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CLAVIS HOMERICA

LEXICON

OF ALL THE WORDS WHICH OCCUR IN

THE ILIAD:

THAXSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL, WITH COHRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

By JOHN WAI.KER, A. B.

THmD-EittTION.Ca^"^

^

LONDON

:

WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.,AVE-MARIA LANE

;

AND JOHN GUMMING, LOWER ORMOND-QUAY, DUBLIN.

1S29.

ii

ADVERTISEMENT.

J. HE Lexicon of Schrevelius and the Clavis Ilomerica have been long

used in the Classical Schools of this kingdom, as the two interpreters of

Homer. But the peculiar facility of reference afforded to the young Stu-

dent, by the Clavis, appears to have obtained for it a general preference,

though its deficiencies and errors are numerous, many words being either

vholly omitted, or most imperfectly interpreted.

The general adoption of this Work suggested to the Publisher, that a

new Edition, under an English form, with corrections of any material errors

that occurred in the original, was a desirable object. The Translator has,

accordingly, attempted to present, in the following pages, the substance of

the Clavis Homerica, making such alterations as he considered absolutely

essential. The system so generally adopted in the Greek branch of edu-

cation, of loading the memories of boys with fanciful, and frequently false,

deductions of words from remote roots, appears to him to be attended with

injurious consequences, \vhich are generally overlooked.

It must be acknowledged by the most prejudiced etymologist, thatwords are often represented as branches of the same tree, proceeding from

one root, which have no natural relation whatsoever to it, but have been

engrafted on the one stem by the ingenious imagination of old Gramma-rians. This leads young students to form most erroneous ideas in regard

to the original formation of languages ; and often induces false conceptions

of the signification of words themselves.

iv ADVERTISEMENT.

The Translator has not, however, yielded to his own judgment, byrejecting such derivations : the urgumentum ad verecundiam has compelledhim to drop the pruning knife, when he found such an authority as thelearned Damn countenancing their existence.

Though inaccuracies may occur in the present Translation, it is hoped

that they are not of such a nature as can embarrass the progress of the

Student ; and that the insertion of the numerous words which were omitted

in the Original, may obtain for it a preference to the Latin Editions.

!fii?

KEY TO HOMER,

ILIAD A'.

,, . This poem is so named, because the subject ofit is the contest between the Grecians and Trojans, at Ilium, on ac-count of the rape of Helen.

a. i. e.frst book ; for the twenty-four books of the Iliad, as also ofthe Odyssey, assume their titles from the twenty-four Greek letters.'^, , , a connected series of verses, particularly heroic.

Th., 1. f., to sew together, to place together or in order,and, ijg, y, a skilful solemnization, a song set to music, from.[This poem is designated, because, consisting at first ofscattered and unconnected parts, it was reduced to one form by those;(hence styled^) who on the stage used to recite the Iliad,robed in red on account of the slaughter of the Trojans ; and theOdyssey, attired in azure vestments on account of the wanderings ofUlysses by sea.]

Pisistratus is said to have been the first who presented, in a con-nected form, the previously-detached parts of this poem, which Lycur-gus is stated, by Plutarch, to have brought from Asia into Greece., , or, t), lasting wrath. Th., to remain firm \hence, 1. f., to entertain deep and permanent wrath, a. 247,422. . 769. . 178., 1. f., to sing ; a poetic verb : hence in prose writers, perCrasin, ^cw, whose Imp., Dor. clcov so generally the Aor. 1.>]. Dor..Th. a, intens. and, to know ; because this wordis applied principally to poets, to whom the knowledge of variousthings is attributed. Of the same signification is' ; but-\iiv applies to musical instruments., , , a goddess. Th.S-io^, a god, which comes from,

to behold %uith religious awe and admiration, to view ; or from, 1. f., to run, because the planets, which revolve in a continuedcourse, were styled deities by the ancients,

2 -^. KEY TO HOMER.

,, and eoc, , the son of^, husband of Thetis, andfather of Achilles, king of the Myrmidons in Thessaly. The genitivein is Ionic ; that in , Attic. Hence the patronymic,17)\,, 6, and hence the poets, by interposing a, fona, ov, Ion. , (ivhere, in scanning, the always coalesceswith the ,) the son of Peleus. Another form of this patronymic is,, 6' . 188, 197, &c., , , the son of Peleus and Thetis, grandson ofiEacus. On account of the origin of the name, it is written,being formed from a, intens, and, the lip. ', Gen.sing. Ion. for, which also is the Ionic form for., , ov, destroying, pernicious; aor. 2. mid. Ion. for, of and, 1. f., perf., Att.,aor. 2. mid. />;/, todestroij, to ruin ; and hence /it, id. alsoto lose, I. 22.", i), b, who, which, ichat ; frequently is used for stoq, he, .

59., lai, , very many, infinite, innumerable ; but with the ac-cent on the antepenultimate,, lai la, ten thousand, (a deter-mination of number unknown to Homer.) The indeterminate signi-fication occurs also in the singular number,, , , copi

ILIAD A'. 3

,, , (Xcc., and, by Apocope, ?,) hero, a demi-god, one who so excelled others in valour as to be esteemed a god. Itsetymology is the same with, , , virtue, valoiir, viz. ij,a vow, a prayer : others deduce it from ipa, , the earth, becausesuch Avere terrestrial deities., , , self, the same: a pronoun, compounded of av, also,

and 6, or , he uho, being inserted for euphony., s, TO, prey, booty : Th. ',,, id. wliich is from, aor. 2. mid., to take., f. , toform, to make, to frame ; 3 sing, imperf., Ion.for'., or;/, a dog ; Gen., by Syncope,, &c. \vhich

takes place in the other cases ; Dat. pi. poetically Th.,to kiss, to love, because a dog fawns upon, and is, as Eustathius says,(piko^ta7roToc,fotid of his master. Homer applies it also as an epithetto a person void of shame, . 356, &c., , 6, a bird of augury, an omen, augury; and because crowsand eagles were the most usual birds of augury, hence it denotes anylarge carnivorous bird : Th., to think, to forbade. -~ for

-?,Att. Ion. and JEol., and, an enclitic particle ; repeated has the force of the Latin

tet. Frequently it is an expletive.,,, all, every, whole., Jupiter, Gen. Atoc, for which , /', and Dor. Zav,, from, to live, because he gives life to all.', Ion. and Poet, for, f., to accomplish, to fulfil.

Th., an end, an issue^which is from;, to determine, trf-, 3 sing. imp. pass.,, , will, decree, design, sometimes a council, and the placein which they meet. Th. jSetoXa, praet. mid. oi, to throw or castat a mark ; a metaphor taken from archers : hence, to wish,to decree.

, scil., (which is most frequently omitted \vhen isreferred to the signification of time,) from what time 1 ", Gen.sing, of, /}, , who, &c. before a vowel, before a consonant.), Conj. or Adv. truly, indeed, certainly, also, now, for, yteverthe-

less, must be variously expressed in reference to the context. Thepoets frequently prefix, which position never occurs in prose writers., i. e. , first, in the beginning, taken ad-verbially ;, , ov, first, contraction of, for,superl. from the prep,, before.^/, f., to distinguish, to separate, to disagree ; Th. Sid, as if to place asunder ;-^, for'^, 3. du. aor.

2. ind. act.

', f. , to contend ; Th. , , contention,aor. 1. part. act. in thfe dual'.,, 6, the son of Pelops and Hippodamia, father of Aga-memnon and Menelaus. Th. a, priv. and, to fear. Hence thepatronymic, , the son of Atreus, and sometimes,, .

4 KEY TO HOMER.

,, , is properly a divine appellation, and is attributedto Jupiter and the other gods. Th. or , above, and,a remedy : because all relief comes to us from the gods ; hence it sig-nifies, a chief, a king, and also a master of a family, (thus, i^, servants and masters, Odyss. p.) its feminine,, , ,a queen, a mistress : hence, to rule, to govern. ' isformed by some from and, to rush with force, to j^ass, be-cause a king excels others.],, and ^, , a man, a hero, a noble ; Th., imperf.

7ivov, tofnish, to perfect. From is formed avdpia, , , and, , , manliness, fortitude., conj. and, also, even, or., , lav, contracted for, divine, sjming from Jove; Th., Gen. of Ztvg, vid. 1, 5., , Gen., (with the acut^accent,) who? ichatl of what

kind or sort ? An interrogative, to be carefully distinguished from theindefinite, , (with the grave accent) sotne one or thing, any oneor thing, one, certain, each, some.

