Post on 13-Jan-2017
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Child PovertyResearch day - IDS18th November 2016
David Stewart Social Inclusion and Policy SectionUNICEF New York@UnicefSocPolicy; @dmistewart1
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People living in extreme poverty
Adults Children
382 mil-lion
385 Mil-lion
Children are over represented50%
32%
Children twice as likely to be in poverty
Child poverty rate Adult poverty rate
19.5%
9.2%
Poverty rates by age
0 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15-18 18 to 59 60+
21 21.5
18.7
14.6
9.57
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CP Rates and shares by region
East Asia South Asia SSA LAC CEE/CIS
5.6
19.5
48.7
8.11.4
7.8
35.7
51.7
4.40.4
Child poverty rate Share of extremely poor children
Child poverty Rate
Share of total
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How UNICEF offices see the child poverty situation
17
Slide 1
Nothing MeasurementAdvocacy
Impact
Comprehensive action
Milestones to address child poverty
18
Where countries are on child poverty work
No CP Mea-surement
CP is Measured but not used in Policy Discus-
sions
CP is discussed but not triggered policy response
yet
CP has influenced programmes,
policies or legisla-tions
Interventions have been integarated to a holistic na-
tional action plan
62
1840
28
5
Nothing
Measurement
Advocacy
Impact
Comprehensive action
Slide 2
19
Where countries are on child poverty work
No CP Mea-surement
CP is Measured but not used in Policy Discus-
sions
CP is discussed but not triggered policy response
yet
CP has influenced programmes,
policies or legisla-tions
Interventions have been integarated to a holistic na-
tional action plan
62
18
40
28
5
Nothing
Measurement
Advocacy
Impact
Comprehensive action
Slide 3
20
Status of measurement
Slide 4
$36%
MD19%
Both46%
Type of Measurement
Yes47%No
49%
Routine Measument
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Categories Policy Questions
Challenging the Status Quo Question 1. Are policies and programmes reaching the poorest children?Question 2. Do the existing programmes/policies have impact on child poverty?Question 3. Are the poorest households bearing the cost of the services?
Projecting the Potential Impacts Question 4. How much impact will a new program/policy have on the child poverty rate?
Question 5. What are the macroeconomic impacts of a major policy change on child poverty?
Financing the Future Question 6. What are the costs of creating a new programme or scaling-up an existing one?
Question 7. Is the programme/policy cost effective?Question 8. How can the government finance the cost?
Slide 7
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Challenges in Establishing CP measurement # of Response
Resources to support child poverty measurement is limited 12
Poverty is too politically sensitive to discuss or there is no political interest for CP specifically 9
There is no household survey that can be used for measurement 6
Solutions are the same for adults and children so policymakers don't see the benefit of measurement 5
Poverty is already dominated by other institutions who have expertise 5
There are many other issues for children so child poverty is not prioritized 5
Measurement is considered too complex with competing methodologies 4
In fragile or humanitarian contexts, focus on measurement does not make sense 1
Slide 5
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Policies and programmes to address child poverty
Monetary Child Poverty
-Supporting Livelihoods and Employment
-Direct financial support to families with children
-Reducing the costs of basic goods and services.
Multidimensional child poverty- Health- Education- Nutrition- Water - Sanitation- Living conditions- Information
Multidimensional and monetary child poverty- Addressing social stigma and discrimination
- Child Sensitive social protection or social welfare services- Budget engagement
- Explicit inclusion of child poverty in national policies- Pro poor economic growth
Monetary poverty is a crucial driver of
multidimensional child poverty.
Children growing up in multidimensional poverty will more likely to be in (or head) households
in monetary poverty as adults.
Slide 6
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So what's going on• Poorest countries have very young populations (true, but child poorer across
lines and countries).• Larger families = more mouths to feed (note children in smaller families also
more likely to be poor).• HH with children have less labour market activity – interrupts women’s
earnings. • Young children = younger parents who earn less. • Intentional vs. unintentional fertility: Children as an investment and
insurance, poorer families have less access to birth control.• Are there plans to measure and address it?
This matters from a policy perspective, but doesn’t change how important the issue is.
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Categories Policy Questions
Challenging the Status Quo Question 1. Are the policies and programmes reaching the poorest children?Tool: Benefit Incidence Analysis
Question 2. Do the existing programmes/policies have impact on child poverty?Tool: Impact Evaluation
Question 3. Are the poorest households bearing the cost of the services?Financing Incidence Analysis
Projecting the Potential Impacts Question 4. How much impact will a new program/policy have on the child poverty rate?Tool: Microsimulation/ Macro-micro simulation
Question 5. What are the macroeconomic impacts of a major policy change on child poverty?Tool: Macro-micro simulation
Financing the Future Question 6. What are the costs of creating a new programme or scaling-up an existing one?Tool: Costing Analysis
Question 7. Is the programme/policy cost effective?Tool: Cost-effectiveness analysis
Question 8. How can the government finance the cost?Tool: Fiscal Space Analysis
Slide 7