
Topics and associated items that would improve dispatchability are:
400 kWh-prototype of thermal storage system using concrete
Tube bundle
1,7 m
1,3 m
Technical Challenges for Better Dispatchability
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
200 kWh PCM prototype testeed at PSA(Project DISTOR)
700 kWh PCM prototypetested in Spain in 2011(Project REALDISS)
Technical Challenges for Better Dispatchability
Increase the number of hours of operation
• Development of cost-effective thermal storage systems for both sensible and
latent heat storage
Topics and associated items that would improve dispatchability are:
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
• Development of thermo-chemical storage concepts
Technical Challenges for Better Dispatchability
Increase the number of hours of operation
• Development of cost-effective thermal storage systems for both sensible and
latent heat storage
Topics and associated items that would improve dispatchability are:
H = 100 kJ/mol , Teq. =507ºC
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Better predictability for the electricity production
• Development of good plant simulation models
• Development of accurate weather forecasting and nowcasting tools
Technical Challenges for Better Dispatchability
• Development of thermo-chemical storage concepts
Increase the number of hours of operation
• Development of cost-effective thermal storage systems for both sensible and
latent heat storage
Topics and associated items that would improve dispatchability are:
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Development of systems with lower water needs
Sites with high solar radiation usually have a shortage of water resources, thus
demanding CSTP plants with a low water consumption. Additionally, thermal oils
currently used in parabolic trough plants can have a significant environmental impact
in case of fire or leaks
• Dual cooling systems (wet for Summer time and dry for Winter time)
• Dry-cooling systems with higher efficiency
Technical Challenges for Lower Environmental Footprint
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Technical Challenges for Lower Environmental Footprint
Cooling water tower
Air-cooled condenser
TURBINE
Tube-bundle condenser
Condensate
steam
Scheme of a dual cooling system (Dry for Winter and Wet for Summer)
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Development of systems with lower water needs
Sites with high solar radiation usually have a shortage of water resources, thus
demanding CSTP plants with a low water consumption. Additionally, thermal oils
currently used in parabolic trough plants can have a significant environmental impact
in case of fire or leaks
• Dual cooling systems (wet for Summer time and dry for Winter time)
• Dry-cooling systems using the advantage of a “negative thermal storage” using
lower ambient temperatures at night time
• Dry-cooling systems with higher efficiency
New working fluids for parabolic troughs with lower environmental impact than
thermal oil
Technical Challenges for Lower Environmental Footprint
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Contents
1. Current status of CSTP Technologies
2. A major issue: Cost Reduction
3. Important R+D topics
4. Final remarks
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
Final Remarks
CSTP Plants are a feasible option to achieve a more sustainable
energy market
Although the current cost of solar thermal electricity is still high,
there is a great potential for cost reduction and thus become more
competitive
A significant R+D effort is required to accomplish the expected cost
reduction
There are already outstanding R+D infrastructures available
Current technical challenges involve many different industrial
sectors (chemical, metallurgy, electronics, …).
International Workshop: “Design of Subsystems for CSTP Technologies”19-22 December 2013, Jodhpur (India)
The largest R+D centre in the World for Solar Thermal Concentration:
Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA)
1. Central Receiver Plants
3. Parabolic troughs with DSG
7. Stirling dishes
2. Parabolic troughs with thermal oil
1
1
2
4
3
5. Compact Linear Fresnel Concentrator
56
6. Thermal storage with molten salts
4. Parabolic troughs with pressurized CO2
7
Spanish R+D Infrastructures for CSTP Plants
International Workshop on:
DESIGN OF SUBSYSTEMS FOR CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES19-22 December 2013. Jodhpur (India)
Concentrated Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) Technologies:
Current Status, Technology Gaps and R&D Opportunities
Eduardo Zarza Moya
CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería
E-mail: eduardo.zarza@psa.es
End of the Presentation
Thank you very much for your attention !!
Development of new thermal storage systems (reliable, cheap and efficient)
Stirling engines with better reliability and lower maintenance costs
Higher-priority technical challenges
New working fluids for parabolic trough collectors (with higher operating
temperatures and environmentally friendly)
New receivers for parabolic trough and tower plants (cheaper and durable)
New cooling systems with lower water consumption