T' ', by apostrophe for re : ", Conj. or Adv. therefore,then, at length,for, truly, accordingly. It must be variously resolved,according to the context

;joined to a conditional particle, or a doubt-

ful interrogation, it expresses a conjectural connexion, perhaps. "circumflexed, is an interrogation, and inquires whether any connexionsubsists, pray 1 Th., to connect. In place of, the adverb, thepoets sometimes write ap' and pa, cutting off the final or initial a.,, for which the poets sometimes use, Nom. and Ace.

du. of 8, of himself, herself, itself. The natural genitive is so, whichis Attically contracted into e, Ion. into , and from which alsois used lonically. Homer never employs the Attic contraction , toavoid ambiguity, that this pronoun may be distinguished from thepossessive , from, , tbv, his, &ic. , and the other case,have also the same signification as, &c. them.

'Epidi, Dat. sing, of. \^id. 1 . 6.

^, Att. for, which Ion. for, an irregularaor. 1. o(, fut. 1., to engage, to bring together, to setut variance, also to understand, . 182. Th. and 'lij/xc, which isfrom, to send., f., to fight : it borrows its tenses fromhence, , , a combat, a battle., 6, , , Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana ; alle-gorically, the night, from, to lie hid, to conceal., 8, , son; Th., to rain, because he is the joy of his

parents, as rain delights the earth. The Attic form is,,

ILIAD A'. 5

, Conj./. It sometimes appears to be an expletive, but eventhen it refers to some preceding ellipsis.,, and, , a king, a chief ; Th., tj, a prop, asupport, and, , the jieopie; or from /3, to walk, and,propitious. , Dat. sing. Ion. for., f., to enrage. Th., , 6, the gall of an animal,anger., a, , a distance, a plague, a pestilence, Ion. for. Th. 10vr) or, or vb, an inseparable negative particle, and, safe, smind.',. through, in, into, to, governing an Ace. on, upon, idth,

governing a Dat., s, , an army encamped, an army, (whether for land orsea-service,) hence, to lead an army; 'ih. or, f., to spread, to cover,", to excite, to raise or air up; f. 1., .., 3

sing. aor. 1., , bv, evil, pernicious, inactive and fearful : as if,from, to yield, to fly, to retire from, because all wish to avoidevil., id. q., 1. 2. to destroy;, to j^erish, to die:, for, 3 plur. imp. pass., S, 0, the people; Th., b, Genit., by Crassis,,, a stone; because the poets feign that, after the deluge, the earthwas rejjeopled by Deucalion and Pyrrha throwing stones behind them., for ', because, since. 11, , b, Chryses ; Th., gold., f. 1., aor. 1., to dishonour, to treat Kith dis-respect ; Th. a, priv. and, to honour; Th. ', id.,, b, an intercessor, a higli-priest ; Th. , , , aprayer, an imprecation, a calamity, a bane; Th., to raise, fromprayers being offered with uplifted hands ; or, to please, be-cause we are said to please the gods with prayers. '

", to go, to come ; f. 1., aor. 2., and by 12Sync, praet. mid., and Att.,., asif from., , bv, swift, strenuous, brave, . 494. Th., to run., Prep. to., vab, , a ship ; Ion.,' Ace. vavv, Poet,,, or ' Th. ', to swim. Also the obsolete nominative, Genit. vb and, id., f. 1., to loose, to free, to release ;, f. 1. part,

mid.,, and by Sync,, , a daughter ; Th. .3, ruskwith violence, and, to conceive, to bring forth ; because the fe-male sex arrive at the age of puberty sooner than the male., to bear, to bring ; fut., as if from ' praet. act. caret

;

aor. 1. //, aor. 2., as if from- praet. mid. Att,, as if from' praet. pass. )-/' aor. 1.,, , ov, bv Metath. for, unbounded, infinite,b2

6 KEY TO HOMER.

immense ; Th. a, priv. and or, , , a boundary, alimit.

"Attolvov, ov, to, the price of ransom, or the price of atonement,which is paid to avoid punishment ; Th. a, priv. and, }, ,atonement for the commission of murder : or, according to Eustathius,, as if, the gifts which are offered,', toatone for murder.

14 ,, , a crown, a icooUen fillet, with, which the heads ofpriests were bound or adorned ; Th. rl^iw, f., to bind, to croun.N. B. Fillets were also used by suppliants, prueferimus munibus

rittas, Virg. AZn. vii. 237.

et vittii comtos voluit prcetendere ramos,

.En. VIII. 128.

supplice vittu, Hor. Od. iii. 14, 8., to have, to hold, also serve as a defence, . 264. f. 1 .

and, imperf., praet., aor. 2., &c. as if from., Prep, governing the Dat. in, at, xcith, among, nigh, &c.,, , poet,, Dat. pi., poet, and-, the hand. Sometimes it signifies the arm from the shoulder to

the extremity of the fingers., 8, , ) r},far-darti7ig ; an epithet of Apollo ; Th.,

far, and /3)}, ij^, , a throw, a cast ; Th., to cast. priEt. mid.3, used only in derivatives.',, 6, Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona. His epi-

thets are 7]\, vid. voc. praec.>}], vid. a. 75.-, vid. 8. 101. pypoo, vid. a. 37., vid. a. 43, &:c.[Th.. f. ^, to destroy ; as Apollo killed the serpent Py-thon, i. e. the sun dispels vapours : or and th '-, because he preserves men from evil by healing theirdiseases.]

15 , ta,, by Crasis , , , golden; Th., S, b,or, a, To, gold. [All things held in high estimation, and em-ployed in honour of the gods, are styled golden by Homer. But thepriest of Apollo carries , because gold is consecra-ted to the sun, as silver is to the moon, iron to Mars, &.c. accordingto Eustathius., , , a stick, a sceptre; Th., f. 1. , tolean upon., to entreat as a suppliant, to supplicate;, 3 sing,imperf. mid.

16 , chiefiy, principally ; Adv. of the superlative degree, from, much, whose comparative is, more ; formed of , aparticle of affirmation, and, an intensitive particle., poetically for. Gen. dvolv and, fern,^ Dat. jEoI. ^. The poet constantly uses and, indeclina-ble

two. , . 236., c. 7, and , . 464. poetically forcvo.,, , a ruler, leader, general, prince ; Th.,f. 1., to set in order, to array, to draw up in array ; which is, an accurate arranging, (hence it becomes a military term.

ILIAD A'. 7

when an army is properly drawn in ranks,) order, discipiine, ornament,praise ; also, the world.,,, other, another., 17, iCoc, 6 ic) ?'/, (by a poetic diaeresis ,) icell-greaved : Ho-Xner here uses it, by Synecdoche, for, icell-armed ; Th. ,ivell, and,, , a boot or greave, which is from, ,y, the leg from the knee to the f^ot., Genit. . Ion. afv, you. , Dat. pi. 18Mev, Conj. truly, indeed.,. 1., aor. 2. ^, to give ; Th., id.,

3 pi. aor. 2. opt. for which, Boeot. and yEoI., a, ov, celestial ; Th.'OXujLt^og, and Ion., s,o, Olympus ; a very high mountain of Thessaly and Macedon, whosetops tower above the clouds, and hence it was assigned as a habitationfor the gods, from which it also signifies heaven. The name may beconsidered as fonned by Syncope, and ^Eol. from, (Th., entire, and, to shine,) because there the air is ahvaysclear. Others derive it from ' and, splendid, becausethe heavens are bright with the stars., by Crasis for do ,, , (for Avhich we meet some-

times, by Apocope, the indeclinable ,) u dwelling, habitation, house ;Th.,, to build, to erect, which is from, id. ', to lay waste, to destroy, f. 1., aor. 2., 19by Metathesis for ; from, id. Th., to burn,because cities \vhich are laid waste are usually set on fire. -, aor. 1. inf. act., a, 6, Priam, son of Laomedon, father of Paris, and lastking of Troy. His name had been,, 6, but when Her-cules took Troy, the royal youth was made captive, and ransomed byhis sister Hesione. After this he was called, from,to purchase,

, , and , , a city, built and fortified ; also, siai^;Th., to be, to live, or dwell, because men inhabit it ; or ^,because it contains a multitude., Adv. well, happily, honourably, prosperously ; Th., good., and. Adv. homeward ; Th., s, 6, a house, the

general name for a habitation or receptacle, from, to hold, to have., takes its tenses from', to go, to arrive ; hence aor.2. mid., whose infinitive is'.,^, 6 ) y), a boy or girl, a son or daughter, a sei-vant. 20, Pron. /; Th. to*, I am ; for the Genit. are used,,, ',,^, all which are Ionic forms ; is anAttic form for -, but is generally used as a more forcible expres-sion than the simple pronoun., , ov, dear, beloved ; Comparat., Superl.,

for,' Th., to love, to kiss, which is from, to drink; as if, because banquets produce love andfriendship., to receive, to accept, f. 1., perf., perf. pass-^-, 2 pi. imperat. pres. mid.

