Post on 16-Mar-2018
ENGLISH 4UNG S UCLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING
FCE – First Certificate in English
Teacher: Mr Stroppa Pierluigi
Tutor : Mrs Pieroni Mazzanti M. Teresa
FROM THE BIG BANG TO ?FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….?
BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….?
BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSEBy Newton, September 2007
Curiosity: why is the “big bang” called like that?called like that?
The astronomer Fred Hoyle, in 1949, pulled the leg to the astronomers who affirmed that the universe had come from a big explosion like a “big bang”.big bang .
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
What’s the big bang?What s the big bang?
It’s a big explosion which happened about 14 billion years ago. y g
• All the energy and the matter of the universe were generated from here.
Explosion
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
How to simulate the big bang and the i iuniverse expansion
Draw dots (as galaxies) on the g )balloon surface and then blow the dots then blow… the dots seem to race away f h thfrom each other.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Big Bang simulation with a balloon
I’m dog tired!!!
The teacher is blowing up a The teacher is blowing up a balloon..what an effort!!
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Why the Big Bang?Why the Big Bang?
1. Because it explains the “red shift” phenomenathe red-shift phenomena
2 Because it explains the 2. Because it explains the “cosmic microwavebackground radiation”
3. Because it explains the amount of the universe chemical elements.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
What Hubble sawFirst proof: the red shift
1) The expansion of the universe (Hubble, 1929)
By Newton, September 2007
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
What Hubble saw in 1929First proof: the red shift
What Hubble saw in 1929
Hubble fromHubble from Mount Wilsonobservatory
Galaxies are going far away from each other
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
A red shift movie… in the classroomTh A i Ed i H bbl i 1929 f M t Wil Ob t th hift f th The American Edwin Hubble in1929 saw, from Mount Wilson Observatory, the shift of the galaxies spectrum light towards the red colour … that means the universe is expanding!!
Red shift simulation withstudents of 1D class , November 2008
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
First movie about RED SHIFT) Th l t ti th bl kb da) The electromagnetic wave on the blackboard
By Class 1A, October 2008 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
b) “bl hift” d “ d hift” ith
Second movie about RED SHIFTb) “blue shift” and “red shift” with a rope
By Class 1A, October 2008 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Curiosity: the Doppler EffectFirst proof: the red shift
Curiosity: the Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The second proof of the Big Bang: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Second proof: the cosmic microwavebackground radiation
cosmic microwave background radiation
By NASA
N.B. listen for about 15 seconds..finally yyou’ll hear the sound of the cosmic microwave!
By MONDADORI
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
1. The cosmic microwave background radiation
Second proof: the cosmic microwavebackground radiation
1. The cosmic microwave background radiation
By CNR
This picture shows the universe evolution from the Big Bang up to the present day.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
CURIOSITY: HOW TO OBSERVE THE PHOTONS OF 13 BILLION YEARS AGO
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
13 BILLION YEARS AGO
switch on your TV…
…. one dot on 100 could come from that time!
By tv
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
2. George Gamow suggested the cosmicb k d d
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
microwave background radiation existence
By INTRODUCING Stephen By INTRODUCING Stephen Hawking
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The cosmic background microwave radiation discovery
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
The cosmic background microwave radiation discovery
In 1964 the Americans Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, while they were working with w e ey we e wo g w an horn antenna, accidentally discovered a wave of 7,3 cm coming from all directions of the space.At first they thought it was due to the pigeons..later on p gthey realized they were Gamow’s microwaves: thecosmic microwave background radiation!
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
By INTRODUCING Stephen Hawking
The cosmic microwave background radiation
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
The cosmic microwave background radiation
Th CMBR i t h l ith th fi t d t d t The CMBR movie at school with the first grade students of IPSAR (class 1B). We simulated different
f h itemperatures of the universe.By class 1B, November, the 14th, 2008 . The students of first line don’t The students of first line don t move at all! they rapresentthe absolute zero temperature = -273°C
But there is a place where the temperature is even temperature is even lower: the LHC in Geneva, its value is –271°C!!
Italy-Slovakia twinning 2008-09 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The background cosmic microwave radiation hasSecond proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
been measured
By Cobe (COsmic Background Explorer) satellite, in1989,
by Boomerang (Balloon Observation Of y g (Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And Geophysics) test in 2005Geophysics) test, in 2005
b W (Wilki Mi A i t by Wmap (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite, in 2006
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Sky map of variations in the CMBRSecond proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Sky map of variations in the CMBR
These small fluctuations are believed to have formed the kernels of the later large-scale structure of the universe
By WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite (2006)
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Comparison between COBE and WMAP
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Comparison between COBE and WMAP
COBE (1989). The red areas are hotter then the blue ones (by Astronomia- de Agostini)Astronomia de Agostini)
Difference of sensibility between COBE and WMAP experiments. In the second one p
(WMAP) there is an improvement of the image
WMAP (2006). By CNR
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Comparison between BOOMERANG (2005) and WMAP (2006)
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
In these three points you can think that three new l dgalaxies were generated
By CNR.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The following elements were formed in the first three
Third proof: the amount of chemical elements
gminutes of the universe life:
H = 75%4He 24%4He = 24%2H = 0,1%3He = 0,01%7Li = 0,0000001%Li 0,0000001%
Th b bl d h f The above table corresponds to the amount of chemical elements present in the universe today.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universeThe destiny of the universe
The destiny of the universe
The first destiny shows the endless expansion of the universe.
d f d “ ld d h” b hIt is definid “cold death” because the stars are going to switch off.
