Post on 14-Dec-2015
Cognitive Psychology II - MemoryThe Big Picture
• Memory as Information Processing• Stages and Events of Memory
• Effortful Memory -When we are trying to learn and remember
• Memory Without Awareness - When we remember things we do not realize we remember
• The Fragility of Memory - Our memories are often a distorted view of reality
Stages of Memory
Stages of Memory
Effortful Memory
• How much do we retain?• Not much for long in short-term memory
• How much do we retain?• Not much for long in short-term memory• We forget much of what we learn
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?• Not much for long in short-term memory• We forget much of what we learn• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?• Not much for long in short-term memory• We forget much of what we learn• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
• Cues that influence memory• Semantic cues are helpful
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• How much do we retain?• Not much for long in short-term memory• We forget much of what we learn• We can relearn it fairly quickly however
• Cues that influence memory• Semantic cues are helpful• Cues related to the self are even better• Context effects increase memory - mood and
place of learning as memory cues
Effortful Memory (cont.)
Effortful Memory (cont.)
• Interference in Memory - Learning names and learning Spanish after learning French
• Interference in Memory - Learning names and learning Spanish after learning French
• Strategies to Improve Memory• Mnemonics• Chunking
Effortful Memory (cont.)
Memory Without Awareness
• Research with Amnesiacs• Procedural memory• Despite having no knowledge that they have
learned, people can learn• It doesn’t only happen with amnesiacs - the
famous names study
Clinical Psychology I - Psychological Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders• Mood Disorders • Psychotic Disorders• Dissociative Disorders• Personality Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias • Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder
• Panic Attacks
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias • Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder
• Panic Attacks• Agoraphobia
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder• Repetitive Thoughts• Repetitive Behaviours
Common Obsessions and Compulsions
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
• Psychoanalytic Perspective • Little Hans as an example
• Learning Perspective• Little Albert as an example
• The Social Cognitive Perspective• Observational Learning
• The Biological Perspective• Why do phobias fall into natural categories
Phobias and Scary Things
Mood Disorders
• Major Affective Disorder• poor appetite• insomnia• feelings of worthlessness• loss of interest in others
Mood Disorders
• Major Affective Disorder• poor appetite• insomnia• feelings of worthlessness• loss of interest in others
• Bipolar Disorder• High and Lows• Lows like Major Depression• Highs they have euphoria, grandiosity,
agitation, and pressured speech
Gender Differences in Depression
Explanations of Mood Disorders
• Psychoanalytic • Anger Inward
• Biological• Genetic Influences• Brain Neurotransmitters
• Social-Cognitive• Attributions for failure as stable, global,
internal• Vicious cycle of negative moods and thoughts
Vicious Cycle of Depression
Psychotic Disorders - Schizophrenia
• Disorganize Thinking• Delusions
• Disturbed Perceptions• Auditory hallucinations
• Inappropriate Emotions and Actions• Social Withdrawal• Types of Schizophrenia
• Positive Symptoms• Negative Symptoms
Types of Schizophrenia
Explanations of Schizophrenia
• Psychoanalytic - Overflowing of the irrational unconscious
• Biological• Genetic Influences• Brain Neurotransmitters
• Social Cognitive - the stress diathesis model
Dissociative Disorders
• Fugue - A person disappears and becomes someone else
• Dissociative Identity Disorder - (a.k.a. Multiple Personality Disorder) - Several distinct ‘persons’ that share the same body
Explanations of Dissociative Disorders
• It is real• Distinct brain activity with different
personalities• It is a way to cope with anxiety
• Psychoanalytic, learning theorists fit here• May be the result of severe abuse as a child
• It is not real• Social phenomena perhaps created by hypnosis
in therapy• 2 cases per decade 1930-1960; 20,000 cases in
the 1980s
Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder• Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral
and hurt others• Several famous criminals fit this profile
Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder• Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral
and hurt others• Several famous criminals fit this profile
• Histrionic, Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorder - impulsive, dramatic, and defensive style
• Avoidant Personality Disorder - high anxiety causes social withdrawal
• Schizoid Personality Disorder - eccentric behaviour and social withdrawal