KEY TO HOMER.

21 ", and, tofear with reverence, to venerate, to icorship, toreapect ;, part. pres. mid. Th., to retire; since weyield to him whom we respect or fear.

22 "' for, Adv. here, there, then.^v(|ikoJ, to express approbation, to approve, to praise ; Th. -', to speak well of, to titter words of good omen ; Th., and,to speak : hence, s, ^ 1), praiseworthy.

23 , to reverence, to venerate, to hold in admiration, to respect,to blush ; f. I. diud' from, shame, respect, reve-rence. Th. a, priv. and, to see; because shame compels one toavert the eyes : whence the proverb, iv^,pres. inf. mid.' for Tf, and ; , by apostrophe, becomes ', and, on account of

the following tispirated vowel, 3"'.,, 6, a priest ;, Ace. Ion. for' hence I'speia,, y, a priestess, and, to sacrifice; from \, sacred, holy ;Th. , an exclamation in hymns and prayers, chiefly to Apollo, andfrom which the Latins borrowed their lo ; and i?) is from, toivish, to desire, for the desire of what is favourable is expressed by thisAdverb., a, bv, noble, splendid, beautiful, illustrious, by Metathesisirom ay, to adorn. Th., to admire, to honour, to approvevehemently. Hence,, , an ornament, also a statue,i, 144., for, perf. inf. pass, of, vid. ante, 1. 20.

24 , Con'], but ; it is frequently used as a word of encourage-ment, vid. a, 32.

Ov, a negative particle, not, used before a consonant, but /c beforea smooth vowel, and before an aspirate.,, 6, king of Mycenre in Peloponnesus. He pos-sessed an hereditary kingdom, and the genealogy of liis house is thusdescribed in . 104.109.

:

Pelops, son of Tantalus.. ,

Atreus. Thyestes..J^

Agamemnon, Menelaus. yEgistlms.

Orestes.

The name may be derived from, very, and, same as, to remain firm ; or, according to Plato, from and /;, denoting '^ , one to be admiredfor his perseverance in the labour of the Trojan war.^, to please, a poetic fonn, by Paragoge, from ;^, 7),,, as from is formed, from),-, from,, from,, by Syncope,, &C. Hence this form has only the present and imperfect ; ittakes its other tenses from, f. 1. , to delight, to satiate ; f. 2., aor. 2t ', for, 2Eo\. evadov aor. 1,, '

ILIAD A'. 9

perf. mid., for which, poetically. Also ^, f. 1. , t ,satiate, to satisfy.

, , , the mind, soul, pleasure, wish, the spirit, life, bcc. pro-perly, a mind enraged ; or, according to the Stoics, opyj),rising anger. Th. ^, same as ^, to rush ivith force, to hasten.Vid. a, 342, where this etjnnology is exemplified., reproachfully, abusively, from, bad, evil. Th., 25io yield., f. 1., to dismiss ; , 3 sing. imp. for apiee, from, same as'. Th. , f. /;, to send ; for which ', (asif from ,) is used., a, ov, hard, severe, vehement, threatening. Th.,, , power, strength ; hence, to hold dominion, to be supe-rior, to conquer., f. , to enjoin, to order. Th., to appoint, todetermine ;, 3 sing, imperf. The separation of the Prep.iTTi and' occurs by Tmesis, (for the sake of the metre,) whichHomer frequently adopts., 8, , signifies primarily thought, counsel, design, in the mind ;hence word, speech, expression; sometimes command, mandate. Th., to shut up, to close.

Mi/, Ad. not, lest. 26,, , an old man ; Vocat. from,.

To, old age. Th. , the earth ; as if , because old menlook downwards being bent by age : or, according to others, -, because they are solicitous about their burial., , ov, hollow ; an epithet of large ships which have greatstowage, and signifies therefore not only hollow, but also capacious

;

lience, , , and , , scabbard for a swordjcoiXy-, Dat. pi. f. Ion. for., at, near, with a Dative.^, Dat. pi. Ion. from, vid. ante, 1. 12., f., tofiml, to apprehend ; poetically', ta

be near at hand to, . 441, and, from, same as or , tego, and ', , to take, to receive.

"H, Conj. or. 27Jii'v, Adv. 710W., to delay, to tarry. Th., long, which is from dr/v, id.' for^, ace. sing. part. pres.", Adv. afterwards, hereafter : from '"7, later, as if-

; Th..' and. Adv. back, backwards, again, afterwards. Th. av,

id. occurs sometimes for, but more frequently for,here, there.

, Particip. of, to go ;, Ace. sing."Sv, Adv. certainly, nevertheless, rather, therefore ; it is an enclitic,

and sometimes used for , truly, as in this passage.

.

Toi, Dor. for, Dat. sing, of., f. 1., ic be a remedy against evil, to bear as$ista7ice,io avail; hence r), useful assistance. Th., to afford for

10 KEY TO HOMER.

nse, to help; whence, , ov, useful, and, toafford advantage, from ^.vhich, by omitting v, is formed, andDor., and, by Metathesis,.

29 . Adv. before, before that. Th., before.Mil', for,,, is an enclitic, used sometimes also for

the plural number, signifying himself, herself, itself, &c.

vlv has thesame signification, in the Doric dialect, and is sometimes used inplace of the Dative.,, , old age. Th. , the earth, whence the ad-

jective, earthen: because old age resembles the earth in colour,and becomes allied to it in dea,th ; or because in the ancient worldnothing was esteemed more honourable than old age : hence ^,, one excelling in dignity, and ,, reward as a markof honour.", to come upon, to invade ; from and, toga. -, 3 sing. pres.

30 ', a, ov, our ; from, Nom. pi. of., for , poetically, in : so vvvi for vvv.",, , a district of Peloponnesus, from which the whole

of Peloponnesus frequently assumes its name, (as r) v/as pro-perly the district over which Peleus ruled, and from which afterwardsthe whole of Greece lying between Macedonia and Peloponnesus re-ceived its appellation) : its principal city was Mycenfe, where Aga-memnon reigned. It is styled^, because it Avas a flat coun-try, and famous for good horses. This name, in its most extensivesignification, denotes all Greece ; whence the Grecians are called., Adv. at a distance, farfrom. Th., id.7]\,for .-, , , ones native comitry ; Ion. for, ; from,, by Sync,, which, according to the grammarians, is

from, to sow, as if. According to Eustathius, it isfrom, to preserve, in reference to the gods, ro ; inreference to men, .

31 '^, , , the mast of a ship, . 852. a tveaver's shuttle reed,hence the iceb itself ; from', for a mast is elevated, and thetlireads of the web are made firm by the shuttle., to rush against, to conduct, to run over or through ; so" percurrit pectine telas," to run through a xveb with the reed, Virg,G. I. 294.from, to go, to set out ; which borrows its tensesfrom' perf., but Att. ; being changed intow. Ace. sing. f. part. pres., , 01', mine; from, Gen. sing, of.,, , a bed; Th., place, to settle, to make one lie

down;, to lie, to be in bed ; hence, s, , a w'//e, wherea has the same signification as or ojuS., f., to meet, to oppose, to take care of, to enjoy, toadminister ; Particip., but poetically,,to be present at, . 2. Th..

32 ", pres. imper. of, to go.

ILIAD A'. 11

'(9, f. l.tffw, to irritate, to excite to wrath; from, id.Th., contention ; also the goddess of contention, . 3.(), (), (), safe ; Compar. hereused for the positive. is contracted into, whence is formed, , ov, id.", Conj. and Adv. that : , with the grave accent, thus. Ke, a

Particle, denoting sometimes the potential av, or having the significa-tion of, truly ; is the same as the Latin iit sane., f. and, to move, to heap up, to wind up, to swim,

to go,( and in this latter sense may be formed from, id.)to return; in j3. 84. to depart. ', Ion. for vty, 2 pers. sing,subj. mid., formed from

12 KEY TO HOMER.

, from ev, well, and, , , a head of hair, which is from, to take care of, or, to adorn.for', 2 aor. of, to bring forth, which borrows its fut.

