Post on 11-Jan-2016
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Hot Topic Meeting by:
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh & The Scottish Executive Health Department
Pandemic Flu
Planning Scotland’s Health Response
5th June 2007
Queen Mother Conference Centre
Clinical characteristics of ‘Flu’
Dr Dermot H KennedyConsultant Physician in Infectious Diseases (Retd.)Glasgow
“Influenza A is an unvarying disease due to a varying virus”
E. Kilbourne New York 1975
VariationComplicated:
- by pandemic virus- by co-infecting
bacteria- by risk factors
Uncomplicated:- by age- by virus type
THE MENUClinical features of:• Typical influenza A
- milder complications
• Serious complications- respiratory- non respiratory
• Variation by pandemic outbreak
Clinical Spectrum of Influenza A
Incidence / range of systemic features
Collated from 10 studies of 520 virologically confirmed adult cases 1937-1992 ( after Nicholson Ch. 19 in ‘Human Influenza’ )
MILDER COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA A
- TRACHEOBRONCHITIS- OTITIS MEDIA- SINUSITIS
- POST INFLUENZAL ASTHENIA AND DEPRESSION
Who is at risk of influenza?
‘Typical’ Influenza A:
• Age <2 >65yrs• Chronic disease : respiratory, cardiac,
renal, diabetes, immunosuppression• ‘at risk’ settings• Risk factor influences presentation /
complications
Pandemic Influenza• As across• + young adults• +pregnant women
Peak mortality 1918
SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA A
RESPIRATORY:. 2y bacterial pneumonia. 1y viral pneumonitis. Mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia
. Exacerbation of COAD, asthma
NON RESPIRATORY:. CNS eg encephalopathy, myositis. CARDIAC eg decompensated CCF
Complications of Influenza A Infection
2y pneumonia due to bacterial suprainfection
The problem :
2y BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
• Influenza A accounts for 5→10% of all C.A.P.
• Biphasic disease – usually• Pattern different from “CAP norm”, and between
pandemics• Pneumococcal pneumonia commonest
2y bacterial pneumonia
H.influenza
pneumococcus
Staphylococcal pneumonia complicating Influenza A
A sinister synergy
Complications of Influenza A Virus
Iy Pneumonitis due to virus
What is role of cytokine storm?
Often fulminant and fatal Dyspnoea, wheeze, cyanosis, blood Diffuse CXR infiltrates (like ARDS) Pregnant, cardiac, young
Pandemic Influenza 1918/19
• Occurred in 3 waves• Globally estimated 750m-Ib.
ill
Morbidity
• Global mortality 23-50M• UK mortality 240K• Peak mortality - young adults
Mortality
Spanish ‘flu - Heliotrope cyanosis
“We have always been thankful when (facial) colour remains red …there is ample room for hope of recovery
When the colour of the patient’s face is heloitrope or mauvy-blue the prospect is grave indeed…”
1918/19
H5/N1 - Z genotype traced to geese in Guangdong, China 1996
Features Avian Influenza
1997: Hong Kong - 6/18 fatal (33%)
2003/7: Asia - 175/290 fatal (60%)
Majority < 25yr old
Severe disease in: older, late presentation + pneumonia, leuko/lymphopenia (16%)
Vietnamese cases – encephalopathy + diarrhoea
Multi system involvement and Multi organ damage at Post Mortem
COMPARING PANDEMICS
AGE Young Elderly Elderly
adult (young) (young)
‘notable’ S. pyogenes S. aureus S. aureus
BACTERIA + others
’18/’19 ’57/’58 ’68UK MORTALITY 240k 33k 30k E+W
Hot Topic Meeting by:
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh & The Scottish Executive Health Department
Pandemic Flu
Planning Scotland’s Health Response
5th June 2007
Queen Mother Conference Centre