Sami Massoud

Period G

AP Psych

COMPREHENSIVE PHOTO ALBUM PROJECT

Section 1: Prologue/Chapter 1

StructuralismStructuralism is an early school of psychology that uses introspection. Introspection is “looking inward” into the soul, and in the photo I am looking inward to look at the structure of my house.

Applied ResearchApplied research is used to solve a problem, and calculators are a took used to solve specific math problems.

Naturalistic ObservationBandit enjoys sitting on the porch, watching people walk by. Bandit is observing walkers in their natural environment without interfering with how they behave.

Walkers

Case StudyCase studies are a research method used in one-of-a-kind cases. This glass chicken is one-of-a-kind, as the box it came in described that no two are exactly alike.

Section 2: Chapter 2A

AxonAn axon is a channel that sends electrical currents to send a message. This person is the action potential that travels down the axon and the brick walls are the axon.

Myelin SheathThe myelin sheath surrounds an axon to speed up neural impulses by letting the impulse bounce across the axon. While jumping on a pogo stick, you can bounce across the driveway without having to step on every part of it.

ReuptakeIn reuptake, leftover neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron so they are not wasted. Food that is not eaten at a restaurant is taken home in a box to be eaten later.

SympatheticNervous SystemThe sympathetic nervous system arouses the body in order to mobilize energy for stressful situations. Preheating the oven mobilizes heat in preparation to make cupcakes.

Section 3: Chapter 2B

CerebellumThe cerebellum is the part of the brain that coordinates balance. When riding a bike, the cerebellum maintains balance so you don’t fall off the bike.

AmygdalaThe amygdala is the part of the brain that controls fear. I hate bugs, especially ants, but my house is currently infested with an ant population. Whenever I see one I get afraid, making my amygdala active.

Corpus CallosumThe cream in this cookie connects the two halves of the Oreo. The corpus callosum connects the two halves of the brain.

PlasticityPlasticity is the ability of the brain to regrow pathways after damage. When leaves die in the winter (like brain damage), new flowers grow in the spring (new pathways).

Section 4: Chapter 3

Delta WavesDelta waves are slow waves that occur during deep sleep. When the wind is calm, the water in the pool cover has large, slow waves in it.

Sleep ApneaSleep apnea is the inability to fall/stay asleep. Bandit has trouble staying asleep because he wakes up and looks around whenever he hears a noise.

Latent Dream ContentLatent dream content is the underlying meaning of a dream. In my room, the floor is hidden from sight because it lays under piles of clothes. It remains hidden, but is still the base of the room (like latent dream content is the base of the dream).

DissociationDissociation is the ability of the mind to have a split in conscious, to think about two things at once. This tree is split shows that there is one base (like the mind) that can have multiple branches with different leaves growing (different thoughts).

Section 5: Chapter 5

TeratogensTeratogens are harmful agents that can harm a baby in the womb. Weeds are harmful to the other plants growing around them, as the weeds can take the nutrients that the other plants need for proper development.

Sensorimotor StageThe sensorimotor stage is a stage of development for babies in which babies take in the world around them by their movements. In soccer, the players must be constantly thinking of the players around them, and focus on their body movements to make a good play.

Theory of MindA theory of mind enables you to understand that others are not thinking the same thing as you. When playing chess, it is important to use a theory of mind to think of what your opponent’s next move will be.

ImprintingImprinting occurs in birds, when, after they hatch, they will follow the first thing they see. Bandit’s shadow follows him around wherever he goes, like birds will follow what they imprint on.

Section 6: Chapter 6A

Bottom-Up ProcessingIn bottom-up processing, sensory information leads to interpretation. In rap music, when you hear a song for the first time, the words you hear are the first clues to interpretation with no previously known information guiding it.

Top-Down ProcessingIn top-down processing, interpretation is led by previously known information. Because we know that cookies taste good, we can interpret that an Oreo cookie tastes delicious.

Difference ThresholdA difference threshold is the amount of change needed for a difference to be detected. In the dimmer of the light, the level of light was changed enough for it to be perceived.

TransductionTransduction is the changing of one form of energy into another. When making pancakes, the batter is changed into a different form by becoming a fluffy pancake.

Section 7: Chapter 6B

AccomodationAccomodation is changing the shape of the lens to focus on what you are looking at. When putting on a sock, the shape of it changes to perfectly fit your foot.

ConesCones are the structures in the eye that function in daylight and capture color. These sun catchers only function in the daylight, as they need sun in order to stream light into the house. Also, cones process the striking blue and yellow colors.

Place TheoryThe place theory states that the pitch perceived depends on where the sound wave hits the cochlea. When playing the piccolo, the keys that are pressed likewise determine the pitch of the note.

KinesthesisKinesthesis is the ability to sense body position and movement. Weathervanes similarly show when it is windy and the position that the wind is blowing.

Section 8: Chapter 7A

Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns how two stimuli are linked. Bandit has been classically conditioned to learn that the ringing of the doorbell means that a visitor is here.

DiscriminationDiscrimination is a type of classical conditioning in which to stimuli are not linked. Both items are toys, but discrimination has occurred when it is learned that the orange toy squeaks and the football does not.

Positive ReinforcementPositive reinforcement increases behavior by giving a reward. Bandit is being reinforced with a treat when he does tricks, such as lying down, prompting him to do it more often.

Negative ReinforcementNegative reinforcement increases behavior by stopping an undesirable stimuli. When a timer goes off, the behavior of turning off the timer takes promotes the comfort of silence.

Section 9: Chapter 7B

Fixed-Ratio ScheduleIn this schedule, reinforcement occurs after you complete a set number of responses. When doing math homework, you can be reinforced (the satisfaction of being done) only when completing the assigned problems.