', and its 2 fut., from the obsolete.37 , to hear ;, imper. pres. from, id., Dor. for /i

ILIAD A'. 13

, to kindle, to burn ; ' tKya, forKuTiKya' tKya, aor. 1. Att., ov, 6, a bull ; Ts, (i.e. Tt'ivuv,^ par, 41because this animal when engaged in fight stretches out its tail.'Hif, Conj. and.Ax'i, aiyoQ, /, a she goat ; sometimes, yog, 6, a he goat, used in

the Attic fonn, according to Eustathius : Th., to bound forward

,

to rush, as if it were first, and then, by Synaeresis,., to accomplish, to perfect, to effect, to fulfil: f. 1.'aor. 1. tKpgva' hence, f. 1. , aor. 1., whoseimper. Koyyi'ov, and infin. Kpijyvai, i. 101. , as iffrom, the head, by the inclination of which we intimate an inten-tion of granting a request., says Hesychius, is TfJ-^oKy. -^,, , desire, vow, uish ; from^, to desire ; Th.

', to take.

, f. 1., to suffer punishment, to expiate, to atone for, to avenge, 42honour *, aor. 1. ^i^ol. opt. for.Aavaoi,, , the Grecians ; so called from Danaus, king of Argos., , , a tear ; Th., to bite, to sting ; because, when

the mind is sorely affected Avith grief, tears are shed., Ion. for. from, , ov, your ; Th. , you.:, tOQ, TO, a missile weapon, an arrow ; whatever is thrown to a

distance, according to Eustathius ; who, however, asserts, that theword properly denotes the head of an arrow, and hence, by Synecdoche,the whole arrow. Sometimes it signifies a wound, or the pain nrisirii^from a wound ; and also, the pains of child birth, X. 269. Th.

,

,to throw, to cast, to strike :, Dat. pi. poet, for .", Conj. and Adv. thus, as, so, that ; and Attically it is used for 43, to ; and sometimes, eliiptically, for irpbg, even to. In anexclamation it has the force of the Latin quum, how

!

, fut., to pray, to offer up vows, to boast, to eiuU ;from , because he who prays entreats for prosperity : hence, , , a prayer, a vow,, , ov, shining, splendid, clear, pure ; Th.,, ,^light : hence, , Phcebus, is an epithet of Apollo, (i. e. thesun,) as he is^ j5iov.

ck' by Tmes, and Metath. for, he descended ; 3 sing. 44aor. 2. ind. act. oi., ov, TO, the head, summit, top of a mountain ; vid. . 167.Th., TO, (indeclinable) or,, , for which Ion. ffapj;, ,i), the head., fut., to be ongry, to be disturbed in mind;*, id. Th.,, , bile, anger.,, , contracted form of,, , th0heart ; Th., or, to burn ; for the heart is the source of vital heat. But,, , fate, death : Th., to pour into cups, to give to drink ;for Fate gives to every one the cup which he must drink oflf. /-, i.e. .', for TO'ia, by apostrophe : , ov, , the bow, or quiver, 45

c

14 KEY TO HOMER.

or wiih the bow: it denotes also, (chiefly in the plural number,)the art of archery. .Th., to stretch, to extend., ov, 6, the shoulder : Odit. -pi., Ion. Th.

c'ioj, or, to carry. , , bv, raw, and Metaphorically, hard,severe, cruel.), , icj , covered all over, or completely ;' from,about, aroimd, and, to coverka Ion. for ., , rj, Ion. -, a quiver : Th., to bear, and,or, to wound ; as if .

46 , f. 1.^ aor. 2., perf. mid., Ion., to make a noise, to sound, to clang, to cry out ; Th.,to break ; as, when any thing is broken, a noise is made :,3 plur. aor. 1., , , an arrow, a iveapon ; hence, f. 1., toshoot arrows, . 100. Th., i. e., to hear ; for an arrow, shotfrom the bow, is borne swiftly through the air : 3 sing. perf. pass.'.

47 ', . 1., to more, to change ; from, to go ;',Gen. sing, part. aor. 1. pass. , id. . 281., to go ; perf. mid. ', whence, and Ion. ij'ia.,, , night; Th., to prick, to sting: because

-darkness hurts the eyes : , i. e., to kill.id. . 659., to make like, is seldom used in any tenses but the perfect and

pluperfect middle : perf. mid., and Att.;

part,, like.48 ", fut. 2., to sit ; , to make one sit, to settle, to

place; from , to place ;, 3 sing, imperf. mid., Att. for, Gen. pi. of, a ship., Prep, governing three cases. With a Gen. it signifies with,

along with, implying friendly alliance and union ; with a Dat. among,between ; vnth an Ace. after, to, into, towards, among, ivith.may here be taken adverbially to signify then, afterwards, beingunderstood.', , 0, an arroiv ; : .', to send. But

7,,, alone, same : vid. . 437. . 422, &c.", for ), (by Pleonasm,) aor. 1. of ', to send ; fut. ?y

ILIAD A\ 15

(, To, a mountain, because this animal is particularly adapted forlabour in mountainous countries. There is also, a guard, from, id. K. 84.

, signifies a boundary ; whence hOrizon., to go against, to attack;, 3 sing. adr. 2. mid.from and, to go.', r), bv, swift, active, staunch, white, shining ; Th. a, intens.,,, ivork, labour, bcc.Avrap, ^. for arap, Conj. but, for: when it is preceded by ol

iTTsiOi), it signifies i/ie ; vid. ^. 144. , Adv. apart, without;and hence and, id.:,, 6 icj , bitter, deadly, destructive: from and, bitterness, properly, the pitch tree, whose sap is very bitter.^ to send against, to throw ;,, . Part, fromand', to send., f. 1., (from,) and, by Syncope,, 52perf. pass. /3sXi//xat, aor. 2. iQaXov, to throw, to cast, to strike, toicound ; to besprinkle, v. 501.

, and by Epenthesis of i, . Adv. always : hence atoioc, ov,) , everlasting: Th. a, intens. and, to be.llvpa, , , a funeral pile ; h.7p,po,b,fire; which is from

the obsolete, to burn, or, id., b, a dead body, a corpse ; . 298. from, , ,

dead, inanimate ; Th. v?) pricat. and , , the heart, 1. 44. -signifies also the manes of the dead, Od^. .290., a, bv, and^, , bv, jiey'liireV. Th.^. Adv.

frequently, often, which is formed (by Pleonasm of the letter) from, together.', Adv. during nine days ; from, nine, and, 53,, which is sometimes used poetically for, , y, a day.These words may be traced to the same root as, 6, , the morn-ing, viz. or, to shine., ov, TO, wood, the shaft of an arrow, the arrow itself; from, ov, Tb, dry wood ; Th., to burn. K\b, , bv, dry.,,, tenth, from, ten. Th.

16 KEY TO HOMER.

56 -^, to feel sorroic, to commiserate, to be solicitous, to haveregard for ; sometimes, to celebratefuneral obsequies ; Th.,,, care, grief, trouble, the charge of burial, affinity. The words ap-pears to have originated from the practice of burning the dead ; sothat it is derived from , to burn

;

. Ion. for,3 sing, iraperf. mid."On, Conj. because, that: before a Superlative it has the force of

the Latin quum, and is an Adverb.'Pa, (formed by transposition from ap for apa,) therefore, indeed,

truly, cotainly. Sometimes the word serv^es only to make long thepreceding short syllable, or to prevent the occurrence of vowels., f. 1., aor. 2., perf., and Ion.,fut. mid., to die; from the obsolete^ :,

ecus. pi. m. part. pres. ; Th., to strike, to slay., Ion. for, 3 sing, imperf. ind. of, io see : perf.act., perf. mid..