The end of the universe according to the “cold death”
The second destiny shows the repeating universe, with an alternation between big bang and big crunch.I i d fi id “h d h” b h
Th d f th i di t th “h t d th”
It is definid “hot death” because the universe will begin again.
By Newton, September 2007 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The end of the universe according to the “hot death”
The Big FreezeThe destiny of the universe
The Big Freeze
The “big cold” is also called the “big freeze”.
By Newton, September 2007
The end of the universe according to the “cold death”g
If the universe expansion continues it’ll become colder If the universe expansion continues, it ll become colder and colder.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
An additional hypothesis: The Big RipThe destiny of the universe
If the universe expansion increases faster, there will be a big rip!!
Universe explosion (big rip)
Universe expansion
p ( g p)
Poor Lorenzo: the balloon has b t t!!burst out!!
On the right a neutron
By class 1B, January 2009
(or a proton). The innerof the atom will explodeat the moment of the big g
rip!
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolutionThe gluons are the particles that join the neutrons one another
to the protons
Th Bi C h d th ti i
The destiny of the universe
The Big Crunch and the repeating universe
If the universe expansion stops and all the galaxies come back to the beginning, there will be a big crunch and maybe a further big bang!
By Newton, September 2007
The end of the universe according to the “hot death”
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The Big Crunch in the classThe destiny of the universe
g
The big crunch with a balloon. Here the balloon is deflating and it represents the Big Crunch.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Another picture of the repeating cycles The destiny of the universe
Another picture of the repeating cycles
Here the expansion is at the maximun level
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE
OPEN Big Freeze or Big Rip
N T
HE
BET
WEE
FLAT
Big freeze
TAN
CE
BA
XIES
The point where
NOW TIME
DIS
TG
AL
CLOSED
Big Crunch
the three different coloured lines
meet represents NOW TIME
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
the big bang event
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEI thi i t h id b t th diff t h f th iIn this picture you can have an idea about the different shapes of the universe
The open universe is similar to an horse saddle
The flat it looks like a carpetThe flat it looks like a carpet
The closed universe it looks like the upper part of a parachute
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
parachute
OPEN UNIVERSE
The shape of the universe
The open universe theory doesn’t follow Euclide’s principle. In fact the sum of the UNIVERSE
By class 1C, February the 14th, 2009
p pinternal angles of a triangle is less than 180° .
Mah!2009
Where is Where is Mary?
Did you understand?understand?
α < 180°By Compact CosmosClil – The Universe: birth and evolution
FLAT UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe
The flat universe theory follows Euclide’s principle: the sum of theFLAT UNIVERSE
By class 1C, February the 14 h 2009
Euclide s principle: the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is 180°
14th, 2009
α = 180°
By Compact Cosmos
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
THE CLOSED UNIVERSE: MAYBE THE BEST ONE FOR US
The shape of the universe
MAYBE THE BEST ONE FOR USThe closed universe theory doesn’t follow Euclide’s principle In fact theBy class 1C, February, the
14th, 2009
follow Euclide’s principle. In fact the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is more than 180° .
By Compact Cosmos
α > 180°By Compact Cosmos
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The universe compositionConclusions
The universe composition
Today we know just 4.6% of y jthe universe composition. We know that the dark matter exists but not directly; as the universe is still expanding (against the Newton’s gravity force) we can suppose that some forms of dark energy exist.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The dark matterConclusions
The dark matter
How can we demonstrate that the dark matter exists?
Scientists have noted that the speed of the stars on the border of the Milky Way (our galaxy) is higher than the supposed one.
This means that some matter i t th !
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
exists there!
Maybe dark energy doesn’t exist?Conclusions
Maybe dark energy doesn t exist?
M1xM2F = G
Below the classic Newtonian formula of Gravitation which it is always attractive.
F = G --------------d2
Th d f l l i th t th N t i F ld b l i hThe second formula explain that the Newtonian Force could be repulsive when distances become very great...this could be the answer to the universe expansion!
M1xM2F = - G --------------
d2For big distances (in my opinion):
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
ConclusionsConclusions
The destiny and the shape of the universe depend not only on the density of the visible matter, but also on the so called “dark matter”, the one we can’t see yet.
In addition we have to consider the dark energy that represents the counterpart of Newton’s gravity. In fact it is repulsive, not attracting.
In Gran Sasso lab and in the LHC of Geneva they are trying to calculate how much dark matter and how much dark energy there are in the universe.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution