Post on 30-Jan-2016
description
Chong M. Lee 1, Peizhi Lian 1, David Bengtson 2, Nick King 3 and George Nardi 4
1. Dept. of Nutrition and Food Sciences2. Dept. of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science University of Rhode Island3. Skretting, Vancouver, BC4. GreatBay Aquaculture, Portsmouth, New Hampshire
a
Background 36,000 MT of squid (Loligo pealei and Illex illecebrosus) landed in Northeast of U.S. annually 40-50% turns into processing byproduct or waste currently not being utilized Presently, the Northeast of U.S. (RI, NY and NJ) generates ~10 million lbs (4,540 MT) squid processing byproduct/yr.
Squid byproduct characteristics Consists of head, fin and viscera + unclaimed mantles and tentacles Approximately, 11% protein, 2% lipid (11.6% EPA; 24.5% DHA), 1.2% ash and 86% moisture Unique features - Use of endogenous enzymes for hydrolysis
- Believed to possess a protein fraction associated with “growth factor” (Meyers, 1989), and high level of chemo-attractant betaine and gowth promoting taurine
- Squid hydrolysate may offer a potential as a specialty feed ingredient e.g. starter diet
Commercial scale production of squid hydrolysate
330 gal capacity86% M
73-78% M Yield: 47-54%
Vibrating screen
In-line viscometer
Evaporator
Hydrolysis
Raw squid byproduct
hydrolysate
Proximate composition of squid hydrolysate (concentrated – 76% moisture)
Moisture Protein Lipid Ash
76 % 18.63 % 3.30 % 2.19 %
•Squid hydrolysate contains 11.16% EPA and 24.45% DHA, while salmon oil contains 8.65% EPA and 10.67% DHA (on an oil weight basis).
IngredientsAmount (% dry wt basis)
Squid hydrolysate 73.33
Salmon oil 9.54
Lecithin 3.01
Vitamin- premix 0.44
Mineral premix 2.01
Starch 5.02
Yeast 4.02
Algae (spirulina: chlorella) 2.64
Proximate composition
Protein 64.66
Lipid 18.72
Carbohydrate 7.40
Ash 9.21
Energy (MJ/Kg) 19.12
Composition of squid hydrolysate-based basal microdiet
Pilot plant production of microparticulate feed
Grinding
homogenizng drum drying
sieving
sieving
(DHA)
(EPA)
Fatty acid profiles of microdiets
*The 100 g basal squid hydrolysate diet will provide 2.00 g EPA and 3.60 g DHA based on EPA/DHA distribution (% fatty acid/oil).
Field feeding trial on Atlantic cod larvae: weaning procedure
0.25 million of cod larvae/ production tank (5 m3 ). One tank for squid hydrolysate(SH)-larval diet Six tanks (control group) for a premium commercial diet Cod larvae upon hatch were on
- initially rotifer
- the combination of rotifer and Artemia
- co-feeding of Artemia and microdiet
Weaning 1 week later with gradual removal of Artemia, the fish were kept on the SH microdiet for another 2 weeks.
(The trial was conducted at the GreatBay Aquaculture in Portsmouth, NH)
Survival
70-75% of the fish on the SH microdiet survived
through the weaning period, which is considered excellent (in the same range for the control group - the premium commercial diet)
Overall, there was no real difference in survival among the production tanks during weaning.
Swimming behavior
Different behavior between the fish fed SH diet and the rest.
The SH fish had a lighter color. A darker color is often associated with stress.
The SH fish were very responsive as a sign of good health being more uniform in size.This has very significant ramifications as it relates to
cannibalism and grading. The fish were swimming together in uniform
manner and appeared to be in motion more so than those in the control diet tanks.
Tank hygiene
The SH diet was rated better than the premium control diet.
The SH diet appeared to stay very stable in the water without leaching. Leaching tends to cause foam on the surface (which was a problem with the control diet).
0
20
40
60
80
100
CS
I 60
EL3 - Squid diet
EL4 - GM
* GM: the premium commercial diet** Salinity at 65 ppt for 60 min (CSI: cumulative stress index)
The number of dead larvae counted every 3 min. At the end of 60 min, the % cumulative mortality was used as a Cumulative Stress Index (CSI-60). Indication of "condition“ after treatments, stress resistance, and screening.
42-45DPH
15.9 +/-
0.37
16.3 +/-
0.54
18.3 +/-
0.41
16.8 +/-
0.72
16.6 +/-
0.56
16.7 +/-
0.38
17.5 +/-
0.65
Salinity stress test for cod larvae (48 dph)
Total length (mm)
Microdiets from SH with different hydrolysis time on growth performance of Atlantic cod larvae (50 dph*) in 42 days feeding
Test diets
IBL cm IBW g IBCF BW-g BL cm BCF Survival SGR %/d
SH2 1.76 ±0.14
0.040 ±0.010
0.72 ±0.07
0.526 ±
0.04 4.07 ±
0.08 0.77 ±
0.02 67.7 ±
27.4 5.99 ±
0.10 SH2-1 1.76 ±
0.14 0.040 ±0.010
0.72 ±0.07
0.458 ±0.02
3.90 ±0.06
0.788 ±0.02
65.0 ±8.7 5.85 ±
0.03 SH1 1.76 ±
0.14 0.040 ±0.010
0.72 ±0.07
0.508 ±0.05
4.02 ±0.09
0.78 ±0.04
62.9 ±12.0
6.19 ±
0.33
SH 2: 2 h hydrolysis at 55C, followed by 30 min at 75CSH 1: 1 h hydrolysisSH 2-1: fed 2 h hydrolysate diet for 21 d followed by 1 h diet for 21 d
IBL: initial body length; BW: body wt; BCF: body condition factor;SGR: specific growth rate* 30 dph and 20 d acclimation
SDS-PAGE profiles of squid by-product during hydrolysis
Molecular marker (kDa)
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0 60 120 180 240 300
Time (min)
DH
(%
)
VISCOSITY
DEGREE OF HYDROLYSIS
Diets Survival rate (%) Weight (mg) Length (mm) SGR
Artemia 81 2 a 29.8 a 12.2 1.0 a 2.86 0.55 a
Commercial 65 4 b 21.5 4.0 b 11.1 0.8 a 1.39 0.16 b
Squid only 92 3 c 26.2 4.9 ab 11.7 0.8 a 2.23 0.25 ab
Surivial, weight, length and specific growth rate
of summer flounder larvae (Paralichthys dentatus) after 22-day
Artemia Commercial Squid Hydrolysate0
20
40
60
80
100
Survival Rate
Specific Growth Rate
Survival and growth of summer flounder larvae (2-wk old) after 22-day feeding
Diets
Su
rviv
al R
ate
(%
); S
GR
(1
-10
, %)
* SGR = [(ln Wf/Wi)/ days of feeding] 100
Additional studies to be considered
Feeding trials on additional species Hydrolysate from finfish-squid combination Squid hydrolysate for broodstock nutrition Feed performance test in plant protein-
based aquaculture feeds
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
the Univ. of Rhode Island, Agricultural Experiment Station and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The
information reported in this presentation has been filed for an
invention disclosure (7108PCT; May 17, 2004).