57 , Conj. when, since, because.Ovv, Conj. therefore.-, for, Boeot. and. 3 plur. aor. 1. pass. ind.

of, to collect, to assemble.,, ) r), assembled together ; from, and.58 , to excite, to raise vp, to inuke one rise ;, to

rise, to stand up ; from, and ''^, to set or place.,part. pres. mid.], to speak in the midst ; ', 3 sing. aor. 2. ind.,, 6, A'oc., Dat. pi., afoot. Th., to set'

tie, to make quiet.,, , sivift : Comparat. or ojKiuiv ; Superl. vjkv'

or. Hence, , , the sea, the ocean.59 ", Dor. and /Eol. for,. Ace. dual of the pronoun,

/ ; but the poets use it (as also and ^) for the Ace. plur./^,, , aor. 1. part. pass, oi,

to

throw hack or off, to repel, to beat back. The metaphor is taken fromthe rebounding of an arrow from any hard substance, against which itmay have struck. Th., again, backwards, and, f. 1., to make one wander or deviate ;, to wander, to err.It takes its tenses from.

and, f. 1. and, to think, to believe, to conjec-ture, to presage, to know. The middle form, (by Syncope',) id. is more frequently used by prose writers ; when employedby the poets, it is written.

60 ", Adv. back, again., f. 1., to return from a place, to go auay ; from, and, to retin-n ; Th. ', to go. 1>, , , areturn.

Et, Conj. if: '', whetheror ; vid. 1. 65.Kf, a poetic Particle, having the same force as the potential av.

For the sake of the metre, or when a vowel follows, it is written,and before an aspirated vowel '. Sometimes or has the signi-fication of C^rj., ov, 6, death; Th., to die.

V OVILIAD A'. ff^y^^^^r.V

, a Particle, sometimes expletive ; it signifi^^S^, indeed^ atleast. It is sometimes used to prevent a harsh meeti^g^C)!4wels, vid.7. 57310. 78.. 334.. 286, &c., f. 1. , to fly, to shun, to avoid, to escape ;', 1 plur.aor. 2. opt. act, Th.

, to ternfy,/, (used adverbially and elliptically,) together, equally, at the 61same time, in the same place ; from, , , common, same., ov, 6, icar ; as, from and, blood;or as if, from and, to destroy. Some deriveit from, to move, to shake : others deduce it from

^, because it impairs cities j and others from, be-cause it subverts all things., f. 1., to subdue, to conquer, to slay ; aor. 2.., s, 6, plague, pestilence, contagion : Xoiybg, e, , destruction,death:, S, 6, hunger: all which are derived from, to leave,because men abandon those vi'ho are affected by these calamities.", (used adverbially in exhortation,) come, come on, well ; the 62

imperative of, to lead. It is joined both to a singular and a plu-ral

; although the plural is sometimes used in the same sense.The Particle ^ is frequently attached to it, as in this line. , , , a prophet, a soothsayer. Th., to rage;

because he foretels the future, when agitated witli divine frenzy., to speak, to interrogate, to declare : from or, id.' by Epenthesis for, where the present has the force

of the future. [Some consider' as the plur. subj. for,the being changed into o, for the sake of the metre.], ov, b, one to whom the knowledge offuturity it con- 63veyed in dreams, an interpreter of dreams ; from, a dream, and', to be engaged in., , b, signifies particularlycorrect and clear dream, being deduced from ov, to declarewhat is true.,, indeclin. same as., to speak, to say, to tell; aor. 1., poet, tf aor. 2, 64, (whence, 3 sing, opt.) poet,. But , f. 1 .,

be employed in any thing, to manage, to conduct."O, Ti, Pron. neut. of,, , , who, inc. whosoever : ,

;

i. e. , ; on account of what ? why ?, , ov, (.,) so great, so much: corresponding towhich is ', , ov, as great as, how inuch. is here takenadverbially., , , a vow, a prayer ; from, to pray. 65, f.., to complain of any thing, to be indignant071 any account ; from and, to blame, to accuse, to com-plain. Th., to blame, and, to make appear, to show.

, , , a sacrifice of a hundred oxen, cl hecatomb ; from, a hundred, and,, b ) , an ox. [Some understandit as a sacrifice of (, i. e., in which twenty-five quadrupeds were immolated, whose feet were, in number, onehundred.]

A*, Dor. for ; vid. 1. 60. 66c2

18 KEY TO HOMER.

^, (Interrogative,) in what manner? how 7 &c., (an Encli-,

tic,) in a manner ; with the Particles ti or, perchance, perhaps; itor al , if perchance ; , lest perhaps. Th. ,

thus, so.

",, 6 icj >/, or,, by Sync,, a lamb. Th,,, , a votv ; because lambs were sacrificed in offering vows ; or(',, , a sheep.', , , the smell of burnt fat, smokefrom a sacrifice, the fat

which is burnt in sacrifice. Th., to affect with a tickling sensa-tion ; because the odour arising from burnt fat gratifies the nostrils., (', tiov, or, perfect, complete, excellent, full-groicn,Th.,, , the end.

67 , (ui., to be willing, to icislt. '\., perf.mid. oi, to throw, to aim at a mark,, Part. aor. 1. of, vid. ante, 1. 31., fut. , to bear assistance, to defend ;, to repulse,to drive away ;, diOX. 1. inf. as if avtv, without delay,i. e. to bear immediate assistance.

68 , Adv. certainly indeed, truly, therefore; sometimes, either,whether.

69 ,, , Calchas. Th., to meditate deeply, toprophesy.

'^^, ov, , the son of Thestor. Th.,, 6, Thestor,the son of Enops., , 6, a pries' whoforetold future events, chiefy fromthefiight, chirping. Or feeding of birds; an augur, diviner, or sooth-sayer. Th., 8, , a bird, and', to be engaged or versed in.

,,S , 6, an augur, . 858.", formed by Aphreresis from ', i. e., (and joined

adverbially to Superlatives,) eminently, remarkably ; from, tobe remarkable or conspicuous.", , ov, Superl. of, , ov, good. Th.", tog, o,

Mars ; hence, properly, one who co>iducts himself best in war.70 , 3 sing, pluperf. mid. Att. for y^t, which is Ion. for ijdti,

fiom ', to know., Ion. for . Part. pres. of, to be, whose part. fut. .')-, poet, for hence, the things which are to be,the future., &c. . 119. and . 305. to posterity.

Jlpo, Prep. befoi-e, in reference to time and place : ',the things which have been, the past.

71 , f. 1., to lead, to command, to conduct, to lead theway, to think

;, aor. 1.hence,, , a leader,u chief. Th., to lead.', for eif,, ( being added poetically,) signifies not only to, into,

but also within.72 ", Ace. sing. f. of, i), ov, his, her, its. , Dat. of a, of him-

sdf, &c., Prep, through, by reason of., , , divination, prophesying, the art of aivinatiiin.

Th., loc, 6, a prophet.

ILIAD A'. 19

, f. 1., to give, to afford, vr. 86 ; hence^, affordaccess, to provide, to acquire ; also, to give : ' for iiropi, 3 sing,aor. 2. Th.-, ov, 6, a passage, the channel of a river, . 1. whichcomes from, to pass.^, Dat. dual of , used poetically for, Dat. plur. by Apo- 73

cope,, aad by Aphaeresis

20 KEY TO HOMER.

,, Kf , Compar. for ', worse, inferior ; from, , ov, bad, evil. , as if , one whois inferior in his hands ; or, according to others, dia7) , one who earns his Uvelihood by the work of hishands :

, Dat. sing, for ', from which it is formedpoetically by omitting ov, and Ion. by changing into .

81 rifp, an enclitic, sometimes expletive, but having the significationstherefore, akhoagh, hoivever, very, truly: , although ; ',if on the whole., Adv. iii the same day ; from and,, ,day. ry . j ' \^'-^, (. 1. -, to boil,- t& teethe ; and metaphorically,

bear, to put up with, to bear irith silence; irova., f. 1., toboil; (for which the ^tKoHc ', and Attic ) as if, to dress with fire, according to Martinus. ^, 3 sing.aor. 1. subj. act.2 ', and -. Adv. behind, hereafter, afterwards ; from, backwards, behind, after ; which comes from, tofollow., ov, 6, inveterate hatred. Th., to lie ; being as it were, hidden or treasured up anger. From is formed, to be incensed., until, as long as, . 61. that :, so long.^, poet, for, 3 sing. aor. 1. sub. of, finish,

to perfect.

83 ,, , the breast :, poet, for, Dat. pi.Th. , to stand : partly on account of the firmer structure of thebreast, in comparison with the lower part of the body, and partly byreason of its prominence, particularly in women., , (Ion. ,), his, her or her's, its. Th. . Ace. sing, of

, vid. ante, 1. 8.

