Post on 24-Feb-2016
description
Cognition Domain
Thinking
Module 24
Module Overview• Concepts• Problem Solving• Problems Solving Problems
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Concepts
Module 24: Thinking
Cognitive Abilities
• All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.
Concept
• A mental grouping based on shared similarity.
• Categorizing items in one’s environment
Prototype
• A typical best example incorporating the major features of a concept.
• The closer a new object is to our concept prototype the easier it is to categorize it
Concept Hierarchy
• A means to keep mental information organized from basic concepts to specific ones
Concept Hierarchy
Problem Solving
Module 24: Thinking
Problem Solving:Algorithms
Module 24: Thinking
Algorithms
• A problem-solving strategy that guarantees the solution to a problem.
• Not always the most efficient method
Problem Solving:Heuristics
Module 24: Thinking
Heuristics
• A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that makes a solution more likely and efficient but does not guarantee a solution.
• These can be handy shortcuts, or they can get us into trouble
Problem Solving:Insight
Module 24: Thinking
Insight
• The sudden realization (Aha!) of the solution to a problem.
Problems Solving Problems
Module 24: Thinking
Mental Set
• The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way.
• The set may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
Problems Solving Problems:Fixation
Module 24: Thinking
Fixation
• A mental set that hinders the solution of a problem.
• One needs to think beyond the mental set to solve the new problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Luchins Water Jar Problem
Functional Fixedness
• The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.
Functional Fixedness
• Can you think of a way to use these materials to mount the candle on a bulletin
board?
Functional Fixedness
Problems Solving Problems:
Confirmation Bias
Module 24: Thinking
Confirmation Bias
• The tendency to focus on information that supports preconceptions.
Problems Solving Problems:
Counterproductive Heuristics
Module 24: Thinking
Availability Heuristic
• Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
• Can be correct or incorrect
Problems Solving Problems:
Overconfidence
Module 24: Thinking
Overconfidence
• When confidence is greater than accuracy.
Problems Solving Problems:Framing
Module 24: Thinking
Framing
• How an issue is worded or presented, • which can influence decisions and
judgments.
The End