Post on 22-Feb-2016
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CHP 200: Community Health Program-lMohamed M. B. Alnoor
SAFETY and INJURY PREVENTION
Definition of injury
Epidemiologic Triangle Causes of Accident
Impact of injury and accidents Prevention of Injury
CONTENT
Injury: Physical damage due to transfer of energy
Definition:
kinetic thermal
chemicalelectrical
radiant
Over a period of time: “exposure” either acute or chronic
INJURY
Accident: An unexpected occurrence, happening by chance
Injury: a definable, understandable, predictable, preventable, correctable event, with specific risks for occurrence.
Injury, Not Accident!Definition: INJURY
A result of poorly managed risk
Epidemiologic Triangle
“Prevention is the vaccine for the disease of injury”.
Environment Host
AGENT
A causalrelationship!
Definition: INJURY
“Disease of injury” concept
Causes of AccidentAccidents are caused by:
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions
• Most difficult to address• Changing behavior isn’t easy• Best prevented by developing a
“safety culture”
INJURY
Unsafe Conditions Easiest to correct (and very cost
effective) Easiest to prevent
• Safety audits• Safety inspections• Maintenance schedules for equipment
• Encouraging employee reporting• Good housekeeping
INJURY Causes of Accident
ENVIRONMENT VEHICLE HUMAN
VISIBILITYPAVEMENTSIGNALSCONSTRUCTION
DEFECTSBREAKSTIRESAVOIDANCE SYSTEMS
AGEEXPERIENCEALCOHOL DRUGSSPEED
PRE EVENT
GUARD RAILSMEDIANSBREAKAWAY POSTS
AIR BAGSAUTOMATIC BELTSCRASHWORTHINESS
BELT USE HELMET USETOLERANCE
EVENT
EMS SYSTEMFIRST RESPONDERBYSTANDER CARE
POST-CRASHFUEL LEAKS
FIRE
AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION
POST EVENT
Factors influencing Road Injuries ,The Haddon Matrix
INJURY Causes of Accident
> 275,000 persons (men, women and children)
6,000 deaths ( 16 per day )- 60% : reckless driving- 34 % : speeding
1/3 of all hospital beds SR 26 billion
The toll: INJURY
KSA Traffic accidents
In USA 80% blunt, 20% penetrating Motor vehicle, gunshot, falls etc.. Drowning, poisonings 5th leading cause of death (1996) First, age 1 through 44 (1996)
Mechanism, Outcomes INJURY
Disability far exceeds death rate First, age 1- 44 “Years of life lost” (YLL) concept:
Disability, Outcomes INJURY
- Life expectancy for young shortened by death from
injury- Comparable with heart disease and cancer- Young and productive members of society!
Direct Costs• Medical Costs (including worker’s comp)• Indemnity Payments
Indirect Costs• Time Lost (by worker and supervisor)• Schedule delays• Training new employees• Cleanup time / equipment repairs• Legal fees
Cost of Accidents INJURY
The Iceberg Effect
Cost of Accidents
On average, the indirect costs of accidents exceed the direct costs by a 4:1 ratio
INJURY
Categories of injury prevention: Primary prevention:
Secondary prevention:
Tertiary prevention:
Eliminate the event
Diminish effect
Improve outcomes
INJURY Injury Prevention
The 4 E’s: Education Enactment/Enforcement Engineering Economic incentives/ penalties
General Principles INJURY
Injury Prevention
Public Health ApproachFive steps:
What is the problem?SurveillanceWhat is the cause?Risk
identification What works?InterventionHow do you do it?Implementati
on Did it work? Outcome measurement
INJURY Injury Prevention
Examples of effective injury prevention:
Highway speed limits
Apartment window guardsSmoke detectorsChild passenger restraint laws
“Cycle” helmet laws
Strategies of injury prevention:
INJURY Injury Prevention
Establish accountability for safety
Define safety responsibilities
Safety Cultures
INJURY Injury Prevention
Establish accountability for safety
Safety Cultures
INJURY Injury Prevention
Employees should be evaluated on their safety Performance: Doing a job correctly includes doing
it safely
Define safety responsibilities Employee responsibilities include Maintaining good housekeeping Recognizing and reporting safety hazards
Using personal protective equipment (PPE)
Safety Cultures
INJURY Injury Prevention
Providing access to information Providing personal protective
equipment Providing training
Safety Cultures
INJURY Injury Prevention
Define safety responsibilities Employer responsibilities include
Equipment / Field ChangesRule Changes / CoachingIndividual Preparation
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports Injuries
Equipment Changes to prevent injuries
Add equipment :
Chin protectors
Field/Equipment Changes
Helmets
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports Injuries
Avoid : Potholes
grates Anchoring soccer goals
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesField/Equipment Changes
Field modifications to prevent injuries
Rule changes to adjust for injury patterns
Example = “spearing” in football Officials Must enforce the established rules Coaches
Teach the appropriate techniques
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesRule
Changes/Coaching
Learn about the game prior to signing up Is this sport appropriate for your child? Does your child wish to participate? Who will be supervising practices/games?
Prior to Participation
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation
Purchase the recommended equipmentPre-participation physical examPreseason conditioning
Prior to Participation
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation
Practice within your limitsStay well-hydratedKnow and follow the rules of the
game
At Participation
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation
If injured Seek medical attention prior to
returning to play Adequate rehabilitation is essential
At Participation
INJURY Injury Prevention
Preventing Sports InjuriesIndividual Preparation