, Dat. pi. Ion. for.), f. 1., to say, to tell. Th., to speak ;, 2 sing,aor. 1 . imper. act.,{. 1. , to save, to preserve, to protect. Th., (Poet,

for ,) safe.84', to answer in turn. Th., f.., to exchange,

to interchange; to pass, as in t. 409. also, to answer., to address, to speak to. Th., to speak.85 ,, f. 1., to be daring resolute, to be endued with confi-

dence, to take confidence : Ait.5' Th.,, , confidence,boldness ; which is from', f. 1. .^ol.^, to warm ; whence the^olians use for ^, Part. aor. 1. act., Adv. very, much. Comp. Superl.. Vid.

ante, 1. 16., , , or.^, , /, oracle, prophecy, divineprediction ; from^, ov, 6, a prophet : 6 '-, . 228. which comes from and, or from ^., by Sync, for^, Mo\. for^, 2 sing. perf. of hito-, to know.

86 , an Adverb of adjuration, which signifies by. It has generally

ILIAD A'. 21

a negative force, without the addition of and it is used also as anaffirmative. So also vv^hich, however, has most frequently theaffirmative signification., to show, to exhibit, v. 411. to reveal; from, to 87make apparent, to shine, to charge, to accuse;, to appear

;

to present one's-self; , 236. Th., to shine.', Dor. for. 88. f. 1., to live ; Th., f. 1., to boil, to be Itot ; ,, Part. pres. for ^. Dor. for ^.,, , the earth ; Th. , to take, to contain ; becausethe earth is the receptacle of all things.

Af, f. 1. ^, aor. 2.^, perf. mid.^ for ckcpoKct,to see, to behold, to look upon :^, Ion. for'.,,, heavy, ueighti^, troublesome : {, 89violent hands. Th. /3,, , weight, trouble, which is so named,because{,) it is raised by strength or force.'^, 3 sing. fut. 1 . of^, f. 1., to bear against,

to lay upon ; from and.,, , all; from and. 90', Adv. poetically for, by far. 91, Adv. then. " 92, f. 1. ], to speak, to say ; ^, 3 sing, imperf. Th. avCi),, y, a voice, u-ord, speech; which is from, to shout, to resouiul.Some derive it from avyi), , /, splendour, light, as being that, Ct'

voe, by which the thoughts of the mind are ma-nifested.,, b^ , irreprehensible, excellent, noble ; Th. a, priv.and, ov, o, blame, disgrace, derision, infamy ; whence,, b, IMomus, son of Nox and Somnus, the god of raillery ; and-, f. 1., to find fault, to blame.

OvT dp oy' for rt . 93", on account of, for the sake of. 94'^, for ts, therefore. 96, to infiict ; vid. ante, 1. 18.^, 3 sing. aor. 1

.

", Adv. si/7/, hereafter, over and above, moreover, also.^caT:"^, f. 1. ',, to abstain, to hetpfrom ; from t;^. 97, Dor. for Invai. from^', aor. 2. inf. act. 98

o(^^, to give back, to restore., ^, b i:j , having rolling eyes ; from, to turn,to roll; and ,, b, the eye, face, countenance, which is from, to see. Some derive it from, black., r), de-notes a girl who attracts the eyes of all beholders, a beautiful girl, whichis the signification of the word in this passage./, (Ion (or,) , , a girl, sometimes a daughter; from, ov, 6, a young boy ; Th., to make clean, to cleanse; be-cause youth is free from vice., Adv. without purchase or reward; from a, pric. and 99, to buy, to redeem., ov, b kj , v:ithout price or ransom-money ; from a,priv, and, the price of redemption. Yid. ante, I. 13.

KEY HOMEH.

", lead, to carry, to bring, to take ; fut. 1., perf. ^,Att., and, by Pleonasm of o, aor. 2., Att. //-, &c.

100 'Ec, poet, and Att. for, Prep, into, to., to render propitious, to propitiate, to appease ; hence, id., aor. 1. part. mid. It is formed from,i. 8. /S/XsTToj, to view, by prefixing the t of', to be ready or wiUing ;so that' denotes one, ^, readyto regard with clemency indigent suppliants., with an Ionic reduplication, for'; 1plur. aor. 2. optat. act. for, from, to persuade.

102 ,, 6, wide-ruling; from, , , broad,wide, and,, 6, a ruler; Th., rule ; which is as ifKapko), from,, the head.

103 ", to grieve, to he in pain, to take ill or amiss, to be dis'turbed ;. Part. Pres. Th.,, , grief, sorrow., , , strength, power, the vivifying power lohich animatesthe body, vehement anger, wrath'; Th., to remain firm., Xaiva, Xav, black all around ; this epithet here marksthe perturbed, and, as it were, dark-lowering state of mind ; irom

and, Xaipu, Xav, black ; which is from /, not, and,see.

104 and', to fill, by a poetic reduplication for ^-, from the obsolete, same as, f. 1., which is from, a, ov,full. , Ion. for, 3 plur. imperf.pass.

",,, the eye ; Nom. and Ace. dual, and, by Apo-cope, Th., ^. for, to see., to shine ; from,, , a lamp ; Th.,f. 1., to 'shine. In the first conjugation of contracts, the poets in-sert, before contracted , an o, if a short vowel has preceded ; but ifa long one, an as,, poet, '', , poet.. Thus,, poet., Dat.sing. part. pres.

, f. 1. , to he like, to resemble ; also yield, to obey ; -, by Syncope for, 3 dual, imperf. Hence,, ,an image.

105 ,, ov, first; from, id. formed from,which, by omitting r, becomes, and, by Crasis,, Th.Iljoo, Prep, before,, neut. plur. taken adverbially., , ov, looking ; Part. pres. of..", Att. for, aor. 1. and for, aor. 2. of '., 3 sing. 2. aor. ind.

106 ,, ever, at any time ; Th. ore. Many Particles areadded to, which do not change the signification. .-, ov, 6 i^f , pleasing, agreeable, grateful, good, fit ; as if, pleasing to the heart ; or, according to others, as if, influencing the mind. In the neuter gender, with the article,it is taken as a Substantive.

108 , , bv, good, useful, brave, strenuous ; Th., to wish ;

ILIAD '. 23

because we love the good and wish to join them ; as, bad, isderived foom, to retire.^, poet, for, 2 sing. aor. 1. of, to accom-vlish., prophesying, Part. pres. of 3-f, vid. 1. 85. 109, you declare, you proclaim, 2 sing. pres. ind. of,f. 1.., dog, , Chryseis, a patronymic from, ov, b. Ill/, Adv. home ;, id. Th., ov, o. 113, , (^-, -. Ion.) , Clytemnestra, sister ofHelen, daughter of Tyndarus, and wife of Agamemnon., to prefer, to desire rather';, 1 sing. perf.

mid. Th., f. I., wish., a, ov, youthful ; an epithet which is given to a wife who 114was a virgin when she was first married, or to a husband who hasx:;arried a virgin ; Th., vid. ante, 1. 98., Gen. sing,f. Ion. for^.,, , a wife ; Th. a for, together, and, ,, a bed.":, by Syncope, for', which is put for a, having here the

signification , (than) her: . Ion. for , and, Att. forwhich poetically '., , the body, is indeclinable; from, to build, to raise ; 11-5

as if it were S^^xaj^j^^^, the habitation of the soul, according to Eus-tathius ; or from Hoj^ to tie, to biiid ; for the body is the_g^rison, and, ofthe soul. are, in Homer, so contrasted,"

that the former denotes the animate, and the latter the inanimate body,is also used as a particle of similitude, signifying lihe, in the

likeness of, . 595. vid. tpyov, infra., , , disposition, nature ; stature, . 370. from, to pro-

duce, to beget, to give to light : hence,, , nature, figure,fonn. The word primarily signifies, not an internal power, but anexternal appearance ; it is, however, used also to denote the innatenature, disposition, and capacity."Epyov, , , work, office; from topya, perf. mid. of the verb., f. 1. , to do. The Preposition, in respect to, is under-stood before the Accusatives',,, and ; whichelliptical construction is most frequent., Dor. or vEol. for dsvai, aor. 2. inf. of^. 116

, here is understood. 117, pres. inf. of, to be. Ion.. Dor. (, Att.,

1.\., pcet.., Adv. immediately, directly ; Th., ^ id. 118', f. 1., to prepare, to make ready ; from, ov,

ic, i), ready, prepared ; which comes from, to send, whence,sfui ; so that is properly one ivho can be immediately sent.