Variable-Ratio ScheduleIn this schedule, reinforcement occurs after an unknown number of responses. When playing pool, reinforcement occurs when you sink all the balls, but it is unknown how many hits it will take.

Fixed-Interval ScheduleIn this schedule, reinforcement occurs after a specific amount of time. While drying clothes, reinforcement (getting warm clothes) will occur after the specific drying time has elapsed.

Variable-Interval ScheduleIn this schedule, reinforcement occurs after an unknown about of time. When you are waiting for a phone call, you don’t know when the call will come. You will only be satisfied at an unknown time.

Section 10: Chapter 8

Proactive InterferenceIn proactive interference, old information blocks you from remembering new information. When you get a new schedule at the beginning of the school year, it may be difficult to remember because last year’s schedule sticks out in your head.

HippocampusThe hippocampus is the part of the brain that puts memory into its proper place of storage. Fine cabinets, like the hippocampus, put papers into their proper folders and locations where they can remain long-term.

Implicit MemoryAn implicit memory is a memory that does not need conscious awareness to do. It is usually a well-learned task, such as writing. When you are writing, you do not need to consciously remember how to do it.

ChunkingChunking is a memory aid that puts information into meaningful groups. When learning a phone number, it is easier to remember the number if it spells out a meaningful word rather than random digits.

Section 11: Chapter 10A

gThe g factor is an underlying factor of intelligence that all intelligence is based on. The insulation of a house, like the g factor, underlies the entire house and is the base of how the house stands.

Factor AnalysisFactor analysis is a way of organizing information into clusters on tests. On a computer, documents of varying subjects can be placed together into similar groups, like factor analysis combines questions based on their subjects and similarities..

Savant SyndromeSavant syndrome is when a person of limited mental ability has one area that stands out. In this bouquet, all the flowers are normal. The one yellow flower stands out, like the talent of a person with this syndrome.

GardnerGardner came up with the theory of multiple intelligences, 8 total. An octave on a piano also has 8 keys; the octave is the intelligence, and the keys are the subtypes. One of the subtypes is musical.

Section 12: Chapter 10B

StandardizationStandardization is the process of defining scores based on a pretested group’s scores. When creating a handicap for golf (average number of strokes in 18 holes), the player must play multiple rounds before coming up with the meaningful handicap score.

Content ValidityContent validity is the extent to which a test covers all relevant information. When making a peanut butter sandwich, you want to make sure that it covers the entire piece of bread (the whole range of the topic) rather than only one area (one specific topic and not including the rest).

Split-Half ReliabilityThis reliability states

that the scores of two halves of a test should be consistent. Likewise, if one eats half a sleeve of thin mints, the cookies would be reliable if the other half tastes just as good.

Test-Retest ReliabilityThis reliability ensures that if a test is taken multiple time by the same person, it will give consistent results. Recipes have test-retest reliability if, every time the recipe is made, the food comes out the same.

Section 13: Chapter 11

Drive-Reduction TheoryThis theory states that people need to satisfy drives to end physical need for them. For example, when I am driven by hunger, I eat.

Set PointA person’s set point is their normal weight. A thermostat shows the house’s standard temperature. When the house gets too cold, the thermostat will signal for the heat to turn on. Likewise, when weight gets too low, the body gets hungry.

Basal Metabolic RateThis is the rate that the body uses energy when at rest. An iPhone charger uses a certain amount of energy when plugged in, but not being used.

Optimal Arousal TheoryThis theory states that we satisfy the need for a certain level of arousal by engaging in fun activities. I reach optimal arousal when I create artwork.

Section 14: Chapter 12A

James-Lange TOEThis theory of emotion states that physiological arousal causes emotion. When playing piano, the stimulus of pressing a key creates the hammer to move up (physiological), which causes a sound to come out (response).

Cannon-Bard TOEThis theory of emotion states that a stimulus causes physiological arousal and emotion to occur simultaneously. In a water filter, the stimulus of pressing for water makes a light turn on and water come out simultaneously.

Schachter’s Two-Factor TOEThis theory states that psysiological arousal and a cognitive label create emotion. When about to race, sweating and the label “I’m about to race!” create an emotion of nervousness.

Facial FeedbackFacial feedback is the ability of facial expression to influence emotion. This effect can be seen in a two-in-one bottle opener. When the shape of the opener is changed (facial expression), it can perform different actions (emotions).

Section 15: Chapter 12B

Adaptation-Level PhenomenonThe adaptation-level phenomenon states that we perceive things based off of something neutral. Tap water has a neutral temperature, which we are accustomed to. The ice water seems very cold because we compare it to the tap, and the boiling water is extremely hoy compared to the tap.

Relative DeprivationWhen we experiences relative deprivation, we perceive our situation as being worse when compared to others. I thought my room was pretty clean, until I saw the guest bedroom which made my room look like a mess.

Type APeople with type A personalities get agitated very easily at little things. Similarly, smoke alarms will be set off because of small traces of smoke, such as from burnt cookies.

Type BPeople with type B personalities are very relaxed. Bandit is very calm and does not get mad easily. He doesn’t even mind being blow-dried after baths because he is very easy-going.

Section 16: Chapter 13

IdThe id is the part of the mind that wants gratification, even if it is dangerous. Junk food can give us a lot of gratification because it tastes so good, but it is not good for our health.

SuperegoThe superego is the part of the mind that protects us with good judgments. Fruit is good for us, and will avoid harm, like the superego does.

External Locus of ControlPeople with this locus of control believe that their lived are controlled by outside forces. iPhones have an external locus of control, because their actions are controlled by the user (an outside force).

Internal Locus of ControlPeople with this locus of control believe that they control their own actions and fates. Driving a car demonstrates this, because your actions determine what way the car will move.