', 2 plur. aor. 1. imperat. act., a, ov, alone : but, a, ov, ofichat kind or sort?', s,6 kj , uirrewarded, without a reward; from a, priv. 119

\ and,, , a reward.

24 KEY TO HOMER.

", Ion. for , 1 sing. pies. subj. .", taken impersonally, signifies it is just, it is becoming ; perf.

Att. of, to he like.120 , f. 1., to see, to behold ; Th. \, to see:,

2 plur. pres. ind. act. [Some form from, which be-comes ^iiol. ; whence, by removing , and inserting v, isformed poet, ',]^, Dat. sing. f. of-, , ov, taken adverbially, x

ILIAD A'. 25

, Adv. threefold; from, 6,, triple; Th., 128three, and, to be., Adv. fourfold ; from, ,, quadruple ;Th., Att., four. [These two words, formed fromthe Dat. sing, of the Adjectives, ought not to have the iota subscribed;which

-indeed is to be observed of all such Adverbs ending in ?;.], f. 1., to pay, to compensate, to requite ; from, vid.ante, 1. 42. and t. 630., Adv. at some time, at any time, in some place; but

;

nhere ? uhither ?, with the iota subscribed. Ion. for, 3 sing. aor. 2. subj. but 129, without the ioia, is 3 plur. aor. 2. subj.>, a, icf t), icell defended ivith walls, well fortified; from

and,, , a wall ; Th.., f. 1., to lay waste, to plunder, to destroy ; from aXa-, to empty, to destroy, which is formed (by Pleonasm of a) from, f. 1. , id. Th., drink up by lapping, as a dog., Adv. so, thus. 131'33

; the addition of the Particle irep signifies frequentlyalthough., , 6 icjij, godlike ; from, and ', a, 6 icj r),like; Th.., f. 1., perf. mid., to have secretly, to take aicay 132secretly, to steal, to dissemble, to feign ; Th., to conceal, tohide. '', " do not act thus with secret and craftydesign ;" " do not thus dissemble and address me with guile.", , 6, mind, heart ; Th. vkoj, i. e. /, to move ; as nothing

is quicker or more fickle than the mind., to jmss by, to conquer in running, to excel; hence, tooverreach., Ion. for^, 2 sing. f. 1., to wish, to desire. This verb is, in the ancient writers, 133always a trisyllable ; and where it appears under the form of,the should be restored ; for the word is formed of, still, and,to take, denoting a determined wish, which remains unchanged, andnot a sudden or temporary desire., Adv. so, thus, in vain, rashly ; also, gratuitously, . 621.^, to sit ;, pres. inf. Th. , to place, 134,. form of, middle of, f. 1., to loant,

to be in necessity, to be without ; whence the impersonal , it is neces-sary. But, f. 1., and ^, to bind, to tie.", f. 1., and ^ol,, toft, to join together, to act agree- 136

ably or conformably to, to agree ; aor. 1. ind. Part,,,.

", how, that, lohen : it has nearly the same signification as ., ia, lov, worthy, equal in estimation, of equal value ; fromavTi, for, in the place of, against, and d'iioc, , lov, worthy ; Th., to value.

'E-rat, by Sync, for, 3 sing. fut. ind. of., poet, for. 137

L

26 KEY TO HOMER.

", 1 sing. aor. 2. subj. mid. of aiptoj, to take; aor. 2. act.tlXov, (which tense is borroMed from,) f. 2., to take.

138 , a, cv, Dor. and poet, for, your.,, 6, Ajax, surnamed Telamonian, from his father Tela-

mon, son of ^acus ; or Salaminian, from his native country Salamis.He is called also the greater Ajax, on account of his superioi:ity toAjax the Locrian, son of O'lleus, both in size and strength. Telamo-nian Ajax was ranked next to Achilles, for his valour , '/''^' ,"' . . 768., aor. 2. Part. of., to go.' and, , and Ion. -, , IHysses, son of

Laertes, husband of Penelope, and father of Telemachus. He ruledover Ithaca, the circumjacent islands, and part of Epirus. The poemrelating to his wanderings, written by Homer, takes its name of" Odyssey," from him. Th., 5, , a road ; because his mother,Anticlea, was delivered of him on the public road.

139 ", 1 sing. aor. 2. subj. oi, v/\uch sometimes signifiesto attack, to fall upon: oi', i. e. of.

140 , to deliberate hereafter;, to interpret;from' vid. ante, 1. 83.

-, Dor. for-, 1 pi. fut. 1. mid.141 , and, f. 1, , to draw, to launch ; also, to free, to

defend, to guard; Th., f. 1. , to draw:, poet, for.

142 , , , a rower;, , , an oar ; Th. ', f. 1., to row, to break through the water with an oar ; which comesfrom, f. 1., to break. '', by Tmesisfor-'.7],, 6 ) , willing and able to act vigorously and to exertall one^s strength, ft, proper, dexterous ; Th., to, and or,whence, to stretch, denoting one who perseveres till the accom.-plishment of his undertaking. Some consider the derivation of-

to be others deduce it from, because those things,which are fit for us, are agreeable., Ion. for,contracted for. Ace. pi. But,, having the accenton the antepenultimate. Adv. diligently, atteiitively.

143 , poet, for, Ion. for ^, 1 plur. aor. 2. subj. of, to place., 8, ) ry, having beautiful cheeks ; from-,,, and, , -], cheek, (it being changed Mo\. into ) ; Th.-, Prep, to, with, before ;, to raise, because it is a highand conspicuous part of the body.

144 , poet, for, 1 plur. aor. 1. subj. of /Sau'OJ, f. 1., to make one go, to lead. It is formed from, from which itborrows some tenses, as

, perf. mid. &:c. \^d. . 134.,, , one : it is declined in the plural, if compounded withand as, Nom. pi. of-. Ace. pi. of., , , chief, leader, prince ; from, to begin, to be the

leader, to command, to rule ;, id., ov, o^ r), an adviser, a counsellor; iwm, and.

ILIAD A'. 2t

,, , Idomeneus, king of Crete. 145", , 6, i^ v,l>y Metathesis for, dreadful, hor- 146ible, vehement; from /07/\//, to strike down, to terrify, to frighten ;, to be struck with terror, to be amazed or astonished., Super!., , , producing effect at a distance : an epithet of the sun,and hence pf Apollo : Th.,, at a distance., Ion. for ^, 2 sing. aor. 1. sub. mid. of^, 147

appease, to propitiate.

', f. 1, , (and by Metathesis '^,) to do, to sacrifice. Itsometimes governs a double accusative, as in . 195. -

pk'^y , lest being in any measure angry, hemay occasion evil to the sons of the Grecians. Hence, to hap-pen ; perf. mid., by Metathesis for, from which, avork, may be derived., Adv. (for, by Pleonasm of 5,) sternly, grimlij ; 148Th., to look sternly ; or and, to see." for,alas ! is joined either to a A"om. as -/ 149' or to a Vocat. as here.', , , impudence ; from, , 6 icft), impudent;

Th. a. priv, and,, (,) , shame. Ion., ,. Part. perf. pass, of, or, to clothe;Th. , to put on..''},, ^ , having a cunning and covetous mind;

from, a, ov, prudent, crafty, . 44. Th., , ,utility, advantage, dexterity, cunning : or from, a fox,, alion, and, the mind.,, 7], away, a road, a path, a march erpedition, method, 151

artifice. [There are two ways of conquering an enemy ; one by am-buscade, which is ' the other, in open battle, which is. Th. , to go., ^ol. for, Gen., , , warrior;

Th., , , the point of a weapon, which is named re., Adv. hither: for which, Att. 153, , lov, one who is the cause that any thing is or has been done,

impeachable, deserving punishment ; Th. , which implies grief iu'dignation. Hence, , , cause, reason, fault ; olso, impeach-ment, acccusation.

,, 6 , an cow; '), 5, Ace. plur. 154, , 1., to drive, to pushforward, to drive away, tostrike, to wound;, aor. 1. ind. Th., id. from which it isformed by the insertion of i; JEo\. and of Dor.", s, ^ y, a horse or mare ; from', tofiy with

the feet. This etymology is confirmed by the epithet, sioift-flying, . 42. and the verb, to fly, 3. 45. which are fre-quently applied to horses., , , Phthia, the city of Achilles, in Thessaly. 155,, 6 ^ , very fertile ; Th., very, and, a,

)/, a clod or himp of earth.

28 KEY TO HOMER.

, , , an epithet of a country producing and supportingbrave men: from, ov, 6, a shepherd, and aj/?/jO, ^pbg, 6, which,in such a composition, denotes a hero, a robust man. , feed,is formed from, f. 1.- hence, ov, 6, which becomes, Ion and, Dor.

156 , , , ripe fruit, corn, any production of the earth used forfood : it properly denotes fruit, which, being dried, is fit for use, andhence any useful fruit ; also, profit, advantage. Th., perf.mid. of, f. 1., to dry, to parch., f. 1., to injure, to destroy, to efface; Th., , ,a torch, v. 320, which comes from, to burn ; as if wereproperly dia . The mid-dle form,, is more freqiiently used : of which'

,

3 plur. aor. 1. ind. [Some derive from , to designsomething hostile.^, Adv. for, since, when., Adv. between : Th., Prep.

157 ", (Ion.,), , a Tnountuin ; Th., to leap, to spring,or shoot up ; also, to move, to excite.,, , shady ; Th., , , a shadow ; which is asif from ', to go, because it always advances with the body.,, , resounding ; from, ', , a sound, a, shout

;

which, as if contracted from, Is derived from ', , , id.[Some derive it from, perf. of, to break; as the Latin /ragorfrom y'raii^o.]

158 ", (poet, for/,) to accompany, to attend, to be presentwith, to follow. Also', same as ; aor. 2. ind.-, imper. , Ion., and poet.. Th. erroj, f. 1.,vid. ante, 1. 64.

Xaipo), fut. 2., to rejoice ; fut. 1. and, as ifthe verb terminated in -. Th. or ; for joy expands themind, smooths the brow, and opens the mouth ; whereas sorrow con-tracts, wrinkles, and closes them. , pres. imp. is sometimesused as a word of salutation, and sometimes also as a farewell com-pliment, t. 197.

159 , , , punishment, revenge, satisfaction, jnice,, honour, dig-nity ; Th. '. f. 1., expiate or atone for, to hold in estimation;and in the middle,, to punish.

", to wish to accomplish, to procure, to ivish to acquire, totake ; Th., toft, to make sure and firm ; whence,,. Some derive it from,, 6 icj , a lamb, a sheep,as if properly signified , ^^, ^, to give a lamb, and accept inreturn some other useful thing, as in bartering., , 6, having the J^ice of a dog, shameless ; from,a dog, and, the eye, the countenance. Hence, , id. y. 180.

160 , Prep, governing three cases. With a Gen. it signifies//wby, towards, near, with: with a Dat. to, at, denoting rest in a place :with an Ace. to, towards, denoting motion to a place.

ILIAD A'. 2

^, f. 1., to turn about;, to have regardfor, to attend to : from, to turn; aor. 2.., f. 1. , to have consideration and care for any thing, toregard ; Th. a, intens, and, f. 1. ', to put, place, or set., f. 1., to take away ; from and, to J 61take, fut. 1. inf. mid., f. 1., to threaten, to boast ; alsoj to vow, . 863.

Th. and, to roll., f. 1., to labour, to suffer ; horn, Adv. icith diffi- 162culty, with great labour., Ion. and poet, for tdooav, 3 plur. aor. 2. of.', Nom. plur. by Sync, for ', from. Vid. ante, 1. 9.", or, , , equal, in respect to quantity ; on the contrary, 163

relates to quality: Th., , , exterior appearance ; forthings equal in magnitude and number have nearly the same appearance., t], ov, well inhabited; Th., to inhabit, which 164Eustathius derives from ', to heap up.^, 8, TO, for, a city; Th., (and Att,,^ and, , id./,, i^j , more; Comp. of, much or many; 165Superl., , ov, most,,, 6 icf , impetuous ; from and, f. 1. ,to rush with force., to manage, to administer, to execute, to direct; from -, 166vid. ante, 1. 64., , , division, i. e. of booty ; Th. ^, to divide. Vid.ante, 1. 125.

, (is added, adverbially, to Comparatives and Superlatives,) 167much, by much, far.,, ^ , greater ; Comp. of, great. Vid. ante,1.78.', , ov, little, few ; Th.^, f. 1., to cease, to terminate;

as if quickly terminating, or that whose extremity is easily reached.Others derive it from, i. e. or, by Antiphrasis, from, entire, the whole., Qouywhen, after that, for\, governing the Subjunctive. 1 68", f. 1., perf., to labour, to be wearied fa-

tigued ;, 1 sing. aor. 2. subj. Ion. for', f. 1. , to fight. Vid. 1. 61.', kpa,, more excellent, better, stronger, more, robust; 169

Comp. derived from ^, bear; Superl.^,,

30 KEY TO HOMER.

, ov, b, riches ; from and, to receive, as if troXv-STog, acceptable to many : or as if, riches acquired by thelapse of many years : from and trog, a year.

nXorog and a(ptvog, differ in this, that the one signifies wealth ob-tained by great labour, during many years ; the latter, riches collectedin one year, and without great labour., f. 1. , to draw, to collect, to exhaust ; hence, f. 1., id. also to acquire.

173 ( and v,to shake, to incite, to rouse, to move; aor. 1.'perf. pass,, and, by Metathesis, , 3 sing.

174 ', poet, for'., f. 1., to honour ; Th., f. 1..175 >/?;, (or,^ ov, , prudent, wise; Th., iSog, ,

advice, deliberation; which comes from, to take care of, todeliberate.

176 , , bv, hateful, odious, hostile; Comp., Superl.' Th.,, , hatred., poet, for , 2 sing. pres. of, to be., , b

ILIAD A'. * 31

lamity, as in . 145. yap,/ such per-

ttirbation or calamity has oppressed the Grecians. Sometimes,//, onaccount of which, woe is inflicted on any one ; Th. a, priv. and,to gape, because grief closes the mouth ; or a, intens. and, i. e., to pour; for sometimes signifies the tear produced by grief jhence the English word " to ache.",, , the heart, the soul; Th. , to breathe. Eustathius

says that this Noun is indeclinable., is, ) , shaggy, rough ; here, furious ; Th., , , 189soft hair or down, vid. /3. 851., Adv. in two xcays, doubly ;, id. for /, id. whichcomes from ^, twice, formed by Sync, from8. Th. ^bo, two.Hence, to divide. , in composition, before a vowel, retainsthe before a consonant, it sometimes retains, and at other times re-jects it.,. 1. , to consider anxiously, to deliberate, to hesitate;

Th., to divide; for the mind, in doubt, is divided between diffe-rent opinions., a, to, for acpayavov, a sword; Th., f. 2., 190to kill ; which comes from, id. According to others, the word isformed as if -^, rejoicing in slaughter.,, , sharp : Th., to scrape, to prick., f. 1., to excite, to rouse, to remove; from^ 191

and', 3 sing. aor. 1. opt. Act. ^ol. for)., f. 1. , to strip, to kill, to deprive of ; from, id,'.,, . Mars. Hence tvapa,,, spoils., f. 1., to terminate, tofnish, to make cease ; but, 192to cease., f. 1. , to check, to restrain, to repress, to pacify, to de-tain, to hinder Th. ', f. 1. , to restrain.", Adv. whilst ; ', in the mean time, so long ; Th.. [The 193

first foot of this line is an Anapaest, in place of a Dactyl or Spondee.], to consider, to revolve in the mind, to incite, to move

;

from, f. 1., to move quickly ; which comes from,perf. pass, of, to excite.", f. 1. , to draw:, 3 sing, imperf. mid. poet, for 194. Th.. to take., , Ion., 6, a scabbard ; Th., , ov, hollaw.^,,, a sword.,, ),,, ),, , y, and,, //,

four variations of the name of Minerva, which are derived, as if],from a, priv. and, to suck the breast, because this goddessnever was nursed as an infant. But others deduce the name as if, from, to see sharply, because Prudence is personifiedin the character of jXlinerva., Adv.from heaven ; for, s, o, a boundary, and 195, above ; because the heavens bound our view.", f. 1., to send; perf., aor. 1, yap, by

Tmesis for yup., el icf ai, both; Th., about, 196

32 KEY TO HOMER.

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